Zhihengliuella salsuginis sp. nov., a moderately halophilic actinobacterium from a subterranean brine

A novel moderately halophilic, alkaliphilic, non-motile, non-sporulating, catalase-positive, oxidase-negative, aerobic, coccus-shaped, Gram-positive bacterium, designated strain JSM 071043^T, was isolated from a subterranean brine sample collected from a salt mine in Hunan Province, China. Growth occurred with 0.5–20% (w/v) NaCl (optimum 5–10%) at pH 6.5–10.5 (optimum pH 8.5) and at 10–40°C (optimum 25–30°C). Good growth also occurred in the presence of 0.5–20% (w/v) KCl (optimum 5–8%) or 0.5–25% (w/v) MgCl₂·6H₂O (optimum 5–10%). The peptidoglycan type was A4α (l-Lys–l-Ala–l-Glu) and major cell-wall sugars were tyvelose and mannose. The major cellular fatty acids were anteiso-C_15:0, iso-C_16:0 and anteiso-C_17:0. Strain JSM 071043^T contained MK-9 and MK-8 as the predominant menaquinones and diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylinositol as the major polar lipids. The DNA G + C content was 67.8 mol%. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain JSM 071043^T was a member of the suborder Micrococcineae, and was most closely related to Zhihengliuella halotolerans YIM 70185^T (sequence similarity 98.9%) and Zhihengliuella alba YIM 90734^T (98.2%), and the three strains formed a distinct branch in the phylogenetic tree. The combination of phylogenetic analysis, DNA–DNA relatedness values, phenotypic characteristics and chemotaxonomic data supports the proposal that strain JSM 071043^T represents a novel species of the genus Zhihengliuella, for which the name Z. salsuginis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is JSM 071043^T (= DSM 21149^T = KCTC 19466^T).     

Caldinitratiruptor microaerophilus, gen. nov., sp. nov. isolated from a French hot spring (Chaudes-Aigues, Massif Central): a novel cultivated facultative microaerophilic anaerobic thermophile pertaining to the Symbiobacterium branch within the Firmicutes

A novel facultative microaerophilic nitrate-reducing bacterium designated CA62N^T was isolated from a thermal spring in France. Cells were non-motile rods (2–3 × 0.2 μm) and showed low cytoplasmic density when observed under a phase-contrast microscope. Strain CA62N^T grew at temperatures between 50 and 75°C (optimum 65°C) and at a pH between 6.3 and 7.9 (optimum 7.0). NaCl was not required for growth but was tolerated up to 10 gl⁻¹. Sulfate, thiosulfate, elemental sulfur, sulfite, and nitrite were not used as electron acceptors. Nitrate was reduced to nitrite. Strain CA62N^T used lactate, pyruvate, glucose, mannose, fructose, and casamino acids and some amino acids as electron donors only in the presence of nitrate as electron acceptor. None of these substrates was fermented. The main end-products of glucose oxidation were acetate, CO₂, and traces of H₂. The G + C content of the genomic DNA was 70.3 mol% (HPLC techniques). Phylogenetic analysis of the small-subunit (SSU) ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene sequence indicated that strain CA62N^T was affiliated to the Symbiobacterium branch within the Firmicutes and had Symbiobacterium thermophilum and “S. toebii” as its closest phylogenetic relatives. On the basis of phylogenetical and physiological characteristics, strain CA62N^T is proposed to be the type strain for the novel species in the novel genus, Caldinitratiruptor microaerophilus gen. nov., sp. nov. (DSM 22660, JCM 16183).     

Characterization of Halanaerobaculum tunisiense gen. nov., sp. nov., a new halophilic fermentative, strictly anaerobic bacterium isolated from a hypersaline lake in Tunisia

A new halophilic anaerobe was isolated from the hypersaline surface sediments of El-Djerid Chott, Tunisia. The isolate, designated as strain 6SANG, grew at NaCl concentrations ranging from 14 to 30%, with an optimum at 20–22%. Strain 6SANG was a non-spore-forming, non-motile, rod-shaped bacterium, appearing singly, in pairs, or occasionally as long chains (0.7–1 × 4–13 μm) and showed a Gram-negative-like cell wall pattern. It grew optimally at pH values between 7.2 and 7.4, but had a very broad pH range for growth (5.9–8.4). Optimum temperature for growth was 42°C (range 30–50°C). Strain 6SANG required yeast extract for growth on sugars. Glucose, sucrose, galactose, mannose, maltose, cellobiose, pyruvate, and starch were fermented. The end products from glucose fermentation were acetate, butyrate, lactate, H₂, and CO₂. The G + C ratio of the DNA was 34.3 mol%. Strain 6SANG exhibited 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity values of 91–92% with members of the genus Halobacteroides, H. halobius being its closest phylogenetic relative. Based on phenotypic and phylogenetic characteristics, we propose that this bacterium be classified as a novel species of a novel genus, Halanaerobaculum tunisiense gen. nov., sp. nov. The type strain is 6SANG^T (=DSM 19997^T = JCM 15060^T).     

Gottfriedia endophyticus sp. nov., a novel indole-acetic acid producing bacterium isolated from the roots of rice plant

A Gram-stain-positive, aerobic, motile and rod-shaped bacterium, designated RG28^T, was isolated from the roots of rice plant collected from paddy fields in Ilsan, South Korea. Cells of the strain were oxidase-negative but catalase-positive. Strain RG28^T was found to grow at 10–50 °C (optimum, 25–30 °C), pH 5.0–10.0 (optimum, pH 7.0) and in 1.0–5.0% (w/v) NaCl (optimum, 0%). The cell-wall peptidoglycan contained meso-diaminopimelic acid and the predominant menaquinones were MK-7 and MK-6. The predominant cellular fatty acids were C_16:0, iso-C_15:0 and anteiso-C_15:0. The major polar lipids included phosphatidylethanolamine, diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, four unidentified aminophosphoglycolipids, four unidentified aminophospholipids, two unidentified glycolipids, one unidentified aminoglycolipid and four unidentified lipids. The genomic DNA G?+?C content was 33.5 mol%. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that the strain was closely related to Gottfriedia acidiceleris CBD 119^T (98.6%), Gottfriedia solisilvae LMG 18422^T (98.5%) and Gottfriedia luciferensis LMG 18422^T (98.4%). The average nucleotide identity (ANI) and in silico DNA–DNA hybridization (isDDH) values between strain RG28^T and type strains of Gottfriedia species were lower than the cut-offs (≥?95–96% for ANI and?≥?70% for is DDH) required to define a bacterial species. Meanwhile, the strain has the ability to produce indole-acetic acid (40.5 µg/mL). Phylogenetic, physiological and chemotaxonomic data suggested that strain RG28^T represented a novel species of the genus Gottfriedia, for which the name Gottfriedia endophyticus sp. nov. is proposed, with the type strain RG28^T (=?KCTC 43327^T?=?TBRC 15151^T).

     

Winogradskyella multivorans sp. nov., a polysaccharide-degrading bacterium isolated from seawater of an oyster farm

A novel bacterial strain, designated T-Y1^T, capable of degrading a variety of polysaccharides was isolated from seawater of an oyster farm in the South Sea, Korea. It was found to be aerobic, Gram-negative, non-flagellated, non-gliding and rod-shaped. Strain T-Y1^T grew optimally at 25 °C, at pH 7.0–7.5 and in the presence of 2 % (w/v) NaCl. A neighbour-joining phylogenetic tree based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain T-Y1^T belonged to the genus Winogradskyella. Strain T-Y1^T exhibited 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity values of 95.0–96.8 % to the type strains of recognized Winogradskyella species and less than 94.5 % to other validly named species. The chemotaxonomic data concurred with the phylogenetic inference. Strain T-Y1^T contained MK-6 as the predominant menaquinone and anteiso-C_15:0, iso-C_15:0, iso-C_15:1 G and iso-C_16:0 3-OH as the major fatty acids. The major polar lipids of strain T-Y1^T were phosphatidylethanolamine and two unidentified lipids. The DNA G+C content was 36.2 mol%. Differential phenotypic properties, together with its phylogenetic distinctiveness, enabled strain T-Y1^T to be differentiated from the recognized Winogradskyella species. On the basis of the data presented here, strain T-Y1^T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Winogradskyella, for which the name Winogradskyella multivorans sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is T-Y1^T (=KCTC 23891^T = CCUG 62216^T).     

Desulfotomaculum tongense sp. nov., a moderately thermophilic sulfate-reducing bacterium isolated from a hydrothermal vent sediment collected from the Tofua Arc in the Tonga Trench

A novel, strictly anaerobic, moderately thermophilic, endospore-forming, sulfate-reducing bacterium, designated TGB60-1^T, was isolated from a hydrothermal sediment vent collected from the Tofua Arc in the Tonga Trench. The strain was characterized phenotypically and phylogenetically. The isolated strain was observed to be Gram-positive, with slightly curved rod-shaped cells and a polar flagellum. Strain TGB60-1^T was found to grow anaerobically at 37–60 °C (optimum, 50 °C), at pH 6.0–8.5 (optimum, pH 7.0) and with 1.0–4.0 % (w/v) NaCl (optimum, 3.0 %). The electron acceptors utilised were determined to be sulfate, sulfite, and thiosulfate. Strain TGB60-1^T was found to utilise pyruvate and H₂ as electron donors. Strain TGB60-1^T was determined to be related to representatives of the genus Desulfotomaculum and the closest relatives within this genus were identified as Desulfotomaculum halophilum SEBR 3139^T, Desulfotomaculum alkaliphilum S1^T and Desulfotomaculum peckii LINDBHT1^T (92.7, 92.1, and 91.8 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity, respectively). The major fatty acids (>20 %) were identified as C_16:0 and C_18:1 ω7c. The G+C content of the genomic DNA of this novel bacterium was determined to be 53.9 mol%. Based on this polyphasic taxonomic study, strain TGB60-1^T is considered to represent a novel species in the genus Desulfotomaculum, for which the name Desulfotomaculum tongense sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of D. tongense is strain TGB60-1^T (= KTCT 4534^T = JCM 18733^T).     

Perlabentimonas gracilis gen. nov., sp. nov., a gliding aerotolerant anaerobe of the order Bacteroidales,isolated from a terrestrial mud volcano

A novel anaerobic bacterium (strain M08_MB^T) was isolated from a terrestrial mud volcano (Taman Peninsula, Russia). Gram-stain-negative cells were straight and slender rods with gliding motility, occasionally forming long filaments. The isolate was mesophilic, slightly halo- and alkaliphilic chemoorganoheterotroph, growing on carbohydrates (starch, dextrin, pectin, glucose, fructose, mannose, maltose, trehalose, lactose, sucrose) and proteinaceous compounds (peptone, tryptone, gelatin, casein and albumin). Strain M08_MB^T tolerated 3% oxygen in the gas phase while catalase negative. The dominant cellular fatty acids of strain M08_MB^T were C_15:0, C_15:1 and C_13:0 acids. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis revealed that strain M08_MB^T belongs to the order Bacteroidales and only distantly related to other cultivated members of this order (85.12–90.01% 16S rRNA gene similarity). The genome of strain M08_MB^T had a size of 4.37 Mb with a DNA G + C content of 43.5 mol% (WGS). The genes involved in gliding motility, proteolysis, central carbon metabolism, and oxygen tolerance were listed in genome annotation. Based on the phenotypic and genotypic characteristics, strain M08_MB^T represents a novel species of a novel genus within family Tenuifilaceae, with proposed name Perlabentimonas gracilis gen. nov., sp. nov. The type strain is M08_ MB^T (=DSM 110720 ^T = VKM B-3471 ^T). This is the first representative of Bacteroidales isolated in pure culture from a mud volcano.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Pseudoxanthomonas jiangsuensis</Emphasis> sp. Nov., a DDT-Degrading Bacterium Isolated from a Long-Term DDT-Polluted Soil

A Gram-negative, strictly aerobic, rod-shaped bacterium, designated strain wax^T, was isolated from DDT-contaminated soil in Yangzhou, China. Growth of strain wax^T was observed at 10–45°C (optimum 30°C) and pH 5.0–10.0 (optimum pH 7.0–8.0). The predominant fatty acids were iso C_15:0 (32.21%) and anteiso C_15:0 (22.2%). The strain contained large amounts of the polar lipids diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, and phosphatidylglycerol, but small amounts of an unknown amino-group-containing polar lipid and phospholipids were also present. The major quinone was ubiquinone-8 (Q-8) and the G + C content of the genomic DNA was 67.12 ± 0.8 mol.%. The phylogenetic tree shows that strain wax^T clustered within the genus Pseudoxanthomonas. Isolate wax^T showed moderate 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities to Pseudoxanthomonas broegbernensis B1616/1^T (98.3%), P. suwonensis 4M1^T (98.2%), P. daejeonensis TR6-08^T (98%), P. koreensis TR7-09^T (97.7%), P. kaohsiungensis J36^T (97.5%), P. mexicana AMX 26B^T (97.2%), and P. japonensis 12-3^T (97%). The level of DNA–DNA relatedness between strain wax^T and Pseudoxanthomonas type strains were low, e.g., P. koreensis TR7-09^T (25.9%), P. broegbernensis B1616/1^T (36.4%), P. suwonensis 4M1^T (27.7%), P. daejeonensis TR6-08^T (40%), P. kaohsiungensis J36^T (20.4%), P. mexicana AMX 26B^T (29.0%), P. japonensis 12-3^T (33.3%). On the basis of the phenotypic, chemotaxonomic data and molecular properties, strain wax^T represents a novel species within the genus Pseudoxanthomonas, for which the name Pseudoxanthomonas jiangsuensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is wax^T (=DSM 22398^T = CGMCC 1.10137^T).     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Joostella atrarenae</Emphasis> sp. nov., a novel member of the <Emphasis Type="Italic">Flavobacteriaceae</Emphasis> originating from the black sea sand of Jeju Island

Strain M1-2^T was isolated from the black sand from the seashore of Jeju Island, Republic of Korea and was classified using a polyphasic taxonomic approach. Strain M1-2^T appeared as Gram-negative, motile rods that could grow in the presence of 1–10% (w/v) NaCl and at temperatures ranging from 4 to 37°C. This isolate has catalase and oxidase activity and hydrolyses aesculin, DNA and l-tyrosine. Based on phylogenetic analysis using 16S rRNA gene sequences, strain M1-2^T belongs to the genus Joostella and is clearly distinct from the other described species of this genus, Joostella marina (type strain En5^T). The 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity level between M1-2^T and J. marina En5^T is 97.2%, and the DNA–DNA relatedness value between the two strains is 23.9%. Strain M1-2^T contains MK-6 as the major menaquinone and iso-C_15:0, summed feature 3 (C_16:1 ω7c and/or iso-C_15:0 2OH) and iso-C_17:0 3OH as major cellular fatty acids. The DNA G + C content is 32.3 mol%. These data suggest that strain M1-2^T should be classified as a novel species, for which the name Joostella atrarenae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain for the novel species is M1-2^T (= KCTC 23194^T = NCAIM B.002413^T).     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Halobacillus naozhouensis</Emphasis> sp. nov., a moderately halophilic bacterium isolated from a sea anemone

A moderately halophilic, Gram-positive, catalase- and oxidase-positive, rod-shaped, aerobic bacterium, designated strain JSM 071068^T, was isolated from a sea anemone (Anthopleura xanthogrammica) collected from the Naozhou Island on the Leizhou Bay in the South China Sea. Cells were motile by means of peritrichous flagella and formed ellipsoidal endospores lying in subterminal swollen sporangia. Strain JSM 071068^T was able to grow with 1–20% (w/v) total salts (optimum, 6–9%), at pH values of 6.0–10.0 (optimum, pH 7.5) and a temperature range of 10–35°C (optimum, 25°C). meso-Diaminopimelic acid was present in the cell-wall peptidoglycan. The predominant menaquinone was MK-7 and the major cellular fatty acids were anteiso-C_15:0, anteiso-C_17:0 and iso-C_15:0. The genomic DNA G + C content was 42.8 mol%. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequence comparisons revealed that strain JSM 071068^T belonged to the genus Halobacillus. The 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities between strain JSM 071068^T and the type strains of the recognized Halobacillus species ranged from 97.9% (with Halobacillus alkaliphilus) to 95.3% (with Halobacillus kuroshimensis). The levels of DNA–DNA relatedness between the new isolate and the type strains of H. alkaliphilus, Halobacillus campisalis, Halobacillus halophilus and Halobacillus seohaensis were 25.6, 22.1, 10.8 and 13.2%, respectively. The combination of phylogenetic analysis, DNA–DNA relatedness, phenotypic characteristics and chemotaxonomic data supported the view that strain JSM 071068^T represents a new species of the genus Halobacillus, for which the name Halobacillus naozhouensis sp. nov. is proposed, with JSM 071068^T (=DSM 21183^T =KCTC 13234^T) as the type strain. The GenBank/EMBL/DDBJ accession number for the 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain JSM 071068^T is EU925615.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Yaniella soli</Emphasis> sp. nov., a new actinobacterium isolated from non-saline forest soil in China

A novel Gram-stain-positive, slightly halophilic, facultatively alkaliphilic, non-motile, non-sporulating, catalase-positive, oxidase-negative, aerobic bacterium, designated strain JSM 070026^T, was isolated from non-saline forest soil in China. Growth occurred with 0–20% (w/v) NaCl (optimum, 2–4%) and at pH 6.0–10.5 (optimum, pH 8.0) and 5–40°C (optimum, 30°C). Good growth also occurred in the presence of 0–28% (w/v) KCl (optimum, 2–5%) or 0–25% (w/v) MgCl₂·6H₂O (optimum, 1–4%). The peptidoglycan type was A4α (l-Lys–Gly–l-Glu). Cell-wall sugars contained mannose and xylose. The major cellular fatty acids were anteiso-C15:0 and iso-C15:0. Strain JSM 070026^T contained menaquinone 8 as the major respiratory quinone and diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylinositol as the major polar lipids. The DNA G + C content of strain JSM 070026^T was 56.7 mol%. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain JSM 070026^T was a member of the suborder Micrococcineae and most closely related to Yaniella flava YIM 70178^T (sequence similarity 99.4%) and Yaniella halotolerans YIM 70085^T (97.9%). The three strains formed a distinct branch in the phylogenetic tree. The combination of phylogenetic analysis, DNA–DNA relatedness values, phenotypic characteristics and chemotaxonomic data supports the proposal that strain JSM 070026^T represents a novel species of the genus Yaniella, for which the name Yaniella soli sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is JSM 070026^T (=DSM 22211^T = KCTC 13527^T).     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Desulfovibrio legallis</Emphasis> sp. nov.: A Moderately Halophilic,Sulfate-Reducing Bacterium Isolated from a Wastewater Digestor in Tunisia

A new moderately halophilic sulfate-reducing bacterium (strain H₁^T) was enriched and isolated from a wastewater digestor in Tunisia. Cells were curved, motile rods (2–3 x 0.5 μm). Strain H₁^T grew at temperatures between 22 and 43°C (optimum 35°C), and at pH between 5.0 and 9.2 (optimum 7.3–7.5). Strain H₁^T required salt for growth (1–45 g of NaCl/l), with an optimum at 20–30 g/l. Sulfate, sulfite, thiosulfate, and elemental sulfur were used as terminal electron acceptors but not nitrate and nitrite. Strain H₁^T utilized lactate, pyruvate, succinate, fumarate, ethanol, and hydrogen (in the presence of acetate and CO₂) as electron donors in the presence of sulfate as electron acceptor. The main end-products from lactate oxidation were acetate with H₂ and CO₂. The G + C content of the genomic DNA was 55%. The predominant fatty acids of strain H₁^T were C_15:0 iso (38.8%), C_16:0 (19%), and C_14:0 iso 3OH (12.2%), and menaquinone MK-6 was the major respiratory quinone. Phylogenetic analysis of the small-subunit (SSU) ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene sequence indicated that strain H₁^T was affiliated to the genus Desulfovibrio. On the basis of SSU rRNA gene sequence comparisons and physiological characteristics, strain H₁^T is proposed to be assigned to a novel species of sulfate reducers of the genus Desulfovibrio, Desulfovibrio legallis sp. nov. (= DSM 19129^T = CCUG 54389^T).     

Oleispira lenta sp. nov., a novel marine bacterium isolated from Yellow sea coastal seawater in Qingdao, China

The taxonomic position of strain DFH11^T, which was isolated from coastal seawater off Qingdao, People’s Republic of China in 2007, was determined. Strain DFH11^T comprised Gram-negative, motile, strictly aerobic spirilli that did not produce catalase. Comparative 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis revealed that strain DFH11^T shared ~97.2, 93.3, 91.8, 91.7 and 91.5% sequence similarities with Oleispira antarctica, Spongiispira norvegica, Bermanella marisrubri, Oceaniserpentilla haliotis and Reinekea aestuarii, respectively. DNA–DNA hybridization experiments indicated that the strain was distinct from its closest phylogenetic neighbour, O. antarctica. The strain grew optimally in 2–3% (w/v) NaCl, at pH 5.0–10.0 (optimally at pH 7.0) and between 0 and 30°C (optimum growth temperature 28°C). The strain exhibited a restricted substrate profile, with a preference for aliphatic hydrocarbons, that is consistent with its closest phylogenetic neighbour O. antarctica. Growth of the isolate at different temperatures affected the cellular fatty acid profile. 28°C cultured cells contained C_16:1ω7c and/or iso-C_15:0 2-OH (50.4%) and C_16:0 (19.2%) as the major fatty acids. However, the major fatty acids of the cells cultured at 4°C were C_16:1ω7c and/or C_16:1ω6c (40.2%), C_16:0 (17.2%) and C_17:1ω8c (10.1%). The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 42.7 mol%. Phylogeny based on 16S rRNA gene sequences together with data from DNA–DNA hybridization, phenotypic and chemotaxonomic characterization revealed that DFH11^T should be classified as a novel species of the genus Oleispira, for which the name Oleispira lenta sp. nov. is proposed, with the type strain DFH11^T (=NCIMB 14529^T = LMG 24829^T).     

Cohnella boryungensis sp. nov., isolated from soil

A Gram-staining positive, endospore-forming, motile and rod-shaped bacterial strain, BR-29^T, was isolated from soil from west coast of the Korean peninsula, and its taxonomic position was investigated by a polyphasic study. Strain BR-29^T grew optimally at around pH 7.5, at 30°C and in the presence of 0.5% (w/v) NaCl. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain BR-29^T fell into a clade comprising the type strains of Cohnella species, with which it exhibited 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity values of 92.8–96.4%. Strain BR-29^T contained a cell wall peptidoglycan based on meso-diaminopimelic acid and MK-7 as the predominant menaquinone. The major fatty acids were anteiso-C_15:0, C_16:0 and iso-C_16:0. The major polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, lysylphosphatidylglycerol and two unidentified phospholipids; a minor amount of phosphatidylglycerol was present. The DNA G+C content was 54.9 mol%. Strain BR-29^T could be differentiated from phylogenetically related Cohnella species by differences in phenotypic characteristics. On the basis of phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic data, strain BR-29^T represents a novel species of the genus Cohnella, for which the name Cohnella boryungensis sp. nov., is proposed. The type strain is BR-29^T (= KCTC 13735^T = CCUG 59598^T).     

Altererythrobacter flava sp. nov., a new member of the family Erythrobacteraceae,isolated from a surface seawater sample

A Gram-stain-negative, light yellow pigmented, non-motile and aerobic bacterial strain, designated HHU E2-1 ^T, was isolated from a surface seawater sample. The 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis indicated that HHU E2-1 ^T shared the highest sequence similarity to the type strain Qipengyuania gaetbuli DSM 16225 ^T (96.90%), which belongs to the family Erythrobacteraceae. Combined phylogeny of 288 single-copy orthologous gene clusters, analysis of average nucleotide identity (ANI) and digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH), average amino acid identity (AAI) and evolutionary distances suggested that HHU E2-1 ^T can be considered as a member of the genus Altererythrobacter based on the recently proposed standard for defining genera of Erythrobacteraceae. Strain HHU E2-1 ^T grew at 15–35 °C and pH 5.0–8.0, with optimum growth at 28 °C and pH 7.0. Tolerance to NaCl was up to 4% (w/v) with optimum growth in 2–3% NaCl. The major fatty acids (>?10%) were C_18:1ω7c11-methyl, summed feature 3 (C_16:1ω7c and/or C_16:1ω6c), and summed feature 8 (C_18:1ω7c and/or C_18:1ω6c). The predominant isoprenoid quinone was ubiquinone-10. The genomic G?+?C content was 57.40%. On the basis of the phenotypic, phylogenetic and chemotaxonomic characterizations, HHU E2-1 ^T represents a novel species of the genus Altererythrobacter, for which the name Altererythrobacter flava sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is HHU E2-1 ^T (=?CGMCC 1.17394 ^T?=?KCTC 72835 ^T?=?MCCC 1K04226^T).

     

Microcella flavibacter sp. nov., isolated from marine sediment,and reclassification of Chryseoglobus frigidaquae,Chryseoglobus indicus,and Yonghaparkia alkaliphila as Microcella frigidaquae comb. nov., Microcella indica nom. nov., and Microcella alkalica nom. nov.

A novel Gram-staining positive, aerobic, rod-shaped, non-motile and yellow-pigmented actinobacterium, designated strain WY83^T, was isolated from a marine sediment of Indian Ocean. Strain WY83^T grew optimally at 30–35 °C, pH 7–8 and with 0–3% (w/v) NaCl. The predominant menaquinones were MK-10, MK-11 and MK-12, and the major fatty acids were C_19:1 ω9c/C19:1 ω11c, anteiso-C_15:0, C_17:0 3OH, and iso-C_16:0. The polar lipids consisted of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol and one unidentified glycolipid. The cell-wall peptidoglycan contained lysine as a diamino acid. The DNA G?+?C content was 72.3 mol%. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences and ninety-two bacterial core genes indicated that strain WY83^T formed an evolutionary lineage with Chryseoglobus frigidaquae JCM 14730^T, Chryseoglobus indicus CTD02-10-2^T, Yonghaparkia alkaliphila JCM 15138^T, Microcella alkaliphila DSM 18851^T and Microcella putealis DSM 19627^T within the radiation enclosing members of the family Microbacteriaceae. All pairwise percentage of conserved proteins between strain WY83^T and the closely related phylogenetic neighbors were greater than 65%. The average nucleotide identity and in silico DNA–DNA hybridization values were both below the thresholds used for the delineation of a new species. On the basis of the evidence presented, strains WY83^T, Y. alkaliphila JCM 15138^T, C. frigidaquae JCM 14730^T, M. alkaliphila DSM 18851^T and M. putealis DSM 19627^T should belong to different species of the same genus. Strain WY83^T represents a novel species of the genus Microcella, for which the name Microcella flavibacter sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is WY83^T (=?KCTC 39637^T?=?MCCC 1A07099^T). Furthermore, Chryseoglobus frigidaquae, Chryseoglobus indicus, and Yonghaparkia alkaliphila were reclassified as Microcella frigidaquae comb. nov., Microcella indica nom. nov., and Microcella alkalica nom. nov., respectively.

     

Description and genome analysis of Luteimonas viscosa sp. nov., a novel bacterium isolated from soil of a sunflower field

Strain XBU10^T was isolated from a soil sample of a sunflower plot in Inner Mongolia, China. The isolate was a Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, non-motile, rod-shaped bacterium, and its colonies were bright yellow in colour. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain XBU10^T belonged to the genus Luteimonas of the family Lysobacteraceae and was most closely related to Luteimonas panaciterrae Gsoil 068^T (97.8%), Luteimonas marina FR1330^T (97.6%), Luteimonas aquatica RIB1-20^T (97.4%) and Luteimonas huabeiensis HB2^T (97.2%). Growth occurred at 4–40 °C (optimum, 28–30 °C), with 0–5.0% (w/v) NaCl (optimum, 0.5%) and at pH 6.0–10.0 (optimum, pH 7.0???8.0). The chemotaxonomic characteristics of strain XBU10^T, which had Q-8 as its predominant quinone and iso-C_17:1 ω9c, iso-C_15:0, iso-C_17:0 and iso-C_16:0 as its major fatty acids, were consistent with classification in the genus Luteimonas. The polar lipid profile of strain XBU10^T comprised phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, one unidentified phospholipid, two unidentified aminophospholipids and three unidentified polar lipids. The genome of strain XBU10^T was 4.17 Mbp with a G?+?C content of 69.9%. Its genome sequence showed genes encoding alkaline phosphatase and catalase. Protein-coding genes related to carbohydrate-active enzymes were also observed. Average nucleotide identity (ANI) values between XBU10^T and other species of the genus Luteimonas were found to be low (ANIm?<?88.0%, ANIb?<?85.0% and OrthoANIu?<?85.0%). Furthermore, digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) and average amino acid identity (AAI) values between strain XBU10^T and the closely related species ranged from 20.3 to 28.9% and from 64.2 to 82.3%, respectively. Based on the results of our phylogenetic, phenotypic, genotypic and chemotaxonomic analyses, it is concluded that strain XBU10^T represents a novel species within the genus Luteimonas, for which the name Luteimonas viscosa sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is XBU10^T (=?CGMCC 1.12158^T?=?KCTC 23878^T).

     

Pedobacter aquae sp. nov., a multi-drug resistant bacterium isolated from fresh water

A novel bacterial strain designated CJ43^T was isolated from fresh water located in Gangwon-do, South Korea, displaying multi-drug resistance. The isolate was Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, orange-pigmented, and rod-shaped. Strain CJ43^T grew optimally at 30 °C and pH 7 on R2A agar in the absence of NaCl. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain CJ43^T belonged to the genus Pedobacter in the family Sphingobacteriaceae and was most closely related to Pedobacter puniceum HX-22-1 ^T and P. glucosidilyticus 1-2 ^T (98.3 and 98.1% sequence similarity). The genome size of strain CJ43^T was 3.9 Mb in a single contig with DNA G?+?C content of 34.9%. The genome included 3144 predicted protein-coding genes, as well as 55 tRNA, 9 rRNA and 3 ncRNA genes. The genome also contained 128 putative antibiotic resistance genes, reflecting its phenotypes. The average nucleotide identity values between strain CJ43^T and two closely related strains P. puniceum HX-22-1 ^T and P. glucosidilyticus 1-2 ^T were 91.0 and 88.7%, respectively. In silico digital DNA-DNA hybridization results between strain CJ43^T and the related strains were 42.8 and 38.6%, respectively. The major fatty acids of strain CJ43^T were iso-C_15:0, iso-C_17:0 3-OH, and summed feature 3 (C_16:1 ω6c and/or C_16:1 ω7c). Strain CJ43^T contained phosphatidylethanolamine as the major polar lipid and menaquinone-7 as the sole respiratory quinone. Based on the polyphasic taxonomy data, strain CJ43^T represents a novel species of the genus Pedobacter, for which the name Pedobacter aquae sp. nov. is proposed with the type strain CJ43^T (=?KACC 21350 ^T?=?JCM 33709 ^T).

     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Luteibacter jiangsuensis</Emphasis> sp. nov.: A Methamidophos-Degrading Bacterium Isolated from a Methamidophos-Manufacturing Factory

A Gram-stain-negative, non-motile, rod-shaped bacterial strain, JW-64-1^T, capable of degrading methamidophos was isolated from a methamidophos-manufacturing factory in China, and was subjected to a polyphasic taxonomic investigation. Strain JW-64-1^T produced circular, smooth, transparent, yellow-colored colonies (1.0–2.0 mm) on LB agar after 2 days incubation. It grew optimally at 25–30°C and pH 7.0 without the presence of NaCl. The G+C content of the total DNA was 63.6 mol%. A phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain JW-64-1^T fell within the cluster comprising Luteibacter species. The 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain JW-64-1^T was most closely related to Luteibacter rhizovicinus DSM 16549^T (98.6%), followed by Luteibacter yeojuensis DSM 17673^T (98.4%) and L. anthropi CCUG 25036^T (98.2%). The major cellular fatty acids of strain JW-64-1^T were iso-C_15:0 (24.1%), iso-C_17:0 (20.2%) and summed feature 9 comprising iso-C_17:1 ω9c and/or C_16:0 10-methyl (20.3%). The major isoprenoid quinine was Q-8 (98%), and the major polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphoaminolipid, aminolipids-1, aminolipids-2, and phospholipids. The values for DNA–DNA relatedness between strain JW-64-1^T and the closest phylogenetic relatives of L. rhizovicinus and Luteibacter yeojuensis were 34.8 ± 2.6 and 25.6 ± 3.1%, respectively. On the basis of the phenotypic, chemotaxonomic, DNA–DNA relatedness and phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequences, strain JW-64-1^T represents a novel species of the genus Luteibacter, for which the name Luteibacter jiangsuensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is JW-64-1^T (=CGMCC 1.10133^T = DSM 22396^T).     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Aquimarina salinaria</Emphasis> sp. nov., a novel algicidal bacterium isolated from a saltpan

A bacterial strain designated antisso-27^T, previously isolated from saltpan in Taiwan while screening for bacteria for algicidal activity, was characterized using the polyphasic taxonomic approach. Strain antisso-27^T was Gram-negative, aerobic, brownish yellow colored, rod-shaped, non-flagellated and non-gliding. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain antisso-27^T belonged to the genus Aquimarina within the family Flavobacteriaceae with relatively low sequence similarities of 94.0–96.6% to other valid Aquimarina spp. It contained iso-C_17:0 3-OH, iso-C_15:0, iso-C_16:0, iso-C_15:1 and iso-C_15:0 3-OH as the main fatty acids and contained a menaquinone with six isoprene units (MK-6) as the major isoprenoid quinone. Major polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, diphosphatidylglycerol, an uncharacterized aminolipid and five uncharacterized phospholipids. Strain antisso-27^T employed direct mode of algicidal lysis to Chlorella vulgaris strain 211-31; nevertheless, it released an algicidal substance against M. aeruginosa strain MTY01. This is the first study that the Aquimarina species possesses both direct and indirect algicidal activities. On the basis of the phylogenetic and phenotypic data, strain antisso-27^T should be classified as representing a novel species, for which the name A. salinaria sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is A. salinaria antisso-27^T (= BCRC 80080^T = LMG 25375^T).