表征亚热带常绿林光合作用季节变化特征的多种植被指数

利用遥感方法可以在区域尺度反演地表植被的光合生理状况和生产力变化,但亚热带常绿林冠层结构季节变化较小,传统的光谱植被指数对植被光合作用难以准确捕捉。利用2014—2015年中国科学院广东省鼎湖山森林生态试验站多角度自动光谱观测系统的光谱反射数据,分别反演传统冠层结构型植被指数(NDVI)、光合生理生化型植被指数(CCI)和叶绿素荧光型植被指数(NDFI_(685)和NDFI_(760)),并利用不同类型植被指数的组合,构建多元线性回归模型。结果表明:亚热带常绿针阔混交林三种类型植被指数均与GPP的动态变化有显著的相关性,其中,NDVI是表征GPP较优的植被指数(R~2=0.60,P0.01),其次为CCI(R~2=0.55,P0.01),而NDFI能够作为辅助指数,有效提高NDVI(R~2=0.68,P0.001)和CCI(R~2=0.67,P0.001)表征GPP的程度。多个植被指数参与构建的多元回归模型能够有效提高亚热带地区常绿林GPP季节动态变化的拟合精度,提升遥感精确评估亚热带森林生产力的能力。     

Assessing photosynthetic efficiency in an experimental mangrove canopy using remote sensing and chlorophyll fluorescence

This study examined the ability of the photochemical reflectance index (PRI) to track changes in effective quantum yield (Δ F/F _m ′), non-photochemical quenching (NPQ), and the xanthophyll cycle de-epoxidation (DPS) in an experimental mangrove canopy. PRI was correlated with (Δ F/F _m ′) and NPQ over the 4-week measurement period and over the diurnal cycle. The normalised difference vegetation index (NDVI) was not correlated with any aspect of photochemical efficiency measured using chlorophyll fluorescence or xanthophyll pigments. This study demonstrated that photochemical adjustments were responsible for controlling the flow of energy through the photosynthetic apparatus in this mangrove forest canopy rather than canopy structural or chlorophyll adjustments.     

Spectral vegetation indices as the indicator of canopy photosynthetic productivity in a deciduous broadleaf forest

Aims Understanding of the ecophysiological dynamics of forest canopy photosynthesis and its spatial and temporal scaling is crucial for revealing ecological response to climate change. Combined observations and analyses of plant ecophysiology and optical remote sensing would enable us to achieve these studies. In order to examine the utility of spectral vegetation indices (VIs) for assessing ecosystem-level photosynthesis, we investigated the relationships between canopy-scale photosynthetic productivity and canopy spectral reflectance over seasons for 5 years in a cool, temperate deciduous broadleaf forest at 'Takayama' super site in central Japan.Methods Daily photosynthetic capacity was assessed by in situ canopy leaf area index (LAI), (LAI × V cmax [single-leaf photosynthetic capacity]), and the daily maximum rate of gross primary production (GPP max) was estimated by an ecosystem carbon cycle model. We examined five VIs: normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), enhanced vegetation index (EVI), green–red vegetation index (GRVI), chlorophyll index (CI) and canopy chlorophyll index (CCI), which were obtained by the in situ measurements of canopy spectral reflectance.Important findings Our in situ observation of leaf and canopy characteristics, which were analyzed by an ecosystem carbon cycling model, revealed that their phenological changes are responsible for seasonal and interannual variations in canopy photosynthesis. Significant correlations were found between the five VIs and canopy photosynthetic capacity over the seasons and years; four of the VIs showed hysteresis-type relationships and only CCI showed rather linear relationship. Among the VIs examined, we applied EVI–GPP max relationship to EVI data obtained by Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer to estimate the temporal and spatial variation in GPP max over central Japan. Our findings would improve the accuracy of satellite-based estimate of forest photosynthetic productivity in fine spatial and temporal resolutions, which are necessary for detecting any response of terrestrial ecosystem to meteorological fluctuations.     

Confounding effects of snow cover on remotely sensed vegetation indices of evergreen and deciduous trees: An experimental study

Located at northern latitudes and subject to large seasonal temperature fluctuations, boreal forests are sensitive to the changing climate, with evidence for both increasing and decreasing productivity, depending upon conditions. Optical remote sensing of vegetation indices based on spectral reflectance offers a means of monitoring vegetation photosynthetic activity and provides a powerful tool for observing how boreal forests respond to changing environmental conditions. Reflectance-based remotely sensed optical signals at northern latitude or high-altitude regions are readily confounded by snow coverage, hampering applications of satellite-based vegetation indices in tracking vegetation productivity at large scales. Unraveling the effects of snow can be challenging from satellite data, particularly when validation data are lacking. In this study, we established an experimental system in Alberta, Canada including six boreal tree species, both evergreen and deciduous, to evaluate the confounding effects of snow on three vegetation indices: the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), the photochemical reflectance index (PRI), and the chlorophyll/carotenoid index (CCI), all used in tracking vegetation productivity for boreal forests. Our results revealed substantial impacts of snow on canopy reflectance and vegetation indices, expressed as increased albedo, decreased NDVI values and increased PRI and CCI values. These effects varied among species and functional groups (evergreen and deciduous) and different vegetation indices were affected differently, indicating contradictory, confounding effects of snow on these indices. In addition to snow effects, we evaluated the contribution of deciduous trees to vegetation indices in mixed stands of evergreen and deciduous species, which contribute to the observed relationship between greenness-based indices and ecosystem productivity of many evergreen-dominated forests that contain a deciduous component. Our results demonstrate confounding and interacting effects of snow and vegetation type on vegetation indices and illustrate the importance of explicitly considering snow effects in any global-scale photosynthesis monitoring efforts using remotely sensed vegetation indices.     

Analysis of Photosynthetic Activity at the Leaf and Canopy Levels from Reflectance Measurements: A Case Study

The photochemical reflectance index (PRI), based on reflectance signatures at 531 and 570 nm, and associated with xanthophyll pigment inter-conversion and related thylakoid energisation, was evaluated as an indicator of photosynthetic function in a Mediterranean holm oak (Quercus ilex L.) coppice. The chlorophyll fluorescence pulse-amplitude-modulation and the eddy correlation techniques were used to estimate the photosystem 2 photochemical efficiency of leaves and the CO₂ flux over the canopy, respectively. The reflectance and fluorescence techniques yielded identical estimates of the photosynthetic activity in leaves exposed to dark-light-dark cycles or to a variable irradiance in laboratory. However, there was no such correlation between photosynthetic performance and PRI when applied to a sun-exposed canopy in field conditions. Fluorescence profiles inside the canopy and especially a helpful use of multispectral reflectance imaging highlight the limitations of such method.     

Spectral reflectance of Thalassia testudinum (Hydrocharitaceae) seagrass: low salinity effects

Massive anthropogenic changes in estuarine salinities, from manipulations of freshwater flows, are again occurring through governmental projects “correcting” past freshwater alterations. The downstream effects of increased freshwater on seagrass meadows, a major fisheries and ecosystem habitat, are not clear. Spectral responses to low salinities were quantitatively delimited for the important habitat seagrass Thalassia testudinum utilizing spectral reflectance measurements for the first time (non-invasive sampling). Over a range of salinities (32–16 parts per thousand sea salts [ppt] for 24 h) and spectra (308–1138 nm), Thalassia specimens showed statistically significant differences in spectral values (P < 0.05) between treatments at normal (32 ppt) and 50% reduced (16 ppt) seawater. Mature blades yellowed at low salinities. Reflectance changes at 525 nm and 650–680 nm at low salinities suggested changes in xanthophylls and chlorophylls. Four indices were also used to characterize the reflectance spectra to delineate the effect of the salinity changes: (1) The normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) for mature blades reduced at 16 ppt from that at 32 ppt. (2) The chlorophyll normalized difference index (Chl NDI) suggested chlorophyll content decreases in response to reduced salinity. (3) The structure independent pigment index (SIPI), higher in mature blades at 16 ppt than new blades, indicates a higher carotenoid : chlorophyll ratio in mature blades. (4) The photochemical reflectance index (PRI) suggested a lower photochemical efficiency at lower salinities. The main low-salinity effect on Thalassia physiology delineated herein is likely through changes in pigmentation (decreases in chlorophyll and changes in xanthophyll cycle epoxidation).     

Assessing photosynthetic downregulation in sunflower stands with an optically-based model

Using a simple light-use efficiency model based on optical measurements, we explored spatial patterns of photosynthetic activity in fertilized and unfertilized sunflower stands. The model had two components: (1) absorbed photosynthetically active radiation (APAR), and (2) radiation-use efficiency. APAR was the product of photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) and leaf absorptance, which was derived from leaf reflectance. Radiation-use efficiency was either assumed to be constant or allowed to vary linearly with the photochemical reflectance index (PRI), a measure of xanthophyll cycle pigment activity. When efficiency was assumed to be constant, the model overestimated photosynthetic rates in upper canopy layers exposed to direct PPFD, particularly in the unfertilized canopy due to the greater photosynthetic downregulation associated with higher levels of photoprotective (de-epoxidized) xanthophyll cycle pigments in these conditions. When efficiency was allowed to vary according to the PRI, modeled photosynthetic rates closely matched measured rates for all canopy layers in both treatments. These results illustrate the importance of considering reduced radiation-use efficiency due to photosynthetic downregulation when modeling photosynthesis from reflectance, and illustrate the potential for detecting radiation-use efficiency through leaf optical properties. At least under the conditions of this study, these results also suggest that xanthophyll cycle pigment activity and net carbon uptake are coordinately regulated, allowing assays of Photosystem II activity to reveal changing rates of net assimilation. Because the optical methods in this study are adaptable to multiple spatial scales (leaf to landscape), this approach may provide a scalable model for estimating photosynthetic rates independently from flux measurements.This revised version was published online in October 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

A Novel Moisture Adjusted Vegetation Index (MAVI) to Reduce Background Reflectance and Topographical Effects on LAI Retrieval

A new moisture adjusted vegetation index (MAVI) is proposed using the red, near infrared, and shortwave infrared (SWIR) reflectance in band-ratio form in this paper. The effectiveness of MAVI in retrieving leaf area index (LAI) is investigated using Landsat-5 data and field LAI measurements in two forest and two grassland areas. The ability of MAVI to retrieve forest LAI under different background conditions is further evaluated using canopy reflectance of Jack Pine and Black Spruce forests simulated by the 4-Scale model. Compared with several commonly used two-band vegetation index, such as normalized difference vegetation index, soil adjusted vegetation index, modified soil adjusted vegetation index, optimized soil adjusted vegetation index, MAVI is a better predictor of LAI, on average, which can explain 70% of variations of LAI in the four study areas. Similar to other SWIR-related three-band vegetation index, such as modified normalized difference vegetation index (MNDVI) and reduced simple ratio (RSR), MAVI is able to reduce the background reflectance effects on forest canopy LAI retrieval. MAVI is more suitable for retrieving LAI than RSR and MNDVI, because it avoids the difficulty in properly determining the maximum and minimum SWIR values required in RSR and MNDVI, which improves the robustness of MAVI in retrieving LAI of different land cover types. Moreover, MAVI is expressed as ratios between different spectral bands, greatly reducing the noise caused by topographical variations, which makes it more suitable for applications in mountainous area.     

植被指数的地形效应研究进展

植被指数是定性、定量评估绿色植被的关键指标,已经广泛应用于地表植被的监测.森林多分布在地形复杂山区,利用植被指数进行森林植被信息反演时地形对其影响较大.本文从几何光学模型原理分析了冠层反射率的地形效应,分析比较完全比值型植被指数(简单比值植被指数SR、归一化植被指数NDVI和湿度调整植被指数MAVI)、非完全比值型植被指数(增强型植被指数EVI和土壤调整植被指数SAVI)、非比值型植被指数(减化比值植被指数RSR、修正归一化植被指数MNDVI和绿度植被指数GVI),以及地形调节植被指数TAVI对地形的响应,试图为复杂地形山区选取植被指数提供参考.最后分析了植被指数地形效应研究的不足并对未来发展进行展望.     

Variation in the phenology of photosynthesis among eastern white pine provenances in response to warming

In higher‐latitude trees, temperature and photoperiod control the beginning and end of the photosynthetically active season. Elevated temperature (ET) has advanced spring warming and delayed autumn cooling while photoperiod remains unchanged. We assessed the effects of warming on the length of the photosynthetically active season of three provenances of Pinus strobus L. seedlings from different latitudes, and evaluated the accuracy of the photochemical reflectance index (PRI) and the chlorophyll/carotenoid index (CCI) for tracking the predicted variation in spring and autumn phenology of photosynthesis among provenances. Seedlings from northern, local and southern P. strobus provenances were planted in a temperature‐free‐air‐controlled enhancement (T‐FACE) experiment and exposed to ET (+1.5/3°C; day/night). Over 18 months, we assessed photosynthetic phenology by measuring chlorophyll fluorescence, gas exchange, leaf spectral reflectance and pigment content. During autumn, all seedlings regardless of provenance followed the same sequence of phenological events with the initial downregulation of photosynthesis, followed by the modulation of non‐photochemical quenching and associated adjustments of zeaxanthin pool sizes. However, the timing of autumn downregulation differed between provenances, with delayed onset in the southern provenance (SP) and earlier onset in the northern relative to the local provenance, indicating that photoperiod at the provenance origin is a dominant factor controlling autumn phenology. Experimental warming further delayed the downregulation of photosynthesis during autumn in the SP. A provenance effect during spring was also observed but was generally not significant. The vegetation indices PRI and CCI were both effective at tracking the seasonal variations of energy partitioning in needles and the differences of carotenoid pigments indicative of the stress status of needles. These results demonstrate that PRI and CCI can be useful tools for monitoring conifer phenology and for the remote monitoring of the length of the photosynthetically active season of conifers in a changing climate.     

Secondary Forest Detection in a Neotropical Dry Forest Landscape Using Landsat 7 ETM+ and IKONOS Imagery1

We integrate forest structure and remotely sensed data for four successional stages (pasture, early, intermediate, and late) of a tropical dry forest area located in the Sector Santa Rosa of the Guanacaste Conservation Area in northwestern Costa Rica. We used a combination of spectral vegetation indices derived from Landsat 7 ETM+ medium resolution and IKONOS high‐resolution imagery. The indices (using the red and near‐infrared bands) simple ratio and normalized difference vegetation index separated the successional stages well. Two other indices using mid‐infrared bands did not separate successional stages as well. In a comparison of the successional stages with chronological age, there was no separability in the spectral reflectance among different age classes. Successional stages, in contrast, showed distinct groups with minimal overlap. We also applied a simple validation in another dry forest located in the Palo Verde National Park in the province of Guanacaste, Costa Rica, with reasonably good results.     

冠层水平互花米草叶片光合色素含量的高光谱遥感估算模型

以闽江河口鳝鱼滩湿地互花米草(Spartina alterniflora)的实测冠层高光谱反射率和叶片光合色素含量(LPPC)为数据源,在分析LPPC与原始光谱反射率、一阶导数光谱反射率、22种已报道光谱指数和14种新构建的植被指数相关性的基础上,利用直线回归、指数回归、对数回归以及乘幂回归方法,系统地比较了36种植被指数在估算互花米草LPPC中的表现。研究表明:(1)一阶导数光谱反射率组合的植被指数用于估算互花米草的LPPC优于原始光谱反射率;(2)红边区域一阶导数光谱是估测互花米草LPPC的最佳波段;(3)对于单一色素含量的估算,叶绿素a(Chla)的最佳估算指数为FDNDVI[723,703];叶绿素b(Chlb)的最佳估算指数为FDRVI[723,525];类胡萝卜素(Cars)的最佳估算指数为FDNDVI[723,703];(4)对于使用统一参量同时估算Chla、Chlb、Cars,由FDRVI[723,703]建立的对数估算模型效果最佳。研究成果可为湿地植物生化参量反演提供参考,也可为闽江河口湿地入侵种互花米草的动态监测和生态评估管理提供有力的科学依据。     

Estimating canopy photosynthetic parameters in maize field based on multi-spectral remote sensing

Aims Determination of canopy photosynthetic parameters is key to accurate simulation of ecosystem function by using remote sensing methods. Currently, remote estimation of vegetation canopy structure characteristics has been widely adopted. However, directly estimating photosynthetic variables (photosynthetic capacity and efficiency) at canopy scale based on field spectrometry combined with CO₂ flux measurements is rare.
Methods In this study, we remotely estimated solar radiation use efficiency (εN, net ecosystem CO₂ exchange/absorbed photosynthetically active radiation (NEE_CO2/APAR); εG, gross primary productivity/absorbed photosynthetically active radiation (GPP/APAR); α, apparent quantum efficiency) and photosynthetic capacity (P_max) based on in situ measurements of spectral reflectance and ecosystem CO₂ fluxes, along with observational data on micrometeorological factors during the entire growing season for a maize canopy in Northeast China.
Important findings Results showed that the seasonal variations in P_max and α exhibited a single peak; whereas the values of εN and εG were higher at the start of vegetative stage and then rapidly decreased with the development of maize until displaying a single peak at the intermediate and late stages of the growing season, coinciding with the occurrence of peak values in P_max. A comparison was made on the predictive performance based on normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), ratio vegetation index (RVI), wide dynamic range vegetation index (WDRVI), 2-band enhanced vegetation index (EVI2), and chlorophyll index (CI) in estimating four canopy photosynthetic parameters with any combination of two separate wavelengths at the range of 400–1 300 nm, which showed that EVI2 was most closely and linearly related to photosynthetic capacity and efficiency. This study demonstrates that multi-spectral remote sensing information is sensitive to the variations in canopy photosynthetic parameters in maize field and can be used to quantitatively monitor seasonal dynamics of canopy photosynthesis, and to accurately assess crop productivity and ecosystem CO₂ exchange capacity.     

基于光谱指数的喀斯特植物叶片叶绿素含量定量估算

为了探讨适合于喀斯特植物叶片叶绿素含量估算的光谱指数,在总结以往基于光谱指数的植物生化参数估算研究基础上发现,常用光谱指数通常采用差值、比值、归一化以及倒数差值方式来构建。因此,我们通过上述4种光谱指数构建方式对所采集的4种典型喀斯特植物——黄荆(Vitex negundo)、盐麸木(Rhus chinensis)、朴树(Celtis sinensis)和红背山麻杆(Alchornea trewioides)叶片原始光谱反射率及其一阶导数值与同步测定的叶片叶绿素含量进行遍历分析,以期获得最优光谱指数并将其应用于喀斯特植物叶片叶绿素含量定量估算研究。结果表明:(1)常用光谱指数中,改良红边归一化指数(modified red-edge normalized difference vegetation index, mND705)对喀斯特植物叶片叶绿素含量估算效果较好(决定系数为0.45,均方根误差为0.26 mg·g^-1)。(2)虽然荧光比值(fluorescence ratio index, FRI1)和叶绿素吸收面积光谱指数(chlorophyll absorption area index, CAAI)在估算喀斯特与非喀斯特植物叶片叶绿素含量能力相当,但是其估算精度相对较低(决定系数小于0.45)。(3)通过差值、比值、归一化以及倒数差值方式构建的光谱指数无论是基于植物叶片原始光谱反射率,还是其一阶导数值,相比常用光谱指数都能更好地估算喀斯特植物叶片叶绿素含量(决定系数大于0.60)。其中,基于植物叶片原始光谱反射率一阶导数值的差值光谱指数 [dD(760, 769)]对喀斯特植物叶片叶绿素含量的估算精度最好,其决定系数为0.71,均方根误差为0.19 mg·g^-1。综上可知,结合高光谱遥感技术的光谱指数模型可快速定量估算喀斯特植物叶片叶绿素含量,为典型喀斯特地区植物生长诊断及其对环境胁迫适应性评价提供重要科学依据和技术支持。     

不同水氮条件下水稻冠层反射光谱与植株含水率的定量关系

研究了不同土壤水氮条件下水稻 (Oryzasativa) 冠层光谱反射特征和植株水分状况的量化关系。结果表明, 水稻冠层近红外光谱反射率随土壤含水量的降低而降低, 短波红外光谱反射率随土壤含水量的降低而升高。相同土壤水分条件下, 高氮水稻的冠层含水率高于低氮水稻的冠层含水率 ;同一水分条件下, 高氮处理的可见光区和短波红外波段光谱反射率低于低氮处理, 近红外波段光谱反射率高于低氮处理。发现拔节后比值植被指数 (R810 /R460 ) 与水稻叶片含水率和植株含水率呈极显著的线性相关, 模型的检验误差 (RootmeansquareError, RMSE) 分别为 0.93和 1.5 0。表明比值植被指数R810 /R460 可以较好地监测不同生育期水稻叶片和植株含水率。     

Vertical gradients in photosynthetic physiology diverge at the latitudinal range extremes of white spruce

Light availability drives vertical canopy gradients in photosynthetic functioning and carbon (C) balance, yet patterns of variability in these gradients remain unclear. We measured light availability, photosynthetic CO₂ and light response curves, foliar C, nitrogen (N) and pigment concentrations, and the photochemical reflectance index (PRI) on upper and lower canopy needles of white spruce trees (Picea glauca) at the species' northern and southern range extremes. We combined our photosynthetic data with previously published respiratory data to compare and contrast canopy C balance between latitudinal extremes. We found steep canopy gradients in irradiance, photosynthesis and leaf traits at the southern range limit, but a lack of variation across canopy positions at the northern range limit. Thus, unlike many tree species from tropical to mid-latitude forests, high latitude trees may not require vertical gradients of metabolic activity to optimize photosynthetic C gain. Consequently, accounting for self-shading is less critical for predicting gross primary productivity at northern relative to southern latitudes. Northern trees also had a significantly smaller net positive leaf C balance than southern trees suggesting that, regardless of canopy position, low photosynthetic rates coupled with high respiratory costs may ultimately constrain the northern range limit of this widely distributed boreal species.     

Spectral reflectance indices and pigment functions during leaf ontogenesis in six subtropical landscape plants

Pigment combinations are regulated during leaf ontogenesis. To better understand pigment function, alterations in chlorophyll, carotenoid and anthocyanin concentrations were investigated during different leaf development stages in six subtropical landscape plants, namely Ixora chinensis Lam, Camellia japonica Linn, Eugenia oleina Wight, Mangifera indica L., Osmanthus fragrans Lowr and Saraca dives Pierre. High concentrations of anthocyanin were associated with reduced chlorophyll in juvenile leaves. As leaves developed, the photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll and carotenoid) of all six species increased while anthocyanin concentration declined. Chlorophyll fluorescence imaging of Φ_PSII (effective quantum yield of PSII) and of NPQ (non-photochemical fluorescence quenching) and determination of electron transport rate-rapid light curve (RLC) showed that maximum ETR (leaf electron transport rate), Φ_PSII and the saturation point in RLC increased during leaf development but declined as they aged. Juvenile leaves displayed higher values of NPQ and Car/Chl ratios than leaves at other developmental stages. Leaf reflectance spectra (400–800 nm) were measured to provide an in vivo non-destructive assessment of pigments in leaves during ontogenesis. Four reflectance indices, related to pigment characters, were compared with data obtained quantitatively from biochemical analysis. The results showed that the ARI (anthocyanin reflectance index) was linearly correlated to anthocyanin concentration in juvenile leaves, while a positive correlation of Chl NDI (chlorophyll normalized difference vegetation index) to chlorophyll a concentration was species dependent. Photosynthetic reflectance index was not closely related to Car/Chl ratio, while a structural-independent pigment index was not greatly altered by leaf development or species. Accordingly, it is suggested that the high concentration of anthocyanin, higher NPQ and Car/Chl ratio in juvenile leaves are important functional responses to cope with high radiation when the photosynthetic apparatus is not fully developed. Another two leaf reflectance indices, ARI and Chl NDI, are valuable for in vivo pigment evaluation during leaf development.     

Reflectance Indices Indicative of Changes in Water and Pigment Contents of Peanut and Wheat Leaves

Measurements of reflectance in visible and near-infrared spectral regions were made on detached leaves of two crop species of different leaf morphology, structure, and water content (peanut and wheat) throughout progressive desiccation. Relative water content (RWC) was well correlated with water index (WI) but even better with the ratio of WI and normalized difference vegetation index. RWC was also significantly correlated with structural independent pigment index indicative of carotenoids/chlorophyll ratio. New indication is thus provided to assess leaf water content and apply simple and fast radiometric techniques for plant water stress management. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

基于小波分析的大豆叶绿素a含量高光谱反演模型

 2003和2004年分别在长春市良种场和中国科学院海伦黑土生态实验站实测了大田耕作与水肥耦合作用下大豆（Glycine max）冠层高光谱反射率 与叶绿素a含量数据,对光谱反射率、微分光谱与叶绿素a含量进行了相关分析;采用归一化植被指数(Normalized diffe rence vegetation index, NDVI)、土壤调和植被指数(Soil-adjusted vegetation index, SAVI)、再归一植被指数(Renormalized difference vegetation index, RDVI)、第二修正比值植被指数(Modified second ratio index, MSRI)等建立了大豆叶绿素a反演模型;应用小波分析对采集的光谱反 射率数据进行了能量系数提取,并以小波能量系数作为自变量进行了单变量与多变量回归分析,对大豆叶绿素a进行了估算。研究结果表明,大 豆叶绿素a 与可见光光谱反射率相关性较好,并在红光波段取得最大值(R²>0.70),但在红边处,微分光谱与大豆叶绿素a的相关性较反射率好 得多,在其它波段则相反;由NDVI、SAVI、RDVI、MSRI等植被指数建立的估算模型可以提高大豆叶绿素a的估算精度（R²>0.75）;小波能量系 数回归模型可以进一步提高大豆叶绿素a含量的估算水平,以一个特定小波能量系数作为自变量的回归模型,大豆叶绿素a回归决定系数R²高达 0.78;多变量回归分析结果表明,大豆叶绿素a实测值与预测值的线性回归决定系数R²均高达0.85。以上结果表明, 小波分析可以对高光谱进 行特征变量提取,并可在一定程度上提高大豆生理参数反演精度。     

Stratification of density in dry deciduous forest using satellite remote sensing digital data—An approach based on spectral indices

Forest density expressing the stocking status constitutes the major stand physiognomic parameter of Indian forest. Density and age are often taken as surrogate to structural and compositional changes that occur with the forest succession. Satellite remote sensing spectral response is reported to provide information on structure and composition of forest stands. The various vegetation indices are also correlated with forest canopy closure. The paper presents a three way crown density model utilizing the vegetation indices viz., advanced vegetation index, bare soil index and canopy shadow index for classification of forest crown density. The crop and water classes which could not be delineated by the model were finally masked from normalized difference vegetation index and TM band 7 respectively. The rule based approach has been implemented for land use and forest density classification. The broad land cover classification accuracy has been found to be 91.5%. In the higher forest density classes the classification accuracy ranged between 93 and 95%, whereas in the lower density classes it was found to be between 82 and 85%.