无机磷对力复霉素合成的调节

本文报道无机磷抑制力复霉素产生菌地中海诺卡氏菌U-32中力复霉素(SV)的合成。随着丰富培养基中无机磷浓度的增加,SV的合成受到明显抑制,最高抑制率达sO％,而阔体生长则增加65％。不同时间加入无机磷对抗生素产量的影响是不相同的,在抗生素合成前(O一48h),无机磷的加入能严重影响SV的合成,但在合成期(72 h以后)加入则几乎不影响SV的产量。提高培养基中无机磷的起始浓度,使菌体合成脂肪量增加70％：甲基丙二酰CoA羧基转移酶和甲基丙二酰CoA羧基变位酶的活力受到明显抑制：菌体内腺苷化台物ADP、ATP的含量在整个发酵期都明显增加,细晦内能荷水平也因培养基中无机磷的起始浓度增加而提 高。     

甘油对利福霉素SV生物合成的影响*

利福霉素SV脂肪链桥部分的合成是以乙酸单位(由丙二酰CoA提供)和丙酸单位(由甲基丙二酰CoA提供)为延伸单元经过缩合、环化和后修饰而形成的,一些短链碳前体对二碳或三碳延伸单位的合成具有调节作用。研究发现添加一定量的甘油对利福霉素SV的生成具有明显的促进作用,其最适添加量为3%,添加时间以72h为宜,并且分批补加效果更好,最高提高效价21%以上。有机酸分析结果显示,甘油的加入导致乙酸和琥珀酸在胞外积累的增加,促进了EMP和TCA代谢途径,有利于利福霉素SV合成前体的积累。     

地中海拟无枝菌酸菌U32染色体特性的脉冲场电泳分析

地中海拟无枝菌酸菌(Amycolatopsis mediterranei)U32是产力复霉素SV的工业生产菌株。采用脉冲场电泳分析发现,地中海拟无枝菌酸菌U32仅有一条约10 Mb的线性染色体, 没有内源性质粒。利用Southern杂交法,对11个编码力复霉素生物合成、相关初级、次级代谢关键酶以及调控蛋白的基因,在U32染色体DNA的PshBI酶切片段上进行了定位。分析发现在一条长度约700kb的PshBI酶切片段上,分别存在着力复霉素合成基因簇(rif)、氮代谢的亚硝酸还原酶小亚基基因(nasD)、衔接初级与次级代谢的甲基丙二酰变位酶基因(mcm)、脂肪酸代谢的乙酰辅酶A羧化酶生物素载体蛋白基因(accA)以及一套核糖体RNA转录单元。同时还发现U32至少有5套核糖体RNA转录单元。其余定位的基因均只出现单一杂交信号。     

甘油对利福霉素SV生物合成的影响

利福霉素SV脂肪链桥部分的合成是以乙酸单位（由丙二酰CoA提供）和丙酸单位（由甲基丙二酰CoA提供）为延伸单元经过缩合、环化和后修饰而形成的,一些短链碳前体对二碳或三碳延伸单位的合成具有调节作用。研究发现添加一定量的甘油对利福霉素SV的生成具有明显的促进作用,其最适添加量为3％,添加时间以72h为宜,并且分批补加效果更好,最高提高效价21％以上。有机酸分析结果显示,甘油的加入导致乙酸和琥珀酸在胞外积累的增加,促进了EMP和TCA代谢途径,有利于利福霉素SV合成前体的积累。     

基于前体供给途径遗传改造提高褐黄孢链霉菌纳他霉素的产量

纳他霉素(natamycin)是一种高效、广谱、安全的抗真菌剂,广泛应用于食品防腐与医药领域。纳他霉素可由多种链霉菌发酵产生。它是以乙酰辅酶A、丙二酰辅酶A及甲基丙二酰辅酶A为前体经Ⅰ型聚酮合酶(polyketide synthase,PKS)催化合成的多烯大环内酯类化合物。本研究以纳他霉素产生菌——褐黄孢链霉菌为研究材料,分别对不同前体分子供给途径中的关键酶进行过表达,并确定影响纳他霉素产量的关键前体供给途径。研究结果发现：通过过表达乙酰辅酶A合成酶(acetyl-CoA synthase,ACS)加强乙酰辅酶A合成途径,以及通过过表达甲基丙二酰辅酶A变位酶(methylmalonyl-CoA mutase,MCM)加强甲基丙二酰辅酶A合成途径,重组菌株纳他霉素产量分别比野生型菌株提高了44.19%和20.51%。共过表达ACS和MCM,重组菌株纳他霉素产量获得进一步提升(达1123.34mg/L),比野生型菌株提高了66.29%。上述发现为通过前体代谢工程的策略构建纳他霉素工业高产菌株提供了参考,也为其他聚酮类天然产物高产工程菌株的构建提供了借鉴。     

地中海诺卡氏菌(Nocardia mediterranei)合成力复霉素代谢调节的研究——Ⅰ.硝酸盐对地中海诺卡氏菌合成力复霉素SV的促进作用

本文报导了硝酸盐促进力复霉素生物合成现象的初步观察结果。加入硝酸钾0.8％,地中海诺卡氏菌(Nocardia mediterranei)NG 12—4合成力复霉素SV的产量可增加1.7倍。在发酵96小时之前加入硝酸盐均能促进力复霉素SV的合成,但产量的增加随加入时间的延迟而降低。硝酸钾在促进产量的同时,使菌体生长减少,看来硝酸盐对力复霉素SV的合成与菌体生长之间起着调节作用。 洗涤菌体试验指出,硝酸盐的加入诱导了力复霉素合成所需要的酶系,蛋白陈不能代替硝酸盐,进一步说明硝酸钾的作用并不是作为氮源利用。在蛋白质合成抑制剂氯霉素存在下,硝酸盐不再能促进力复霉素的合成,说明氯霉素抑制了硝酸盐所诱导的酶系的合成。 铵盐明显地抵消了硝酸盐对力复霉素合成的促进作用,可能是由于铵盐阻遏了硝酸还原酶的合成。 KNO~3~-菌体与-KNO~3~-菌体的形态有明显差别。两种菌体的脂肪含量也不相同。 KNO~3~-一菌体的脂肪含量为5.7％,而-KNO~3~-菌体则高达13.6％,看来硝酸盐在脂肪合成与力复霉素合成两条途径之间起着调节作用。     

地中海拟无枝酸菌“硝酸盐效应”的研究进展

地中海拟无枝酸菌"硝酸盐效应"是指发酵基质中的硝酸盐在一定浓度下大幅度促进该菌合成利福霉素,并对初级代谢产生多种影响的现象。针对该效应,本实验室开展了多年的研究,阐明硝酸盐主要通过两个方面促进利福霉素的生物合成:一方面,硝酸盐增加利福霉素生物合成前体的供给(如UDP-葡萄糖、AHBA、丙二酰Co A以及甲基丙二酰Co A等),尤其是通过抑制体内脂肪酸的合成来保障利福霉素前体丙二酰Co A的供给;另一方面,硝酸盐提升利福霉素生物合成酶基因的表达。因此,在充足的利福霉素前体和合成酶系的协同效应下,菌体生成大量的利福霉素。进一步的工作将围绕"硝酸盐效应"的信号分子、信号转导途径以及相关基因的表达调控和翻译后修饰机制等方面展开。     

铵离子对梅岭霉素生物合成的调控效应

通过考察不同浓度的硫酸铵对梅岭霉素生物合成的影响,证实在低浓度下,硫酸铵可以促进梅岭霉素的生物合成,当其浓度大于5mmol/L时,菌丝生长和产物合成均受到抑制,而耗糖速率却随着铵离子的浓度增大而增大。在此基础上,进一步测定了与梅岭霉素生物合成和糖代谢过程密切相关的6种酶的活性变化,结果表明较高浓度的铵离子对6_磷酸葡萄糖脱氢酶、柠檬酸合成酶、琥珀酸脱氢酶以及脂肪酸合成酶的活性均表现出一定的促进作用,而对缬氨酸脱氢酶和甲基丙二酰CoA羧基转移酶的活性进行抑制,由此产生的结果一方面是HMP途径和TCA循环得到了加强,促进了菌体的初级代谢,另一方面则是梅岭霉素生物合成所需前体的来源受到限制,从而造成了梅岭霉素的低产。     

热带假丝酵母长链二(脂)酰辅酶A合成酶的形成及性质

热带假丝酵母(Candida tyopicalis)具有不同碳链的二(脂)酰CoA合成酶的活力,原始菌No．1230的十二二酰CoA合成酶的活性较其突变株U3-21。高近一倍。生长碳源对酶的形成有一定的影响。十二二酰CoA合成酶需有ATP、CoASH才显示活性。酶作用的最适pH在6—8,最适温度为30℃。该酶耐热性极差,50℃,5分钟酶活全部丧失。ADP、AMP、KF、Zn2+ 及 8-羟基喹啉、2,4-二硝基苯酚、高浓度的EDTA和尿素对酶活性有抑制作用。     

靶向甲羟戊酸途径抗血液肿瘤的研究进展

甲羟戊酸(mevalonate, MVA)途径是胆固醇合成的核心代谢通路,该途径异常参与多种肿瘤发生发展。羟甲基戊二酰辅酶A还原酶(3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase, HMGCR)、羟甲基戊二酰辅酶A合酶1 (3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase 1, HMGCS1)及固醇调节元件结合蛋白2 (sterol regulatory element binding protein 2, SREBP2)是MVA途径关键限速蛋白,能够在基因转录、蛋白质翻译和降解等过程中被精细调控。本文围绕MVA途径调控网络关键代谢酶、其与血液肿瘤的关系以及相关调节剂在血液肿瘤中的应用进行综述。     

Protection and reactivation of human methylmalonyl-CoA mutase by MMAA protein

Previous studies have reported that some adenosylcobalamin-dependent enzymes suffer inactivation during catalysis due to the oxidation of cobalamin. In addition, the protection or reactivation of their catalytic activities by proteins called “protectases” or reactivases is well known in bacteria. In this study, we examined the influence of human MMAA protein on the kinetics of the reaction catalyzed by methylmalonyl-CoA mutase (MCM) by testing both purified recombinant proteins in vitro. Our results showed that MMAA plays dual roles in MCM activity. When it was added at the beginning of the reaction, it prevents inactivation by guarding MCM. After 60 min of reaction, when MCM is inactive, the addition of MMAA increases the enzymatic activity through GTP hydrolysis, indicating reactivation of MCM by exchange of the damaged cofactor. Interaction between MCM and MMAA observed in vitro was confirmed in vivo by yeast two-hybrid system.     

Enhanced FK506 production in Streptomyces clavuligerus CKD1119 by engineering the supply of methylmalonyl-CoA precursor

FK506 is a 23-membered polyketide macrolide with immunosuppressant activity produced by Streptomyces species. The production of FK506 in S. clavuligerus CKD1119 (KCTC 10561BP) was improved by enhancing the supply of biosynthetic precursors. This improvement was approximately 2.5-fold (15 mg/l) with the supplementation of 10 mM methyl oleate, which is the probable source of acyl-CoAs, to R2YE medium. When the level of FK506 production reached its maximum, the intracellular concentration of methylmalonyl-CoA in S. clavuligerus CKD1119 supplemented with methyl oleate was 12.5-fold higher than that of the unsupplemented strain, suggesting that an increased methylmalonyl-CoA level caused the high-level production of FK506. The following three pathways for the production of (2S)-methylmalonyl-CoA were evaluated to identify the effective precursor supply pathway that can support the high production of FK506 in S. clavuligerus CKD1119: propionyl-CoA carboxylase, methylmalonyl-CoA mutase (MCM), and malonyl/methylmalonyl-CoA ligase. Of the three pathways examined, the MCM pathway supported the highest levels of FK506 production. The expression of MCM in S. clavuligerus CKD1119 led to a threefold and 1.5-fold increase in the methylmalonyl-CoA pool and FK506 production, respectively. Supplementing the culture broth of S. clavuligerus CKD1119 expressing MCM with methyl oleate resulted in an additional twofold increase in the FK506 titer (17.8 mg/l). Overall, these results show that the methylmalonyl-CoA supply is a limiting factor for FK506 biosynthesis and that among the three pathways analyzed, the MCM pathway is the most effective precursor supply pathway supporting the highest titer of FK506 in S. clavuligerus CKD1119.     

Enzymatic evidence for involvement of the methylmalonyl-CoA pathway in propionate oxidation by Syntrophobacter wolinii

Enzyme measurements were carried out with crude cell-free extracts of the propionate oxidizing coculture of Syntrophobacter wolinii and Desulfovibrio G11. Using cell-free extracts of a pure culture of Desulfovibrio G11 as a blank, most of the enzymes involved in the methylmalonyl-CoA pathway for propionate oxidation, including a propionyl-CoA: oxaloacetate transcarboxylase, were demonstrated in S. wolinii.     

An avidin monomer affinity column for the purification of biotin-containing enzymes.

A procedure is given for the preparation of an avidin monomer affinity column which is useful in the purification of biotin-containing enzymes. Both the propionyl-CoA carboxylase of Mycobacterium smegmatis and the methylmalonyl-CoA pyruvate transcarboxylase (EC 2.1.3.1) of Arachnia propionica and Propionibacterium shermanii bind to the column and can be specifically eluted with (+)-biotin.     

Insertional Inactivation of Methylmalonyl Coenzyme A (CoA) Mutase and Isobutyryl-CoA Mutase Genes in Streptomyces cinnamonensis: Influence on Polyketide Antibiotic Biosynthesis

The coenzyme B(12)-dependent isobutyryl coenzyme A (CoA) mutase (ICM) and methylmalonyl-CoA mutase (MCM) catalyze the isomerization of n-butyryl-CoA to isobutyryl-CoA and of methylmalonyl-CoA to succinyl-CoA, respectively. The influence that both mutases have on the conversion of n- and isobutyryl-CoA to methylmalonyl-CoA and the use of the latter in polyketide biosynthesis have been investigated with the polyether antibiotic (monensin) producer Streptomyces cinnamonensis. Mutants prepared by inserting a hygromycin resistance gene (hygB) into either icmA or mutB, encoding the large subunits of ICM and MCM, respectively, have been characterized. The icmA::hygB mutant was unable to grow on valine or isobutyrate as the sole carbon source but grew normally on butyrate, indicating a key role for ICM in valine and isobutyrate metabolism in minimal medium. The mutB::hygB mutant was unable to grow on propionate and grew only weakly on butyrate and isobutyrate as sole carbon sources. (13)C-labeling experiments show that in both mutants butyrate and acetoacetate may be incorporated into the propionate units in monensin A without cleavage to acetate units. Hence, n-butyryl-CoA may be converted into methylmalonyl-CoA through a carbon skeleton rearrangement for which neither ICM nor MCM alone is essential.     

On the mechanism of action of methylmalonyl-CoA mutase. Change of the steric course on isotope substitution

When (methyl-2H3)methylmalonyl-CoA was reacted with partially purified methylmalonyl-CoA mutase, 1H-NMR revealed that about 24% of the migrating deuterium was lost after 88% conversion. When [methyl-3H]methylmalonyl-CoA was incubated with highly purified methylmalonyl-CoA mutase, tritium exchange with the medium depended on added methylmalonyl-CoA epimerase. With highly purified preparations of methylmalonyl-CoA mutase, effective tritium exchange from [5'-3H]adenosylcobalamin to water required the addition of methylmalonyl-CoA epimerase and of substrate (e.g. succinyl-CoA). By addition of [14C]succinyl-CoA to a partially purified preparation of methylmalonyl-CoA mutase, it was shown that the mutase binds one substrate molecule very tightly. Coupling the mutase reaction with the transcarboxylase reaction and using variously labelled succinyl-CoA as substrate, revealed that only (2R)- and not (2S)-methylmalonyl-CoA will be formed by the mutase with a kinetic isotope effect of 3.5 using (2H4)succinyl-CoA. When (1-13C) propionyl-CoA was reacted with a mixture of highly purified methylmalonyl-CoA carboxylase, epimerase and mutase, 13C-NMR signals were obtained for the thioester carbonyl of succinyl-CoA (relative intensity 100%) and of methylmalonyl-CoA (5%) as well as for the carboxyl of free succinic acid (27%) and of succinyl-CoA (less than 4.5%). Thus very little, if any, migration of the CoA from one carboxyl to the other appears to take place. (1,4-13C2)Succinic acid and (1,4-13C2)succinyl-CoA were synthesised and their 13C-NMR chemical shifts were exactly determined. Evidence is provided for a strict stereospecificity of the mutase toward the (2R)-epimer of methylmalonyl-CoA and for an incomplete stereospecificity toward the two diastereotopic 3-H atoms of succinyl-CoA. The latter, combined with a high intramolecular isotope discrimination, causes rapid washing-out of the migrating 2H and 3H to water and slow washing-in from the medium. Whenever migration of protium from the sterically less preferred 3-pro(S)- position of succinyl-CoA occurs and simultaneously a heavy isotope is maneuvered from the migratable 3-pro(R)- position into the labile alpha-position of methylmalonyl-CoA, the substitution by the COSCoA group takes place with inversion of configuration. When the sterically preferred 3-pro(R)-hydrogen atom migrates, the previously reported stereochemical retention occurs. A mechanistic and stereochemical scheme is discussed that fully accounts for all observations.     

PCR amplification of the 3'' external transcribed and intergenic spacers of the ribosomal DNA repeat unit in three species of Saccharomyces

Abstract Desulfotomaculum thermobenzoicum TSB converted 4 mol pyruvate to 5 mol acetate in the absence of sulfate. The cells grown on pyruvate without sulfate showed both carbon monoxide dehydrogenase (CODH) and methylmalonyl-CoA: pyruvate transcarboxylase activities. However, considering the fermentation products, the acetogenesis from pyruvate might be conducted by CODH pathway rather than methylmalonyl-CoA pathway. Contrary to this finding, Desulfobulbus propionicus MUD fermented 3 mol pyruvate to 2 mol acetate and 1 mol propionate stoichiometrically via methylmalonyl-CoA pathway. Desulfovibrio vulgaris Marburg, which has neither the CODH pathway nor the methylmalonyl-CoA pathway, converted pyruvate to acetate, H₂ and CO₂ as the main products. These results indicate that the fermentation pattern of pyruvate depends on the metabolic characteristics of each sulfate-reducing bacterium.     

Mutagenesis affecting the carboxyl terminus of the biotinyl subunit of transcarboxylase. Effects on biotination

Biotin is added to biotin-containing enzymes as a post-translational modification catalyzed by holoenzyme synthetase. This reaction is fairly general in that synthetase from one organism will modify enzymes from heterologous sources. This suggests that the polypeptides share some structural characteristic(s) that define(s) them as biotin enzymes. We have reported previously that when the gene coding for the 1.3 S biotinyl subunit of transcarboxylase is expressed in Escherichia coli, the polypeptide produced is biotinated by the cellular synthetase. Using in vitro mutagenesis of this gene, we have begun to define the primary structure involved in the enzymatic addition of biotin to a lysine residue. We show here that the carboxyl terminus of the 1.3 S subunit is critical in biotination. Mutations affecting the COOH-terminal residue do not influence the modification, but elimination of the hydrophobic side chain of the penultimate residue abolishes biotin addition.     

Epimerase (Msed_0639) and Mutase (Msed_0638 and Msed_2055) Convert (S)-Methylmalonyl-Coenzyme A (CoA) to Succinyl-CoA in the Metallosphaera sedula 3-Hydroxypropionate/4-Hydroxybutyrate Cycle

Crenarchaeotal genomes encode the 3-hydroxypropionate/4-hydroxybutyrate (3-HP/4-HB) cycle for carbon dioxide fixation. Of the 13 enzymes putatively comprising the cycle, several of them, including methylmalonyl-coenzyme A (CoA) epimerase (MCE) and methylmalonyl-CoA mutase (MCM), which convert (S)-methylmalonyl-CoA to succinyl-CoA, have not been confirmed and characterized biochemically. In the genome of Metallosphaera sedula (optimal temperature [T(opt)], 73°C), the gene encoding MCE (Msed_0639) is adjacent to that encoding the catalytic subunit of MCM-α (Msed_0638), while the gene for the coenzyme B(12)-binding subunit of MCM (MCM-β) is located remotely (Msed_2055). The expression of all three genes was significantly upregulated under autotrophic compared to heterotrophic growth conditions, implying a role in CO(2) fixation. Recombinant forms of MCE and MCM were produced in Escherichia coli; soluble, active MCM was produced only if MCM-α and MCM-β were coexpressed. MCE is a homodimer and MCM is a heterotetramer (α(2)β(2)) with specific activities of 218 and 2.2 μmol/min/mg, respectively, at 75°C. The heterotetrameric MCM differs from the homo- or heterodimeric orthologs in other organisms. MCE was activated by divalent cations (Ni(2+), Co(2+), and Mg(2+)), and the predicted metal binding/active sites were identified through sequence alignments with less-thermophilic MCEs. The conserved coenzyme B(12)-binding motif (DXHXXG-SXL-GG) was identified in M. sedula MCM-β. The two enzymes together catalyzed the two-step conversion of (S)-methylmalonyl-CoA to succinyl-CoA, consistent with their proposed role in the 3-HP/4-HB cycle. Based on the highly conserved occurrence of single copies of MCE and MCM in Sulfolobaceae genomes, the M. sedula enzymes are likely to be representatives of these enzymes in the 3-HP/4-HB cycle in crenarchaeal thermoacidophiles.     

Identification of the human and bovine ATP:Cob(I)alamin adenosyltransferase cDNAs based on complementation of a bacterial mutant

In humans, deficiencies in coenzyme B12-dependent methylmalonyl-CoA mutase (MCM) lead to methylmalonyl aciduria, a rare disease that is often fatal in newborns. Such deficiencies can result from inborn errors in the MCM structural gene or from mutations that impair the assimilation of dietary cobalamins into coenzyme B12 (Ado-B12), the required cofactor for MCM. ATP:cob(I)alamin adenosyltransferase (ATR) catalyzes the terminal step in the conversion of cobalamins into Ado-B12. Substantial evidence indicates that inherited defects in this enzyme lead to methylmalonyl aciduria, but the corresponding ATR gene has not been identified. Here we report the identification of the bovine and human ATR cDNAs as well as the corresponding human gene. A bovine liver cDNA expression library was screened for clones that complemented an ATR-deficient bacterial strain for color formation on aldehyde indicator medium, and four positive clones were isolated. The DNA sequences of two clones were determined and found to be identical. Sequence similarity searching was then used to identify a homologous human cDNA (89% identity) and its corresponding gene that is located on chromosome XII. The bovine and human cDNAs were independently cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. Enzyme assays showed that expression strains produced 87 and 98 nmol/min/mg ATR activity, respectively. These specific activities are in line with values reported previously for bacterial ATR enzymes. Subsequent studies showed that the human cDNA clone complemented an ATR-deficient bacterial mutant for Ado-B12-dependent growth on 1,2-propanediol. This demonstrated that the human ATR is active under physiological conditions albeit in a heterologous host. In addition, Western blots were used to show that ATR expression is altered in cell lines derived from cblB methylmalonyl aciduria patients compared with cell lines from normal individuals. We propose that inborn errors in the human ATR gene identified here result in methylmalonyl aciduria. The identification of genes involved in this disorder will allow improvements in the diagnosis and treatment of this serious disease.