New data on the in situ position of the inactive X chromosome in the interphase nucleus of human fibroblasts

Summary The in situ spatial distribution of nucleolus-organizing-region (NOR) bearing chromosomes in relation to the inactive X chromosome was studied during interphase in human fibroblasts. The respective positions of these chromosomes were examined in 30 growing and 32 resting fibroblasts from reconstructed nuclei, using nucleoli and the Barr body as ultrastructural markers. Experimental values for the distance between the nucleoli and the Barr body were estimated by their coefficient of closeness and compared to the uniform distribution. The following results were obtained: (1) the distribution patterns for the two populations of nuclei were similar, (2) the distribution of the NOR-bearing chromosomes in relation to the inactive X chromosome varied and differed significantly from a uniform distribution, and (3) in many cases the Barr body was observed to be in a juxta-nucleolar position. The internal distribution revealed by this study is compared with the data in the literature, especially with the conflicting data obtained by other methods used to determine the interphase arrangement of chromosomes. The relationship between interphase and metaphase arrangements such as can be deduced with these methods, is discussed in relation to the mechanisms of the formation of metaphase plates or chromatid translocations.     

Thresholds of color attribute differences in detecting camouflaged textures

We examined the threshold at which a camouflaged color texture pattern (target) embedded in a surrounding colored texture pattern (background) was discriminated by making the difference between their color distributions serve as a cue. The texture consisted of 900 colored disks. The color applied to the disk was chosen from a normal distribution with the mean and the standard deviation set beforehand. The mean of the background's distribution was a standard achromatic color set at L*=40, u*=0, and v*=0 of CIELUV. In experiment 1, the mean of the target's color distribution was shifted from the background's one. The threshold for the mean of the target's color distribution depended on the standard deviation and increased as the standard deviation became bigger. In experiment 2, the standard deviation of the target's color distribution was shifted. There was the slight dependence of threshold of the standard deviation of the target's distribution on that of the background's distribution. In experiment 3, both of the mean and the standard deviation of the target's color distribution were shifted at the same time. The threshold was not determined by each of the mean and the standard deviation independently. There seemed to be some compensating contribution between them to each other. The threshold could be characterized by Doyle metric or modified Doyle metric.     

Prediction of surface area in polydisperse gas-suspension systems with variable apparent surface tension,viscosity and density

Bubble size distribution was found to be represented by a modified log-normal distribution with 3 parameters. The parameters are simple functions of suspension properties,viz. surface tension, viscosity and density, and a function of superficial gas rate. Correlations are presented, enabling the prediction of the distribution constants (and thus of the bubble size distribution) from the system properties and gas rate. Model translucent systems can be used, having identical apparent system properties as real suspensions in experimental work. A computer algorithm is presented for (i) prediction of bubble size distribution, defining the region of formation of spherical bubbles, (ii) converting particle size distribution into volume distribution, (iii) determining the actual gas volume from a hold-up correlation, and (iv) giving the surface area of the system of a given predicted distribution.     

Subcellular Distribution of Enzymes in Ochromonas malhamensis*

SYNOPSIS. The activity and distribution of 7 enzymes in Ochromonas malhamensis were studied. Subcellular organelles were separated by centrifugation at 648,000 g min to precipitate the larger particles; the resulting supernatant was centrifuged at 5,560,000 g min to separate the microsomal fraction from the supernatant. Sixty-four percent of the cytochrome oxidase (1.9.3.1 ferrocytochrome c:oxygen oxidoreductase, 81% of the catalase (1.11.1.6 hydrogen-peroxide: hydrogen-peroxide oxidoreductase) and 70% of the urate oxidase (1.7.3.3 urate:oxygen oxidoreductase) activity was associated with the larger particles, altho only 20% of the total protein was found in this fraction. Three acid hydrolases, cathepsin (3.4.4.9 cathepsin C, acid phosphatase (3.1.3.2 orthophosphoric monoesterphosphohydrolase) and acid ribonuclease (2.7.7.17 ribonucleate nucleotido-2′-transferase) were found mostly in the supernate (50-60%, yet their latency and their similar subcellular distribution indicated the presence of lysosomes. After 2.5 hr centrifugation in a sucrose density gradient (ρ= 1.08–1.25, the acid hydrolases showed a broad distribution which differed greatly from cytochrome oxidase associated with mitochondria. Catalase, which could not be separated from cytochrome oxidase by centrifuging on this gradient, had a different distribution after centrifugation on a kinetic gradient. Urate oxidase had a similar distribution to catalase and both these enzymes were latent, indicating the presence of peroxisomes.     

Replication of Bacteriophage Ribonucleic Acid: Some Properties of Native and Denatured Replicative Intermediate

Purified replicative form (RF) and replicative intermediate (RI) prepared from Escherichia coli cells infected with the ribonucleic acid (RNA) bacteriophage R17 were denatured with dimethyl sulfoxide at 37 C or in aqueous solvents of low ionic strength at 97 C. Denaturation was demonstrated for RF and RI by an increase in specific infectivity and a striking change in the hyperchromicity curves after treatment. RI denaturation was also demonstrated by a shift in the buoyant density in Cs(2)SO(4) from 1.619 to the buoyant density of single-stranded R17 RNA (1.627). Analysis of the denatured RI hyperchromicity curves and the equilibrium distributions of denatured RI in Cs(2)SO(4) gradients revealed, however, a residual double-stranded component. Velocity sedimentation of denatured RI was performed, and the weight distribution of S values was calculated. From the known relation between molecular weight and S values, it was possible to transform the weight distribution into a number distribution of chain lengths. This distribution was compared with that predicted from the steady-state hypothesis for RI. Deviations from the predicted distribution may be due to the residual double-stranded component.     

Excitation of skinned muscle fibers by imposed ion gradients. III. Distribution of permeant ions in unstimulated and stimulated fibers

Ion gradients imposed across an internal membrane system stimulate skinned muscle fibers; to evaluate the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) as the primary target site, SR polarization under resting and stimulatory conditions was assessed from fiber uptake of permeant probe ions. Solvent spaces were estimated from simultaneous [14C]urea (U) or [3H]deoxyglucose (DOG) uptake in segments of fibers from bullfrog semitendinosus muscle, skinned by microdissection. The distribution spaces, i.e., virtual solvent volumes at bath concentrations (Vu and VDOG), of these uncharged probes correlated well with the protein content of the same segments, which validated the tracer methodology for volume normalization. The membrane-bounded volume fraction (Vm), derived from the difference between total solvent volume (Vs) and the non-membrane-bounded solvent volume (Vc), was sufficient to detect appreciable SR ion accumulation. The Vm estimated from the difference between VU and VDOG assayed simultaneously with 2 or 5-6 min exposures was 10-11%, which is consistent with the morphometric volume fraction (mostly SR) in frog fibers; however, the change in this difference after membrane permeabilization corresponded to Vm only 5%. The change in permeant ion distribution space caused by member permeabilization was used to assess SR membrane polarization, assuming the free ions distribute across the intact membrane according to the Nernst ratio. Resting polarization (SR lumen positive) was assessed from [14C]SCN- or [14C]propionate- distribution spaces in unstimulated fibers, expressed relative to VDOG (assayed simultaneously). The ratios for (a) [14C]SCN- space (carrier 2 mM) and (b) [14C]propionate- space (carrier 120 mM) were not decreased by membrane permeabilization. This indicated that anion distribution was independent of membrane integrity and did not reflect an SR transmembrane potential, although a was more and b was less than 1. Polarization under stimulatory conditions (lumen negative) was assessed from 86Rb+ distribution, before and after an imposed ion gradient (choline Cl replacement of K methanesulfonate (KMes) at constant [K+] [Cl-]) that theoretically could generate a 48-fold transmembrane cation ratio; Ca release was minimized by EGTA. The ratio of 86Rb+ space to VU, greater than 1 in KMes (120 mM K, the effective carrier), was higher in choline Cl (2.5 mM K) but not decreased by membrane permeabilization; this indicated that 86Rb+ distribution did not reflect an SR transmembrane potential. Similar results in the presence of valinomycin ruled out the possibility of inadequate 86Rb+ equilibration.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)     

Bilateral distribution of implantation sites in small mammals of 22 North American species

The distribution of activity between the left and right sides of the reproductive tract, as measured by numbers of CL, embryos and placental scars, was studied in small mammals of 22 species. Shrews ovulate from the two ovaries in a distribution that does not differ from the binomial. Implantation of blastocysts in the two uterine horns is more nearly even ('balanced') than would be predicted from the binomial distribution. Balance in this group apparently is achieved by transuterine migration of blastocysts, perhaps in conjunction with some spacing mechanism within the uterus. Some cricetid rodents show little or no balance, but in others the distribution of activity sites (embryos, CL and placental scars) departs significantly from the binomial distribution. Reproductive activity sites of heteromyid and geomyid rodents (Geomyoidea) are highly balanced; uterine balance apparently is achieved by means of ovarian rather than uterine control. We know of no previous reports of ovarian balance and suggest that physiological mechanisms controlling numbers of ovulations in the species exhibiting this characteristic may differ from those in species exhibiting a random distribution of ovulation sites. Hypotheses regarding evolutionary aspects of balance are considered in phylogenetic and ecological terms, generating several testable research questions for physiologists, anatomists, and evolutionary ecologists.     

Conformational distributions of melittin in water/methanol mixtures from frequency-domain measurements of nonradiative energy transfer

We used fluorescence energy transfer to examine the effects of solvent composition on the distribution of distances between the single tryptophan residue of melittin (residue 19) to the N-terminal alpha-amino group, which was labeled with a dansyl residue. The tryptophan intensity decays, with and without the dansyl acceptor, were measured by the frequency-domain method. The data were analyzed by a least-squares algorithm which accounts for correlation between the parameters. A wide distribution of tryptophan to dansyl distances was found for the random-coil state, with a Gaussian half-width of 25 A. Increasing concentrations of methanol, which were shown to induce and alpha-helical conformation, resulted in a progressive decrease in the width of the distribution, reaching a limiting half-width of 3 A at 80% (v/v) methanol. The distance from the indole moiety of Trp-19 to the dansyl group in 80% (v/v) methanol/water was found to be 25 A, as assessed from the center of the distance distribution. A distance of 24-25 A was recovered from the X-ray crystal structure of the tetramer, which is largely alpha-helical. At low ionic strength (less than 0.01) the CD spectra revealed a small fraction or amount of alpha-helix for melittin in water, which implies a small fraction of residual structure. This residual structure is apparently lost in guanidine hydrochloride as demonstrated by a further broadening in the distribution of distances. These results demonstrate the usefulness of frequency-domain measurements of resonance transfer for resolution of conformational distributions of proteins.     

Transverse and lateral distribution of phospholipids and glycolipids in the membrane of the bacterium Micrococcus luteus

The photodimerization of anthracene was used to investigate the transverse and lateral distribution of lipids in the membrane of the Gram-positive bacterium Micrococcus luteus. 9-(2-Anthryl)nonanoic acid (9-AN) is incorporated at a high rate into various membrane lipids of M. luteus. On irradiation of intact bacteria at 360 nm, anthracene-labeled lipids form stable photodimers which can be extracted and separated by thin-layer chromatography. We present here the results of a study on the distribution of two major lipids, phosphatidylglycerol (PG) and dimannosyldiacylglycerol (DMDG), within each leaflet of the membrane lipid bilayer. After metabolic incorporation of a tritiated derivative of 9-AN in M. luteus, the radioactivity associated with the photodimers issued from PG and DMDG was counted. In the bacterial membrane, the ratio of PG-DMDG heterodimer with respect to PG-PG and DMDG-DMDG homodimers is around half of what should be obtained for a homogeneous mixture of the two lipids. In order to find out whether this was due to an asymmetric distribution of the two lipids between the two membrane leaflets or a heterogeneous distribution of the two lipids within the same membrane leaflet, the transverse distribution of PG and DMDG was also investigated. This was carried out by following the kinetics of oxidation of the two lipids by periodic acid in the membrane of M. luteus protoplasts. PG predominated slightly in the outer layer (60%), while DMDG was found to be symmetrically distributed between the two leaflets. By itself, this lipid asymmetry cannot account for the lipid distribution determined from the photodimerization experiments. This indicates that PG and DMDG are not homogeneously distributed in the plane of the bacterial membrane.     

大亚湾溶解有机碳的时空分布

于2010年12月～2011年11月分4个季度,在大亚湾海域布设9个采样点采集海水样品,用于溶解有机碳的测定,通过高温催化氧化法完成样品的分析。结果表明,大亚湾海域表层水DOC含量的变化范围为0.953～2.109 mg·L^-1,均值为1.369mg·L^-1,高于大洋的平均值,具有典型近海特征。DOC的水平分布大致呈现出靠近陆域(尤其是靠近澳头一侧)的含量较高,大辣甲西侧及西北侧水域较低的分布特征。大亚湾DOC含量呈现出夏季>秋季>春季>冬季的季节变化趋势。大亚湾DOC含量与浮游植物数量和浮游动物干重不具有明显的线性相关,表明生物作用对DOC含量分布趋势影响并不明显,大亚湾DOC含量可能还受到人类活动和水动力学等的影响。     

Effect of molybdenum treatments on the distribution of Cu and metallothionein in tissue extracts from rats and sheep

An examination was made of the effects of tetrathiomolybdate (TTM), ammonium molybdate (AM), sodium sulphide, and two molybdo amino acids (cysteine-Mo, cysteine-Mo-S) on the distribution of Cu and Zn among proteins in extracts of the livers and kidneys of rats and sheep. Tetrathiomolybdate caused a shift in the chromatographic distribution of Cu from low molecular weight proteins such as metallothionein (MT) to proteins of higher molecular weight (greater than 100,000 daltons). This was not due to polymerization or cross-linking of metallothionein with the latter, but to the formation of protein-TTM complexes that had a strong affinity for Cu. There was a concomitant redistribution of Zn towards proteins of low molecular weight. Pretreatment of high molecular weight proteins from rat liver with TTM greatly increased the capacity of the proteins to remove Cu from MT. When AM or sodium sulphide were added together to extracts of rat liver, changes similar to those induced by TTM were observed in the chromatographic distribution of Cu and Zn. Individually, these compounds had no significant effect on the distribution of the metals. Of the two molybdo amino acids, only cysteine-Mo-S altered the chromatographic distribution of Cu in extracts of rat liver. The redistribution was in the same direction as that induced by TTM, but was not as pronounced.     

Spatial changes of phytoplanktonic size spectra in Lake Biwa

The degree of eutrophication in Lake Biwa was examined from the characteristics of spatial distribution in size spectra computed by a size spectra analyser with an optical fiber sensor. Two types of size spectra could be recognised: (1) size distribution only presenting a peak in a size less than about 20 m in equivalent diameter and (2) size distribution with two peaks in size spectra.The second pattern with two peaks was observed in the size spectra from the south basin, the sites near the central part and the southern part of the north basin, and seemed to be associated with advanced eutrophic conditions. In addition, the degree of eutrophication along the east side of the south basin was examined from changes in size spectra and from hydrological conditions. We inferred that the eutrophic condition around the central sites of the north basin is influenced by the water current from the gyre.     

The distribution of DNA excision-repair sites in human diploid fibroblasts following ultraviolet irradiation

Using the technique for separating DNA fragments containing excision-repair sites from total genomic DNA as described in the previous paper (Cohn, S. M., and Lieberman, M. W. (1984) J. Biol. Chem. 259, 12456-12462), we have developed a method for directly determining the distribution of excision-repair sites in the genome. DNA was prepared from confluent, diploid human fibroblasts which had been irradiated with ultraviolet light and incubated in the presence of 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdUrd), repaired fragments were isolated, and the dependence of the fraction of total DNA fragments containing excision-repair sites on DNA fragment length was determined by electrophoretic analysis. The observed dependence was compared to the relationship expected for a random distribution of repair sites. At 36 h following 3 J/m2 UV, the distribution of repair sites was indistinguishable from a random distribution; however, at doses of UV above 6 J/m2, the observed dependence indicated that the distribution of repair sites was nonrandom. A time course of the distribution of repair sites following 12 J/m2 UV was clearly nonrandom from 4 h after irradiation until at least 36 h following irradiation. By 72 h, however, the distribution had become random. In cells treated with hydroxyurea, a reduced number of excision-repair sites were present, but the distribution of repair sites was also nonrandom. Autoradiographic analysis of the amount of unscheduled DNA synthesis in individual nuclei suggested that the nonrandom distribution of repair sites did not result from variable extents of repair synthesis in different cell populations or from cell death.     

放牧强度对荒漠草原建群种短花针茅空间异质性的影响

为探讨不同放牧强度下短花针茅种群密度空间分布的变化特点及差异,本研究以内蒙古四子王旗短花针茅荒漠草原建群物种短花针茅为对象,分析了对照、轻度放牧、中度放牧和重度放牧4块样地短花针茅种群小尺度空间分布异质性.结果表明: 短花针茅种群密度分别为重度放牧(27.81株·m^-2)>中度放牧(22.17株·m^-2)>对照(11.31株·m^-2)>轻度放牧(10.76株·m^-2),中度与重度放牧显著增加了短花针茅种群密度;通过半方差函数进行模型拟合,对照、轻度放牧、中度放牧及重度放牧样地短花针茅种群分布分别符合指数模型、球状模型、指数模型和球状模型;通过对短花针茅种群的空间分布格局分析,各样地结构比分别为对照(99.7%)>重度放牧(94.7%)>轻度放牧(92.7%)>中度放牧(87.9%),表明4块草地空间自相关性程度均较高,主要受结构性因素影响,中度放牧草地短花针茅种群结构比最小,受随机性因素影响相对较大;通过分形维数分析,4块草地空间结构良好,空间分布简单,并随着放牧强度增大,空间分布更简单且均质化;结合2D及3D图看,轻度放牧及重度放牧均造成短花针茅种群空间分布从梯度分布变成斑块分布,并使空间异质性降低.     

Characterization and localization of two forms of active Ca2+ transport in vesicles derived from rat submandibular glands

Energy-dependent Ca2+ uptake was characterized in vesicles derived from rat submandibular salivary glands. Ca2+ transport was stimulated by submicromolar levels of Ca2+, reached a plateau at 1-20 microM Ca2+ then again increased as the Ca2+ concentration rose to millimolar levels. Ruthenium red (2.5 microM) was used to resolve this pattern of uptake into two components: ruthenium red-insensitive Ca2+ transport occurs in the presence of the dye, is stimulated by submicromolar Ca2+ concentrations and reaches a maximum steady state at about 1 microM Ca2+. The distribution of ruthenium red-insensitive Ca2+ uptake in membrane subfractions obtained by differential centrifugation is positively (r = 0.717) and significantly (p = 0.001) correlated with the distribution of membrane-bound RNA in the same subfractions. Ca2+ uptake which is abolished by ruthenium red is greatest at millimolar Ca2+ concentrations. Its distribution is positively (r = 0.828) and significantly (p = 0.0001) correlated with the cytochrome-c oxidase activity of the membrane subfractions but is unrelated to the distribution of particulate RNA and is negatively correlated with Na+-K+ ATPase activity. We conclude that vesicles derived from the endoplasmic reticulum of rat submandibular glands actively transport Ca2+ by a ruthenium red-insensitive mechanism which is stimulated at Ca2+ concentrations typical of the cytosol. Membranes derived from mitochondria also sequester Ca2+ but by a mechanism which is inhibited by ruthenium red and which reaches its maximum steady state capacity at relatively high Ca2+ concentrations.     

Mate detection success of maleClethrionomys rufocanus in relation to the spatial distribution of sexually receptive females

Summary Mate detection success of male grey-sided voles,Clethrionomys rufocanus, in relation to the spatial distribution of sexually receptive females was studied in an experimental island population. The spatiotemporal distribution of receptive females was controlled by containing females in small, mobile wire-mesh cages, whereas the response by free-ranging males was monitored by means of radiotelemetry. Males were on average more successful in finding oestrous females when females were spatially clumped than when females were spatially overdispersed. In addition, the variance (CV) in male mate detecting success was highest when females had an overdispersed spatial distribution. These results are consistent with predictions from a theoretical model (Ims, 1988b) analysing the effect of mate distribution on male mating success, and with empirical results on prey detection success of predators searching for prey.     

环境因素对天目山柳杉树轮方位分布的影响

 应用方差分析、经验正交函数、合成分析,研究了天目山柳杉(Cryptomeria fortunei)树轮中 随方位的分布特征。应用相关分析探讨了这种分布特征的年际差异与环境因素的关系。结果表明：树轮 值有显著方位差异和年际变化,不同方位的差异可以用4个基本角分布型表示,其中一型表示各方位 C比多年平均值偏大,其中北（N）、西（W）、西南（SW）、南（S）较平均值偏大约0.5,而其余4个方位偏大不到0.2;二型各方位也较多年平均值偏大,但各方位差异不大,除N方位较小外,其余均在0.2～0.4之间。三型为各方位 较平均状况偏小,其中西北（NW）、东北（NE）方位约偏小0.4,其余方位偏小0.2～0.3。四型表现为NE、东（E）、东南（SE）与平均状况一致,西北（NW）方位较平均状况偏大约0.1,N方位偏小0.2,其余3个方位则偏小约0.3。而其年际变化既可用这4个角分布型的更替表示,也可以用第一、二主成分表示。 的第一主成分与前一年8～12月降水量负相关,与当年1～3月降水正相关。第二主成分与前一年8月至当年1月的6个月平均气温正相关。不同的角分布型与不同的气候状态相联系。一型出现的有利气候条件是：R8～12少、R1～3多、T3～7低并且T8～1高;二型出现的有利气候条件是：R8～12少、R1～3多、T3～7低并且T8～1低;三型出现的有利气候条件是：R8～12多、R1～3少、T3～7高并且T8～1高;四型出现的有利气候条件是：R8～12多、R1～3少、T3～7高并且T8～1低。可见角分布型的差异可能包含着环境变化的信息,因此同时利用树轮整体平均 值的序列和角分布型序列来重建历史气候,可以得到更多的历史气候变化信息。     

Community structure of birds in agricultural areas in summer and winter in Denmark

The spatial distribution of bird species was studied by grid mapping in 273 (250 × 250 m) squares in an open rural area in Denmark in summer and in winter. Species frequencies (fraction of squares with species present) followed a logarithmic linear distribution when arranged by their rank. Species frequency probably reflects relative abundance as the two variables were highly positively correlated. The number of species increased with the number of vegetation layers, ground water level, and habitat diversity. The distributional segregation of species was similar in summer and in winter, even though the winter assemblage only comprised 62% of the species present in summer. The number of species per square in winter was positively correlated with the number of species in summer; the fraction of species wintering in various habitats increased with the number of vegetation layers and the presence of human habitation. Species that flocked had a low similarity between their summer and winter distributions. Among pairs of potential competitors the smaller species either changed distribution locally or emigrated from the area in winter. The number of habitat types was reduced from 5 in summer to 4 in winter, and the number of species assemblages decreased from 5 in summer to 3 in winter. Birds were absent from 52% of the squares in winter.     

Molecular distribution of cytoplasmic zinc in phytohemagglutinin-stimulated and unstimulated human lymphocytes

Human peripheral blood lymphocytes were incubated with [⁶⁵Zn] zinc transferrin and with and without phytohemagglutinin for 1, 2, 4, 10, 24, 48, 72, and 96h. Gel filtration of cytoplasmic fractions obtained from these lymphocytes was then performed to determine the molecular distribution of incorporated zinc as a function of time in culture. The data obtained indicated that: (1) transferrin-bound zinc incorporated by human lymphocytes is associated with a variety of soluble molecules whose molecular weights range from less than 5,000 to greater than 70,000 daltons; (2) there is a time-dependent change in the distribution of cytoplasmic zinc for both phytohemagglutinin-stimulated and unstimulated lymphocytes; and (3) for all times studied, there is a difference in the elution profiles obtained for phytohemagglutinin-stimulated and unstimulated lymphocytes. Furthermore, lymphocytes from a donor with untreated hairy cell leukemia exhibited a totally different pattern of cytoplasmic zinc distribution than did lymphocytes from apparently healthy donors.     

Transbilayer distribution of bromine in fluid bilayers containing a specifically brominated analogue of dioleoylphosphatidylcholine

We describe in this paper the transbilayer distribution of the bromines of the specifically halogenated phospholipid 1-oleoyl-2-(9,10-dibromostearoyl)-sn-glycero-3- phosphocholine (OBPC). The distribution was determined by X-ray diffraction of oriented multilayers of mixtures of OBPC and 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DOPC) at 66% relative humidity by the general approach of Franks et al. (1978) [Nature 276, 530-532]. The bromine distribution of OBPC in the fluid L alpha phase is described accurately by a pair of Gaussian functions located 7.97 +/- 0.27 A from the center of the bilayer with l/e half-widths of 4.96 +/- 0.62 A. We find that OBPC bilayers are accurately described as DOPC bilayers with an additional bromine distribution centered at the position of the double bond of DOPC and conclude that OBPC is an excellent structural isomorph for DOPC under the conditions of these experiments. The distribution obtained is the complete and fully resolved transbilayer image of the halogen label because the broad distribution of the bromines is due entirely to thermal disorder and not to experimental limitations [Wiener, M. C., & White, S. H. (1991a) Biophys. J. 59, 162-173]. The observed width of the bromine distribution indicates that virtually all of the hydrocarbon interior is accessible to the bromines. The distance between the bromine/double-bond position and the headgroup phosphate position was determined from one-dimensional Patterson maps and found to be approximately 12 A. The application of accurately determined bromine distributions to the quantitative interpretation of fluorescence quenching experiments is discussed. A method for the self-consistent global analysis of diffraction data from mixtures that permits the use of data sets with different instrumental scale factors is developed in an Appendix.