血塞通体内中和内毒素作用的试验研究

目的:探讨血塞通体内中和内毒素的作用.方法:健康大耳白兔24只,随机分为正常对照组、内毒素组、血塞通干预组,每组8只.内毒素组经耳缘静脉静推LPS(1mg/kg),12h后再由耳缘静脉注射一次LPS(1mg/kg),复制SIRS/MODS动物模型;对照组耳缘静脉静推等量生理盐水;血塞通干预组于Oh,12h经耳缘静脉推注LPS(Img/kg)并于第一次注入内毒素后6h,12h,18h静推血塞通(50mg/kg).于24h时间点测定各组动物血清肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素-(IL-1)、白细胞介素-8(IL-8)、血小板活化因子(PAF).光镜下观察各组动物脏器病理学变化.结果:血塞通干预组与内毒素组相比,IL-1、IL-8、PAF、TNF-α均较内毒素组有不同程度降低.血塞通干预组脏器损伤组织学改变较内毒素组明显减轻.结论:血塞通在体内能明显中和内毒素的作用,为防治SIRS/MODS提供了实验依据.     

抗狂犬病毒中和抗体研究进展

狂犬病是一种人兽共患传染病,人和动物一旦发病后死亡率几乎百分之百,而有效的暴露后预防措施可以将死亡风险降至零。根据WHO推荐的狂犬病暴露后预防方案,一般狂犬病暴露者需要进行疫苗注射,严重者则需在进行疫苗注射的同时注射抗狂犬病毒中和抗体。常用的中和抗体有马抗狂犬病毒免疫球蛋白和人抗狂犬病毒免疫球蛋白,然而两者都存在引起过敏反应或血液疾病的风险。人源抗狂犬病毒中和抗体则因为具有安全性高、成本低、可量产等优点有望代替免疫球蛋白用于暴露后预防。基因工程抗体技术的发展加速了抗体人源化的进程。就抗狂犬病毒中和抗体的发展历程,不同类型中和抗体的优缺点以及中和抗体的未来研究方向作了综述及展望,以期为新一代狂犬疫苗的研发提供参考。     

Characterization of Neutralizing Antibodies and Identification of Neutralizing Epitope Mimics on the Clostridium botulinum Neurotoxin Type A

Clostridium botulinum neurotoxin type A (BTx-A) is known to inhibit the release of acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junctions and synapses and to cause neuroparalysis and death. In this study, we have identified two monoclonal antibodies, BT57-1 and BT150-3, which protect ICR mice against lethal doses of BTx-A challenge. The neutralizing activities for BT57-1 and BT150-3 were 10³ and 10⁴ times the 50% lethal dose, respectively. Using immunoblotting analysis, BT57-1 was recognized as a light chain and BT150-3 was recognized as a heavy chain of BTx-A. Also, applying the phage display method, we investigated the antibodies' neutralizing B-cell epitopes. These immunopositive phage clones displayed consensus motifs, Asp-Pro-Leu for BT57-1 and Cys-X-Asp-Cys for BT150. The synthetic peptide P4M (KGTFDPLQEPRT) corresponded to the phage-displayed peptide selected by BT57-1 and was able to bind the antibodies specifically. This peptide was also shown by competitive inhibition assay to be able to inhibit phage clone binding to BT57-1. Aspartic acid (D⁵) in P4M was crucial to the binding of P4M to BT57-1, since its binding activity dramatically decreased when it was changed to lysine (K⁵). Finally, immunizing mice with the selected phage clones elicited a specific humoral response against BTx-A. These results suggest that phage-displayed random-peptide libraries are useful in identifying the neutralizing epitopes of monoclonal antibodies. In the future, the identification of the neutralizing epitopes of BTx-A may provide important information for the identification of the BTx-A receptor and the design of a BTx-A vaccine.     

Derivation of Neutralizing Monoclonal Antibodies Against Rotavirus

Monoclonal antibodies were derived against the SA11 simian, NIC bovine, and Wa human rotavirus strains and characterized by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, plaque neutralization, and hemagglutination inhibition. Several strain SA11-specific antibodies were found to have neutralizing and hemagglutination-inhibiting capacity.     

Factors Neutralizing the Bacteriocidal Effect of Lysolecithin

The investigations indicate that a variety of non-dialyzable proteins and peptides, including hemoglobins, blood serum proteins, casein, soy protein and hydrolyzed proteins (peptones) are able to neutralize the bacteriocidal effect of lysolecithin. A number of lysolecithin-resistant bacteria are shown to produce lysolecithin-inhibiting metabolites that also promote growth of sensitive organisms in lysolecithin-containing media. On lysolecithin-con- taining agar this can result in a characteristic satellite growth of sensitive organisms around resistant “mother colonies”. Stable resistant mutants were easily selected from a wild type of Staphylococcus aureus after heavy inoculation on lysolecithin-containing nutrient agar. The bacterial lysolecithin-neutralizing factors examined are not considered to be of enzymatic nature. The factors in culture filtrate of Escherichia coli were separated into two active fractions by gel filtration. Due to extremely small amounts of the substances responsible for the neutralizing activity, chemical analyses of these fractions proved problematic, and only a few amino acids could be demonstrated. The neutralizing activity of the bacterial factors, and some of the proteins and peptides, resisted 100° C, or more, for several min. Some aspects of the lysolecithin-inhibitor-interaction are discussed.     

Neutralizing bacterial spores using halogenated energetic reactions

The fight against biological warfare has prompted investigation of the chemistry and exothermic energy from energetic material reactions as a means for the neutralization of bacterial spores. The interaction between energetic reactions containing biocides and spore forming bacteria is not well understood. The goal of this work is to fundamentally examine the mechanisms of neutralization for Bacillus thuringiensis utilizing a halogenated energetic material reaction. Spore neutralization is attributed to a thermal effect from the reaction heat and the associated chemical influence of the halogen gas (i.e., produced from combustion). Results show heat transfer in the spore enhances the effectiveness of the halogen gas in the neutralization process and that elevated temperatures increase spore permeability, facilitating gas penetration and accelerating spore neutralization. Based on experimental results, a mathematical model was developed to predict spore behavior during reaction exposure over varying time scales. In the millisecond range, the model showed that the coupled thermal-biocidal gas mechanism will require elevated temperatures of 360°C to produce 80% neutralization in tens of milliseconds while thermal conditions alone would require nearly 1,000°C for the same neutralization. These results provide molecular-level insights into the components underpinning biological processes leading to spore neutralization.     

肉毒毒素中和抗体的研究进展

肉毒毒素是目前已知毒性最强的细菌蛋白质,极少量便可以致人死亡,我国每年都有散发病例出现,并且它极有可能被用于恐怖行动或被一些国家用作生物战剂。肉毒毒素中和抗体是肉毒毒素中毒后惟一有效的药物。与马源的抗毒素血清相比,重组基因工程中和抗体具有很多优势,是目前肉毒毒素预防和治疗研究的主要方向。简要综述了肉毒毒素基因工程中和抗体研究现状、保护性抗原选择、体内外中和活性检测方法及研发难点、解决方法等。     

Neutralizing antibody-resistant hepatitis C virus cell-to-cell transmission

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) can initiate infection by cell-free particle and cell-cell contact-dependent transmission. In this study we use a novel infectious coculture system to examine these alternative modes of infection. Cell-to-cell transmission is relatively resistant to anti-HCV glycoprotein monoclonal antibodies and polyclonal immunoglobulin isolated from infected individuals, providing an effective strategy for escaping host humoral immune responses. Chimeric viruses expressing the structural proteins representing the seven major HCV genotypes demonstrate neutralizing antibody-resistant cell-to-cell transmission. HCV entry is a multistep process involving numerous receptors. In this study we demonstrate that, in contrast to earlier reports, CD81 and the tight-junction components claudin-1 and occludin are all essential for both cell-free and cell-to-cell viral transmission. However, scavenger receptor BI (SR-BI) has a more prominent role in cell-to-cell transmission of the virus, with SR-BI-specific antibodies and small-molecule inhibitors showing preferential inhibition of this infection route. These observations highlight the importance of targeting host cell receptors, in particular SR-BI, to control viral infection and spread in the liver.     

丙型肝炎病毒中和抗体的研究进展

丙型肝炎病毒(HCV)感染在全球范围内流行,如何能够有效控制和阻断HCV的感染和传播成为研究热点。HCV借助其极高的变异率逃避机体的免疫监视,并通过多种机制得以侵入、繁殖,引发一系列病理改变。因此,在感染初期激发机体有效的体液免疫反应,产生强烈而又广泛的中和作用,对阻断入侵和感染至关重要。我们对HCV中和抗体的研究进展予以简要综述。     

Neutralizing antibody responses to HIV-1 infection

Neutralizing antibodies represent an important component of immune control in many viral infections. In HIV-1 infection, almost all individuals develop antibodies capable of neutralizing autologous viruses in vitro; however, the role of these antibodies in vivo still remains unclear. Their absence during the acute phase of infection, when the viral levels are brought under control, suggests they play a minor role in immune control and that cellular immune responses are more critical during this time. However, during chronic infection these antibodies may be important in preventing cell-to-cell spread and they still represent our best hope of providing sterilizing immunity (i.e., prevention of infection) by vaccination. Significant advances over the last few years in understanding the structure of the envelope glycoproteins have renewed interest in the role of neutralizing antibodies and the possibility that immunogens capable of stimulating a neutralizing antibody response can be developed.     

Development of Human-Like scFv-Fc Neutralizing Botulinum Neurotoxin E

BackgroundBotulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) are considered to be the most toxic substances known on earth and are responsible for human botulism, a life-threatening disease characterized by flaccid muscle paralysis that occurs naturally by food-poisoning or colonization of the gastrointestinal tract by BoNT-producing clostridia. BoNTs have been classified as category A agent by the Centers of Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and are listed among the six agents with the highest risk to be used as bioweapons. Neutralizing antibodies are required for the development of effective anti-botulism therapies to deal with the potential risk of exposure.ResultsIn this study, a macaque (Macaca fascicularis) was immunized with recombinant light chain of BoNT/E3 and an immune phage display library was constructed. After a multi-step panning, several antibody fragments (scFv, single chain fragment variable) with nanomolar affinities were isolated, that inhibited the endopeptidase activity of pure BoNT/E3 in vitro by targeting its light chain. Furthermore, three scFv were confirmed to neutralize BoNT/E3 induced paralysis in an ex vivo mouse phrenic nerve-hemidiaphragm assay. The most effective neutralization (20LD₅₀/mL, BoNT/E3) was observed with scFv ELC18, with a minimum neutralizing concentration at 0.3 nM. Furthermore, ELC18 was highly effective in vivo when administered as an scFv-Fc construct. Complete protection of 1LD₅₀ BoNT/E3 was observed with 1.6 ng/dose in the mouse flaccid paralysis assay.ConclusionThese scFv-Fcs antibodies are the first recombinant antibodies neutralizing BoNT/E by targeting its light chain. The human-like nature of the isolated antibodies is predicting a good tolerance for further clinical development.     

Neutralizing antibodies in Borna disease virus-infected rats.

Borna disease is a neurologic syndrome caused by infection with a nonsegmented, negative-strand RNA virus, Borna disease virus. Infected animals have antibodies to two soluble viral proteins, p40 and p23, and a membrane-associated viral glycoprotein, gp18. We examined the time course for the development of neutralization activity and the expression of antibodies to individual viral proteins in sera of infected rats. The appearance of neutralizing activity correlated with the development of immunoreactivity to gp18, but not p40 or p23. Monospecific and monoclonal antibodies to native gp18 and recombinant nonglycosylated gp18 were also found to have neutralizing activity and to immunoprecipitate viral particles or subparticles. These findings suggest that gp18 is likely to be present on the surface of the viral particles and is likely to contain epitopes important for virus neutralization.     

Neutralizing Antibodies to Bovine Herpesvirus 1 in Reindeer

Serum samples from cattle and reindeer in Lapland were examined for neutralizing antibodies to the IBR/IPV virus. All the bovine sera tested were negative. The reindeer sera were tested using 2 different virus neutralization methods differing in the serum-virus incubation time prior to inoculation into tissue culture tubes. 12.6 % of the samples tested with a preincubation of 1 h at 37°C were positive, whereas 23 % of those tested with a preincubation time of 24 h at 37°C were positive. The fairly high prevalence of antibodies to IBR/IPV in the reindeer population in Finland indicates the occurrence of the IBR/IPV virus or a closely related cross-reacting herpesvirus.