用地棚吸引舞青蛾来产卵

舞毒蛾ＬｙｍａｎｔｒｉａｄｉｓｐａｒＬｉｎｎａｅｕｓ[1,2 ] 在我国分布广泛 ,它所能取食的植物多达 50 0多种 ,是林木、果树的大害虫[3 ] 。舞毒蛾 1年 1代 ,在皖南山区 ,1 0月下旬至 1 1月中旬产卵 ,卵粘结成卵块 ,卵块上覆有茸毛 ,卵内的胚胎发育在越冬前已完成 ,但幼虫在卵壳内越冬至翌年 4、5月间才破卵壳而出。作者在林地内调查其产卵场所时发现 ,卵大多数产在树干向阳面的缝隙处。但是在一个废弃的小棚子周围约 50ｍ的范围内 ,树干上几乎找不到卵块 ,而在小棚子内的壁上、顶盖下 ,密集地粘附着一层卵块。根据这个发现 ,作者于 1 9…     

青杨脊虎天牛幼虫空间分布格局

20 0 3年 4～ 6月 ,在黑龙江省大庆市红旗林场对青杨脊虎天牛XylotechusrusticusL .幼虫空间分布格局进行了调查研究 ,结果表明该天牛幼虫在杨树人工林内呈负二项分布 ;采用 6种不同聚集指标测定结果均表明为聚集分布。对青杨脊虎天牛幼虫在树干高度上垂直分布研究表明 ,该天牛幼虫在树干上危害部位主要集中在 1～ 4m范围内 ;对该幼虫垂直分布与树干高度进行曲线拟合 ,符合立方曲线 ,曲线方程为y =0 0 68+0 41 7x -0 1 3 6x2 +0 0 1 1x3 ,由相关系数方值R2 =0 83 6验证     

条华蜗牛在不同树种上的栖息分布习性

为了解条华蜗牛在田间常见树种上栖息分布习性, 给蜗牛预测预报与防治提供依据, 用随机取样法对条华蜗牛在30 种不同树上的分布进行调查, 并用经典聚集度指标及回归分析测定在槐树上空间分布情况。结果发现, 在30 种树上, 条华蜗牛连续两年(2013—2014年)在槐树上分布数量最多, 分别为5.30 头·树–1、4.90 头·树–1, 分布最少的是核桃和板栗, 都为0.10 头·树–1, 显著低于其他树种上的(P<0.05)。2013年在多个种树上的栖息量明显多于2014年的。条华蜗牛在槐树五个树干高度段分布数量随树干高度有增加趋势, 最高树干段(200—250 cm)栖息数量显著多于最低段(0—50 cm)上的, 树干高度与蜗牛栖息数量呈显著正相关, 说明条华蜗牛在槐树树干上分布有趋高性。条华蜗牛连续两年(2014—2015年)在槐树上栖息数量动态趋势相似, 基本都是6—8月多于其他月份的, 但两年高峰期有所差异, 分别在7月下旬、8月中旬。用6 个经典聚集度指标及Taylor幂法则和Iwao回归分析表明条华蜗牛在槐树上均符合聚集分布的判断。Blackith聚集均数λ都大于2, 说明在槐树上的聚集由蜗牛自身生物学习性与环境条件共同作用所致。     

中华稻蝗长沙种群的生活史及其卵滞育的进化意义

中华稻蝗Oxya chinensis为重要的水稻害虫,在我国除青海、西藏、新疆、内蒙古等未见报道外,南起海南北至东北均有分布,在许多的分布区域1年发生1代。为探索中华稻蝗长沙种群的生活史及其季节适应特征,通过野外和实验室的研究,调查了其发生代数、孵化率和卵滞育率的季节变化及越冬卵的存活率。结果显示,中华稻蝗长沙种群为1年2代和1年1代混合发生:第1代卵产卵后大部分孵化为若虫而1年完成2代,但亦有19.4% -4.1%的卵不孵化而1年只能完成1世代。第1代成虫于6月上旬至8月上旬羽化,6月下旬至8月中旬产卵;第2代若虫于7月初开始孵化,9-10月羽化为成虫,10月上旬至11月下旬产卵。在室外自然条件下,中华稻蝗长沙种群6-8月(第1代)和10-11月(第2代)所产卵块均为部分滞育,滞育率为30%左右,皆无显著差异。然而,其卵滞育率在12月以后显著降低,仅为6.6%或以下,卵滞育快速地得以解除。因此,包括非滞育卵和滞育解除卵,中华稻蝗长沙种群的越冬卵皆以非滞育状态度过其后的寒冷季节。即使是遭遇长江流域2007年末至 2008年初异常寒冷的冬季,在长沙地区越冬后其卵的存活率亦在98%以上。非滞育状态的中华稻蝗长沙种群越冬卵完全能安全地越冬,其滞育的发生并非是为了提高其耐寒性而安全度过不适环境。并探讨了中华稻蝗长沙种群卵滞育的进化意义。     

长山列岛发现黄嘴白鹭的繁殖种群

:1 999年 6～ 8月 ,在辽宁省长海县石城乡形人岛 (N30°31′,E1 2 3°0 2′)发现了目前已知国内最大的黄嘴白鹭繁殖种群 ,约 4 0 0余只。黄嘴白鹭于 4月份迁至该岛繁殖 ,巢材由蒿子杆构成 ,每窝产 4～ 6枚卵 ,卵为淡青色。 1 4枚卵平均大小为 4 8 5( 46 0～ 50 5)mm× 34 0 ( 31 0～ 36 5)mm ,平均重量为 2 8 3( 2 7 5～ 2 9 0 ) g。孵化期 2 1～ 2 3天     

银杉单株生长规律与种群生物量的研究

通过对银杉 ( Cathaya argyrophylla)生长规律的研究 ,发现银杉早期生长需要一定的荫蔽 ,但过分荫蔽导致植株生长缓慢而逐渐死亡。银杉的整个生长过程可分为 4个时期 ,在 30～ 4 0 a内具有明显的胸径生长盛期。银杉单株地上部分生物量的 60 %分布在 1 /2树高以下 ,树干材重量占全部地上部分生物量的比重超过 2 /3。银杉种群地上部分生物量在不同群落类型间差别很大 ,介于 330 0 0～ 1 1 70 0 0 kg.hm- 2 。     

草履蚧种群地下空间分布

通过对草履蚧Drosichacorpulenta(Kuwana)种群地下空间分布调查的研究结果表明,草履蚧在树冠下土壤中的分布规律、分布量与距树干的距离远近有关,集中分布于树干根基部地面以下0～5cm的土层中。用多种聚集度指标分析了草履蚧种群的地下空间分布型,结果表明各组的L,mx的值均大于1;CA,I值均大于0,扩散系数C值大于置信区间上限,(C大于1)表明草履蚧在土壤中呈聚集分布。     

养鱼池轮虫休眠卵分布和萌发的研究

东北地区部分鱼场养鱼池底泥中轮虫的休眠卵,表层(0—5厘米)数量每平方米为1．2—503万个,个别池塘高达1,573万个,其中完全暴露于泥表面的数量约占1—2％。休眠卵数量差别和池塘环境条件关系密切;各泥层中的轮虫休眠卵数量呈“V”形垂直分布的趋势。萼花臂尾轮虫和角突臂尾轮虫的休眠卵在水温10-40℃;pH4．5-11．5;溶氧0．3毫克／升以上和盐度8．5%以下的条件下可以萌发。10℃为其发育的生物学零度。根据轮虫休眠卵分布和它的环境条件的关系,以及萌发的生态条件,阐述了在养鱼池中增殖轮虫所应采取的措施及其理论根据。     

棉铃虫卵在不同生育期玉米上的分布

1998年在江苏丰县系统调查了棉铃虫卵在不同生育期玉米上的垂直分布和水平分布。表明棉铃虫在抽雄扬花期以前的玉米上产卵 ,2代期间叶片正面占总卵量的 93 5% ,茎杆上占 6 5% ,3代期间叶片正面占 89 5% ,茎杆上占 1 0 5% ;抽雄扬花期主要产在雄穗和新鲜的雌蕊花丝上 ,分别占 59 1 %和2 6 9% ,叶片正面和茎杆上分别只占 1 1 1 %和 2 9%。抽雄扬花后有 97 5%的卵产在雌蕊花丝上 ,叶片和茎杆上为 0 5%和 2 0 %。第 3代棉铃虫卵期 ,抽雄扬花期的玉米对卵的分流作用约为抽雄扬花前玉米的 3倍 ,抽雄扬花后的玉米对卵的分流作用最小。     

荒漠绿洲农田防护树种二白杨生长季节树干液流的变化

热脉冲技术已经成为确定林木耗水的有力工具。利用澳大利亚 GREENSPAN技术公司 SF- 30 0热脉冲树干液流仪 ,在生长季节对荒漠绿洲区农田防护树种二白杨树干液流速率进行了连续观测 ,结果表明 :二白杨树干液流速率的日变化规律为 ,夜间液流速率较低 ,其中最低值出现在 2 :0 0～ 3:0 0 ,7:0 0～ 8:30开始升高 ,1 3:0 0～ 1 4 :0 0达到最大值 ,1 6 :0 0～ 1 8:30开始下降 ;树干液流速率日平均值介于 1 0 .1± 4 .9g/ (cm2· h)～ 2 3.3± 8.2 g/ (cm2· h)之间。二白杨树干液流速率 8月份最高 ,7月份次之 ,5月与 9月份基本一致。树干液流与边材面积、叶面积指数呈显著线性相关 ,而与胸径、胸径平方与树高之积呈复合指数函数关系 ,与冠层厚度呈三次幂函数关系     

Abundance of Diaprepes abbreviatus (L.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) neonates falling to the soil under tree canopies in Florida citrus groves

The purpose of these experiments was to estimate the number and distribution of Diaprepes abbreviatus (L.) neonate larvae dropping from the canopy of infested citrus trees. The number of neonates was monitored in the field using passive funnel traps in two simultaneous experiments and a separate experiment for an additional year. In one experiment, traps were placed from trunk to dripline in the cardinal directions under each of five trees (132 traps total). In a second experiment, eight traps were placed under each tree in the cardinal directions, one trap 30 cm from the trunk and one trap 30 cm from the dripline/direction for 25 trees (200 traps total). Larvae were collected weekly for 50 wk in conical tubes containing ethylene glycol as a preservative. Traps closer to the tree trunk captured more larvae than traps nearer the dripline. The area under the tree canopy was positively correlated with the total estimated number of larvae captured per tree. The estimated number of total larvae/tree over the course of our experiments ranged from 955 to 7,290. The highest number of neonate larvae observed in 1 wk was 67 +/- 6/m2. There was an inverse relationship between the number of traps beneath a tree and the number of trees that needed to be sampled to estimate mean population density with a given precision. However, there was a direct relationship between number of traps/tree and the total number of traps needed for a given precision. This passive technique could be used to quantify the destructive larval stage and to assess D. abbreviatus management strategies.     

Analysis of factors affecting bird predation on gypsy moth egg masses by using Holling’s disc-equation

1. Birds’ predation on gypsy moth egg masses deposited on tree trunks was quantitatively evaluated in a birch forest at Bibai, Hokkaido during the four winter seasons from 1974 to 1978.
2. Holling's disc-equation could be successfully applied to describe the relationship between the total egg consumption by birds and the density of egg masses. A rapid method for fitting the disc-equation to observed data was proposed based on the study byShinozaki andKira (1961).
3. Appreciable amounts of predation were observed only during the period when the depth of snow cover on the ground exceeded 1 m, while the egg masses deposited on lower parts of tree trunk below 1 m level suffered from only slight predation. It was therefore presumed that deep snow cover made the predator birds to change their feeding place from ground vegetation to tree trunks.
4. The duration of the period with snow accumulation deeper than 1 m was introduced into the disc-equation as an additional parameter. The values calculated by the resultant formulation agreed with the observed values in respective years satisfactorily.
5. There were circumstantial evidences that the great tit, Parus major, was one of the important predators concerned.

     

Tropical tree species diversity: a test of the Janzen-Connell model

To test the premises and predictions of the Janzen-Connell model (Janzen's spacing mechanism), seeds of the rainforest canopy tree, Brosimum alicastrum, were placed at different distances from the parent tree and their removal observed over 3 weeks. The number and density of naturally occurring seeds at different distances from the parent tree were also estimated. Predation was not greater near the parent tree, except on the very small spatial scale: the proportion of experimental seeds removed was greater 1 m from the trunk than it was 5–25 m from the trunk. Predation was negatively correlated with seed density, not positively as the Janzen-Connell model assumes-presumably due to predator satiation. The density of seeds after predation peaked 5 m from the tree trunk, but this is well within the crown radius of the parent tree. There is a peak in the number of potential recruits at a distance of 10 m from the parent tree, due to the peaked initial distribution of seeds. This peak is caused by the interaction between the seed density curve and the increasing area of an annulus around the parent tree at increasing distances, not by the product of the density curve and the predation curve. However, it is important to realize that it is not the presence of a peak in recruitment away from the parent that is essential to maintaining tropical tree species diversity, but frequency-dependent recruitment induced by poor recruitment near conspecifics. Predator satiation seems to be an important factor in the survival of B. alicastrum seeds, possibly at several spatial scales. The number of seeds produced by the tree is negatively correlated with the loss to predators, and trees that have a fruiting conspecific nearby also suffer lower levels of predation. Seed predation increases as one moves from the forest edge into the interior, creating an edge effect that may have long-term effects on the forest composition and tree species diversity. More studies are needed, for other species, other localities, and larger spatial and temporal scales, on both the Janzen-Connell mechanism and this edge effect.     

塔里木河下游胡杨空心特征

本文选取塔里木河下游阿拉干断面胡杨林长期监测样地,分析胡杨林空心率、树洞特征及其在不同胸径和树高组间的分布特点。结果表明: 研究区胡杨种群具有较高的空心现象,空心胡杨占调查胡杨总数量的56%,约159株·hm^-2;胡杨空心率在不同胸径和树高组间呈显著差异,其与胸径呈显著正相关,与树高呈显著负相关。该监测样地胡杨树洞密度约560个·hm^-2,平均每株2个;所调查的胡杨树洞大部分出现在树干上(57.1%),均以树干中部洞口为主(31.3%);直径为5~15 cm的树洞(38.2%)所占比例最大。总树洞数量、单株树洞数量、树洞直径等特征与胸径呈显著正相关,与树高呈显著负相关,而各树洞类型在不同胸径和树高组间的分布不同,变化趋势不一致。胡杨树洞在各方位上的分布差异显著,树洞集中分布在正西方向上。胡杨荒漠河岸林的空心发生率较为严重,且胸径越大其空穴化程度越明显。加强保育幼龄胡杨和修复退化荒漠河岸林具有重要意义。     

The phylogenetic trunk: maximal inclusion of taxa with missing data in an analysis of the lepospondyli (Vertebrata,Tetrapoda)

The importance of fossils to phylogenetic reconstruction is well established. However, analyses of fossil data sets are confounded by problems related to the less complete nature of the specimens. Taxa that are incompletely known are problematic because of the uncertainty of their placement within a tree, leading to a proliferation of most-parsimonious solutions and "wild card" behavior. Problematic taxa are commonly deleted based on a priori criteria of completeness. Paradoxically, a taxon's problematic behavior is tree dependent, and levels of completeness are not directly associated with problematic behavior. Exclusion of taxa on the basis of completeness eliminates real character conflict and, by not allowing incomplete taxa to determine tree topology, diminishes the phylogenetic hypothesis. Here, the phylogenetic trunk approach is proposed to allow optimization of taxonomic inclusion and tree stability. The use of this method in an analysis of the Paleozoic Lepospondyli finds a single most-parsimonious tree, or trunk, after the removal of one taxon identified as being problematic. Moreover, the 38 trees found at one additional step from this primary trunk were reduced to 2 by removal of one additional taxon. These trunks are compared with the trees that were found by excluding taxa with various degrees of completeness, and the effects of incomplete taxa are explored with regard to use of the trunk. Correlated characters associated with limblessness are discussed regarding the assumption of character independence; however, inclusion of intermediate taxa is found to be the single best method for breaking down long branches.     

Apple tree water relations studied by means of the relative rate of water flow in the trunk xylem

The results of long-term investigations of variations of rates of water transport through the trunk xylem, its diameter, the leaf water potential and the transpiration rate of the apple tree showed that the daily rhythm of the relative rate of moisture flow in the trunk xylem is an obvious index of the state of the apple tree water exchange. This enables us to determine the period of its unbalance at intensive transpiration as well as the level of the forming water deficit with high accuracy and operativeness. Moreover, by the daily curve of the relative rate of xylem flow one can judge the role of contribution of the trunk reservoir to transpiration.     

Spatial distribution of saproxylic beetles on trunks of standing Scots pine trees

1. The spatial distribution of saproxylic beetles landing and climbing stems of 12 grown and healthy Scots pine trees (Pinus sylvestris L.) was examined in detail during a 3-year trial. The beetles were sampled using sticky traps attached to the tree trunk at three tree parts (i.e., the trunk base, middle part of the trunk, and trunk in crown). Each tree part was sampled using two sticky traps facing opposite cardinal directions (north and south).
2. In total, 4063 individuals representing 169 taxa of saproxylic beetles were yielded in the 1405 obtained samples.
3. Remarkable interstrata diversification of saproxylic beetle assemblages reflecting distribution of breeding substrates in the forest stand was observed. Overall, species richness decreased considerably from the trunk base to the crown, with intermediate values for the middle part of the trunk. However, the abundance of mycetophages and saproxylophages decreased from the trunk base to the crown, with xylophages being the most abundant in the tree crown.
4. The cardinal direction exhibited overall weak effects on abundance, species richness, and composition, but the occurrence of a few particular species was significantly associated with the south (13 species) or north (3 species) facing part of the trunk.
5. Our results suggest that primary attraction and random landing strategies are combined during the substrate selection by many species.
6. High variability in the importance of the studied explanatory variables was observed among taxa, which shows how the species composition recorded in any study might alter its general outcomes.

     

Vertical stratification in the spatial distribution of the beech scale insect (Ultracoelostoma assimile) in Nothofagus tree canopies in New Zealand

Abstract. 1. The degree of infestation by New Zealand sooty beech scale insects (Ultracoelostoma assimile, Homoptera: Margarodidae) varies dramatically among adjacent southern beech trees (Nothofagus spp., Fagaceae), but has previously been assumed to be uniformly or randomly distributed within individual host trees. In this study, a full‐census survey was conducted from ground level to canopy level on 14 naturally occurring, canopy‐dominant red beech (Nothofagus fusca) trees (size range 38.7–107.6 cm diameter at breast height) to determine the degree of within‐tree heterogeneity in herbivore density. 2. The within‐tree distribution of the sooty beech scale was vertically stratified and highly heterogeneous, with the greatest densities occurring on bark surfaces in the canopy rather than on the trunk, and on the lower rather than upper sides of the branches. The spatial distribution was strongly negatively correlated with trunk and branch diameter, and increasing bark thickness (as a function of diameter) provides a plausible explanation for differences in the establishment and population density of sooty beech scale insects with trunk and branch size. Furthermore, there was a significant change in the spatial distribution of scale insect populations on trunks and branches of trees of increasing diameter at breast height. This indicates a strong temporal component to the spatial dynamics of the sooty beech scale insect driven by changing host phenology. Future studies on phytophagous insects infesting large host trees need to consider more explicitly changes in population dynamics through space and time. 3. Because of the high degree of within‐tree heterogeneity in population density, the total population size of scale insects on an individual tree could not be predicted from any measure of population density low on the trunk. However, the dry weight biomass of sooty mould fungi growing on the ground beneath infested trees was a remarkably accurate predictor of the total population size of scale insects. The use of sooty mould fungi as a relative measure of population size could be incorporated into studies of other honeydew‐producing hemipterans, since the growth of sooty mould is a distinctive feature synonymous with high concentrations of honeydew production worldwide.     

Antiproliferative effects of several compounds isolated from Amburana cearensis A. C. Smith

Amburana cearensis a common tree found in Northeastern Brazil is widely used in folk medicine. The present work evaluated the cytotoxicity of kaempferol, isokaempferide, amburoside A and protocatechuic acid isolated from the ethanol extract of the trunk bark of A. cearensis. The compounds were tested for their cytotoxicity on the sea urchin egg development, hemolysis assay and 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide assay using tumor cell lines. Isokaempferide and kaempferol, but not amburoside A and protocatechuic acid, inhibited the sea urchin egg development as well as tumor cell lines, but in this assay isokaempferide was more potent than kaempferol. Protocatechuic acid was the only compound able to induce hemolysis of mouse erythrocytes, suggesting that the cytotoxicity of kaempferol and isokaempeferide was not related to membrane damage.     

黄土丘陵半干旱区密植枣林随树龄变化的根系空间分布特征

该文研究了黄土丘陵半干旱区密植枣( Ziziphus jujuba ‘Lizao’)林群体根系随树龄变化的空间分布特征。对1年生、4年生、8年生和11年生4种树龄的密植枣林采用剖面法, 获得0-1 m土壤剖面上直径>3 mm、1-3 mm及<1 mm的根系数量和空间位置信息。利用方差分析, 评价了山地密植枣林林分根系随树龄变化的水平和垂直分布特征。结果表明: 3种直径的根系数量均随着树龄的增长而增加, 直径< 1 mm的根系增长速度最快; 随着土层加深, 根系数量递减, 1年生枣林的根系主要聚集在0-40 cm土层中, 4年生及以上树龄的根系主要分布在0-60 cm土层中; 0-1 m土层内, 1年生枣林(株距1.2 m)及4年以上树龄(株距2 m), 同树龄枣林中直径<1 mm的根系水平分布无差异; 同一土层中(0-20 cm, 20-40 cm, 40-60 cm), 无论树龄大小及离树干的水平位置如何, 不同直径根系的数量都无差异。研究表明: 在有水肥管理措施的条件下, 枣林根系垂直方向形成浅层型的适应模式; 在密植环境下, 枣林细根形成根网型的适应模式。