琴叶珊瑚

正琴叶珊瑚(Jatropha integerrima Jacq.),又名日日樱,为大戟科(Euphorbiaceae)麻疯树属常绿灌木,株高1~3 m。分枝多,植物体有乳汁。单叶互生,卵形、倒卵形、长圆形或提琴形,长4~8 cm,宽2.5~4.5 cm,先端渐尖,基部狭楔形,全缘,叶基具刺状齿;叶面为浓绿色,叶背为紫绿色,幼时叶下面紫红色,叶面平滑;托叶小,早落。单性花,雌雄同株;聚伞花序顶生,花萼裂片5枚;花瓣5枚,长椭圆形,花冠红色或粉红色。雄蕊10枚,两轮,外轮花丝稍合生,内轮花丝合生至中部。雌花较雄花稍大,子房无毛,花柱3枚,基部合生,柱头2裂。蒴果,成熟时呈黑褐色。花期     

掌叶木的花器官发生及其系统学意义

利用扫描电子显微镜和光学显微镜观察了掌叶木的花器官发生过程。观察结果表明: 花序原基最先发生, 然后形成两个大小不一的花原基; 萼片原基的发生不同步, 螺旋状向心发生; 4-5枚花瓣原基以接近轮状方式近同时发生; 不存在花瓣-雄蕊复合原基; 7-8枚雄蕊原基为近同时发生, 其生长较花瓣原基快; 心皮原基最后发生, 3枚心皮原基为同时发生。花为单性花。在雌花中, 子房膨大而雄蕊退化。在雄花中, 雄蕊正常发育, 子房退化。讨论了掌叶木花器官发生和发育的系统学意义。     

Floral organogenesis and development of Litchi chinensis Sonn.cv.Guiwei

利用SV11立体显微镜和JSM-6360LV型扫描电镜观察‘桂味'荔枝花器官的发生和发育过程.结果表明:花序原基最先发生,然后形成数个大小不等的单花原基;4个萼片原基的发生不同步,其中一侧对位先发生;6～10枚雄蕊原基以轮状方式几乎同时发生;心皮原基最后发生,2～3枚(稀4枚)心皮原基同时出现,随后进行侧向生长,逐渐合拢形成子房.雌花中,花柱、柱头分化明显,雄蕊退化.雄花中,花丝细长,花药饱满,雌蕊退化或发育不完全.两性花中,雌雄蕊发育完全.花粉粒近球形,具3孔沟,表面为条纹状纹饰.     

商陆属植物的花器官发生

为进一步研究商陆科的系统位置提供花器官发生和发育的证据,在扫描电子显微镜下观察了商陆Phytolacca acinosa、多雄蕊商陆P. polyandra和垂序商陆P. americana的花器官发生.结果表明: 商陆属植物花被的发生均为2/5型螺旋发生.在同一个种不同的花蕾中,花被的发生有两种顺序:逆时针方向和顺时针方向.远轴侧非正中位的1枚先发生.雄蕊发生于环状分生组织.在单轮雄蕊的种中8-10枚雄蕊为近同时发生;两轮雄蕊的种8枚内轮雄蕊先发生,6-8枚外轮雄蕊随后发生,内轮雄蕊为同时发生,外轮雄蕊发生次序不规则.心皮原基也发生于环状分生组织,8-10枚心皮原基为同时发生.在后来的发育过程中,商陆的心皮发育成近离生心皮雌蕊;其他2种心皮侧壁联合发育成合生心皮雌蕊.对商陆属植物花器官发生的类型及发育形态学做了分析,结果支持商陆科在石竹目系统发育中处于原始地位的观点.     

基部被子植物雪香兰（金粟兰科）单性花的形态发生和发育

基部被子植物金粟兰科（Chloranthaceae）的单性花或两性花结构十分简单,雪香兰（Hedyosmum orientale）花单性、雌雄异株,花的形态及结构与其它属物种具有显著的差异,对于研究被子植物花特别是花被的起源和系统进化具有重要意义。该研究采用电子显微镜和光学显微镜观察了雪香兰单性花的器官发生及发育过程。结果表明,雌、雄花均为顶生和腋生,多个小花呈聚伞圆锥状排列。雄花外侧是苞片,每朵雄花上着生150–200个雄蕊,花轴基部着生少数退化的叶原体。苞片原基及其腋生的花原基最初呈圆丘状,随后伸长。在雄花发育过程中,苞片原基比雄蕊原基生长快,雄花原基纵向伸长,叶原体原基在基部发生,雄蕊原基自下而上发生。每2朵雌花底部合生形成小聚伞花序,每朵雌花被一苞叶包裹,由单心皮和三棱型子房构成,外覆三裂叶状花被。在雌花发育过程中,雌花原基比苞片原基生长快,花被原基首先于花顶端发生,随后花顶端中心凹陷,进一步发育成具有单心皮的子房原基。雪香兰的单性花发育不经过两性同体阶段,花分生组织只起始雄蕊器官或雌蕊器官的发育。研究结果支持雪香兰单性花是原始性状的观点,雄花叶原体与雌花三裂叶状花被同源,可能是花被（萼片与花瓣）的起源。     

桂味荔枝花器官的发生和发育过程研究

利用SV11立体显微镜和JSM-6360LV型扫描电镜观察‘桂味’荔枝花器官的发生和发育过程。结果表明:花序原基最先发生,然后形成数个大小不等的单花原基;4个萼片原基的发生不同步,其中一侧对位先发生;6～10枚雄蕊原基以轮状方式几乎同时发生;心皮原基最后发生,2～3枚(稀4枚)心皮原基同时出现,随后进行侧向生长,逐渐合拢形成子房。雌花中,花柱、柱头分化明显,雄蕊退化。雄花中,花丝细长,花药饱满,雌蕊退化或发育不完全。两性花中,雌雄蕊发育完全。花粉粒近球形,具3孔沟,表面为条纹状纹饰。     

毛舞花姜花器官的发生与发育

通过扫描电镜观察了毛舞花姜(Globba barthei Gagne p.)的花序及花器官的发生与发育。3枚萼片原基首先于花顶连续发生,随后花顶的中心凹陷形成环状原基,环状原基进一步分化形成三枚花瓣—雄蕊共同原基,并在花顶的中心形成花杯。共同原基分化形成花瓣和三枚内轮雄蕊,紧接着外轮雄蕊在花杯的顶点发生。远轴的两枚内轮雄蕊延伸生长并相互融合形成了唇瓣,近轴的一枚形成了可育雄蕊;近轴的两枚外轮雄蕊发育形成了成熟花结构中的侧生退化雄蕊,而远轴的一枚缺失。近轴的两枚外轮雄蕊原基起始的同时,3枚心皮原基也在中心花杯的内侧发生而后与外轮雄蕊相间排列。对毛舞花姜花序的发生和发育的观察发现,在花序轴的头几片初级苞片中产生的是珠芽原基而非蝎尾状小花序原基,其形态特征类似于早期的蝎尾状小花序原基,由此推测珠芽很可能是蝎尾状小花序的变异。     

商陆属植物的花器官发

为进一步研究商陆科的系统位置提供花器官发生和发育的证据,在扫描电子显微镜下观察了商陆Phytolacca acinosa、多雄蕊商陆P. polyandra和垂序商陆P. americana的花器官发生。结果表明： 商陆属植物花被的发生均为2/5型螺旋发生。在同一个种不同的花蕾中,花被的发生有两种顺序：逆时针方向和顺时针方向。远轴侧非正中位的1枚先发生。雄蕊发生于环状分生组织。在单轮雄蕊的种中8-10枚雄蕊为近同时发生;两轮雄蕊的种8枚内轮雄蕊先发生,6-8枚外轮雄蕊随后发生,内轮雄蕊为同时发生,外轮雄蕊发生次序不规则。心皮原基也发生于环状分生组织,8-10枚心皮原基为同时发生。在后来的发育过程中,商陆的心皮发育成近离生心皮雌蕊;其他2种心皮侧壁联合发育成合生心皮雌蕊。对商陆属植物花器官发生的类型及发育形态学做了分析,结果支持商陆科在石竹目系统发育中处于原始地位的观点。     

泽苔草的花器官发生

本文用扫描电镜观察了泽苔草的花器官发生过程,观察结果表明：花萼以螺旋状方式向心发生,花瓣以接近轮状方式近同时发生,不存在花瓣雄蕊复合原基。雄蕊和心皮均以轮状向心方式发生,6枚雄蕊分两轮分别在对萼和对瓣的位置先后发生,至发育的后期排成一轮,但仍分别处于对萼和对瓣的位置;随后发生的第一轮3个心皮原基与3枚萼片相对,第二、三轮心皮原基分别为1~3个,与前一轮心皮相间排列向心发生。本文首次揭示了泽苔草花被的外轮3个萼片螺旋状发生方式,这种螺旋状方式很可能是泽泻科植物的花部结构在进化过程中适应环境而保留下来的一种较原始的叶性特征。     

花叶芋(天南星科)的花器官发生

利用扫描电镜首次观察了天南星科花叶芋(Colocasia bicolor) 的花器官发生过程。花叶芋的肉穗花序由无花被的单性花构成, 雌花发生于花序基部, 雄花发生于花序上部, 中性花位于花序中间部位。雄花: 3 或4 个初生雄蕊原基轮状发生, 随后每个初生原基一分为二, 形成6或8个次生原基; 一部分次生原基在其后的发育过程中融合, 形成5 或7 枚雄蕊; 雄花发育过程中未见雌性结构的分化; 花药的分化先于花丝; 雄蕊合生成雄蕊柱。雌花: 合生心皮, 3或4个心皮原基轮状发生, 未见雄性结构的分化。中性花来源于雌雄花序过渡带上, 属于雄蕊原基的滞后发育以及发育成熟过程中的退化; 与彩叶芋属(Caladium)不同, 此过渡区未见畸形两性花。初生雄蕊原基二裂产生次生原基的次生现象在目前天南星科花器官发生中显得比较特殊, 同时初步探讨了次生原基的融合方式。     

宽叶泽苔草的花器官发生

通过扫描电镜观察了宽叶泽苔草Caldesia grandisSamuel.的花器官发生。宽叶泽苔草 的萼片3枚,逆时针螺旋向心发生 ;花瓣3枚,呈一轮近同时发生,未观察到花瓣_雄蕊复合原基;雄蕊、心皮原基皆轮状向心 发生,最先近同时发生的6枚原基全部发育成雄蕊,随后发生的6枚原基早期并无差别,在发 育过程中逐渐出现形态差异,直至其中1－4枚发育成心皮,其余的发育成雄蕊;而后的几轮 心皮原基,6枚一轮,陆续向心相间发生。本文揭示了3枚萼片螺旋状的发生方式,并推测这种螺旋方式是泽泻科植物进化过程中保留下来     

Pentamerous flowers in the genus Phytolacca have been derived from trimerous flowers—New evidence from the floral organogenesis of Phytolacca dodecandra

The floral organogenesis of Phytolacca dodecandra L′Her. (Phytolaccaceae) has been observed under both scanning electron microscope (SEM) and light microscope. The primordia of the floral appendage are arranged according to a pentamerous pattern and acropetal succession. Five sepal primordia arise in a 2/5 sequence, and no petal primordia have been observed. The stamen primordia arise centrifugally. The first two pairs arise successively opposite sepal one and two. In the subsequent initiation of inner and outer stamens, P. dodecandra differs from other species in the genus Phytolacca. The four or five carpel primordia arise in rapid succession, usually equal in number and alternating with the inner stamens. The effects of temporal and spatial factors during the floral organogenesis of P. dodecandra are discussed. The data on the androecial ontogeny in P. dodecandra refute the existence of diplostemony in Phytolaccaceae, in which P. dodecandra occupies a pivotal systematic position. The androecial ontogeny in P. dodecandra supports the viewpoint that in the genus Phytolacca pentamerous flowers have been derived from trimerous flowers.     

长角凤仙花（凤仙花科）的花器官发生和发育

以不同发育时期的长角凤仙花Impatiens longicornuta Y.L.Chen（凤仙花科Balsaminaceae）为材料,利用扫描电镜技术观察了其花器官的分化及其发育过程。长角凤仙花为两侧对称花,具2枚侧生萼片,唇瓣囊状,旗瓣具鸡冠状突起,雄蕊5枚,子房上位,5心皮5室。其花器官分化顺序为向心式,萼片—花瓣—雄蕊—雌蕊原基。2枚侧生萼片先发生,然后近轴萼片（即唇瓣）原基和2枚前外侧萼片原基近同时发生;但是这3枚萼片原基的发育不同步,远轴的2枚前外侧萼片原基的发育渐渐滞后,然后停止发育,最后渐渐为周围组织所吸收,直至消失不见。花瓣原基中,旗瓣原基最先发生,4个侧生花瓣原基相继成对发生,且之后在基部成对愈合形成翼瓣;5枚雄蕊原基几乎同时发生,5个心皮原基轮状同时发生。本文结果支持凤仙花属植物为5基数的花,并进一步证实了唇瓣的萼片来源;此外,研究结果表明花器官早期发育资料对植物系统与进化研究具有重要参考价值。     

Floral organogenesis of Delavaya toxocarpa (Sapindaceae; Sapindales)

The floral organogenesis and development of Delavaya toxocarpa Franch. (Sapindaceae) were studied under scanning electron microscope and light microscope to determine its systematic position within Sapindaceae. Flowers arise in terminal thyrses. The sepal primordia initiate in a spiral (2/5) sequence, which are not synchronous. The five petal primordia initiate almost synchronously and alternate with sepal primordia. Eight stamens initiate almost simultaneously and their differentiation precedes that of the petals. The last formed petal and one stamen initiate from a common primordium. Mature stamens curve inwards and cover the ovary in bud. The gynoecium begins as a hemispheric primordium on which two carpellary lobes arise simultaneously. Later in development a single gynocium is formed with two locules and two ovules per locule. Floral morphology suggests a closer affinity with Sapindaceae, although certain features of floral ontogenesis are similar to those observed in certain members of the former Hippocastanaceae, such as Handeliodendron.     

马桑绣球(绣球科)的花器官发生和发育

在扫描电镜下观察了马桑绣球Hydrangea aspera孕性花的发生及发育过程。马桑绣球的花器官向心轮状发生：花萼原基以2/5螺旋式相继发生,花瓣原基几乎同步发生。花瓣开始发育时,与花萼相对的雄蕊发生。与花瓣相对的雄蕊原基与心皮原基几乎同时出现。初始心皮向上扩展,分化出花柱和柱头,向下延伸,嵌入花托,发育为下位子房。花发育成熟时,隔膜于子房的下部连续,而中部和上部不连续,即子房为不完全2室。经过与绣球属已观察过的另外5种1亚种花器官发生和发育比较,发现马桑绣球与藤绣球H. ano mala subs     

Floral ontogeny, pattern formation, and evolution in Hibbertia and Adrastaea (Dilleniaceae)

Floral development was compared with scanning electron microscopy in 12 Australian species of Hibbertia representing most of its morphological variation, and in the related Adrastaea (Dilleniaceae). Calyx and corolla arise in quincuncial helices in radially symmetrical species, while the petals initiate unidirectionally from one side in zygomorphic species. Stamen number (3-200+) proliferates by centrifugal addition of individual primordia or by innovations of common primordia and ring meristems. Common primordia arise in single-stamen positions alternately with petals, and each produces one to several stamens centrifugally that remain attached to a shared base and form a stamen fascicle. A ring meristem in Adrastaea initiates a whorl of five stamens, alternate with the first stamens but outside their whorl. In radially symmetrical species of Hibbertia, a first ring of stamens is supplemented centrifugally by additional stamens on a meristem ring. The first stamens in zygomorphic species of Hibbertia initiate as a terminal ridge on the floral apex, with subsequent stamens added centrifugally on one side and two carpels initiated on the opposite side. The carpels arise as a simultaneous ring in radially symmetrical flowers, or as a simultaneous pair in zygomorphic species. Staminodial presence is viewed as of minor significance. Four pollinator syndromes are proposed for Hibbertia, related to differing floral architecture.     

FLORAL DEVELOPMENT IN MANGROVE RHIZOPHORACEAE

The flowers of mangrove Rhizophoraceae (tribe Rhizophoreae) are adapted to three different pollination mechanisms. Floral development of representative species of all four genera suggests that the ancestral flower of the tribe was unspecialized, with successively initiated whorls of separate sepals, petals, antisepalous stamens, and antipetalous stamens; at its inception, the gynoecium had a united, half-inferior ovary and separate stigmatic lobes. This developmental pattern is found in Rhizophora mangle (wind-pollinated) and Ceriops decandra (insect-pollinated). In Kandelia, all floral organs distal to the sepals are initiated simultaneously, and there has apparently been an evolutionary amplification in the number of stamens to about six times the number of petals. Explosive pollen release evolved independently in C. tagal and in Bruguiera. In the former, all stamens belong to one whorl and arise simultaneously upon a very weakly differentiated androecial ring primordium. In Bruguiera, the androecial ring is pronounced, and two whorls of stamens arise upon it; the primordia of the antisepalous whorl arise first but are closer to the center of the apex than the antipetalous stamen primordia. The antisepalous stamens bend toward and are enclosed by the petals early in development. In all genera, the inferior ovary develops by zonal growth of receptacular tissue; additional intercalary growth above the placenta occurs in Bruguiera. In general, floral specialization is accompanied by an increase in the width of the floral apex compared to the size of the primordia, increasing fusion of the stylar primordia, and decreasing prominence of the superior portion of the ovary. Apparent specializations of petal appendages for water storage, including the presence of sub-terminal hydathodes (previously unreported in any angiosperm), were found in two species in which flowers remain open during the day but were absent from two species normally pollinated at night or at dawn. Distinctive tribal characteristics that may aid in phylogenetic analysis include the mode of development of the inferior ovary; the aristate, bifid, usually fringed petals that individually enclose one or more stamens; the intrastaminal floral disc; and the initially subepidermal laticiferous cell layer in the sepals and ovary.