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我国转基因水稻商品化应用的潜在环境生物安全问题 总被引:4,自引:1,他引:3
转基因水稻的研发和商品化应用将为提高我国水稻的生产力提供新的机遇,并缓解我国的粮食安全问题.转基凶水稻的人规模环境释放和商品化生产可能会带来一定的环境生物安全问题,处理不好会影响转基因水稻的进一步研究和发展.通常所指的环境生物安全问题主要包括以下几个方面:(1)抗生物胁迫转基因对非靶标生物的影响及效应;(2)外源基因向非转基因作物和野生近缘种逃逸及其可能带来的生态后果;(3)转基因作物对农业生态系统、土壤微生物以及生物多样性的潜在影响;(4)抗生物胁迫转基因的长期使用导致靶标生物对转基因产生抗性等.为了安全有效和持续利用转基因生物技术及其产品,有必要对转基因水稻的环境生物安全性进行科学评价.基于风险评价的原则,本文对转基因水稻在我国商品化生产和大规模种植可能带来的环境生物安全问题进行了理性分析,希望为我国转基因水稻商品化应用的决策和生物安全评价提供科学依据. 相似文献
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转基因植物的环境生物安全:转基因逃逸及其潜在生态风险的研究和评价 总被引:8,自引:0,他引:8
转基因作物的商品化生产和大规模环境释放在带来巨大利益的同时,也引起了全球对其生物安全问题的广泛关注和争议,其中转基因通过花粉介导的基因漂移逃逸到非转基因作物及其野生近缘种,进而导致的潜在环境和生态风险就是备受争议的生物安全问题之一。转基因植物的环境生物安全涉及两方面关键问题:如何科学评价转基因植物商品化种植以后带来的环境和生态影响;如何利用环境生物安全的研究成果来制定科学有效的风险监测和管理措施。对转基因逃逸及其潜在生态风险的科学评价应包括三个重要环节:(1)检测转基因的逃逸的频率;(2)检测转基因逃逸后的表达和遗传规律;(3)确定逃逸后的转基因对野生近缘种群体适合度的影响及其进化潜力,本文将围绕对转基因逃逸及其潜在环境风险的科学评价,以转基因水稻为案例来对转基因逃逸带来生态影响的研究好评价的进展进行简要介绍,并对目前依据风险评价研究成果制定的各种管理策略进行了讨论。只有提高对转基因生物环境安全研究和评价的水平,并制定有效的风险监测和管理措施,才能为我国转基因技术的发展和转基因产品的商品化应用保驾护航。 相似文献
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我国转基因技术风险交流分析 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
随着生物技术的迅猛发展,发展转基因产业的战略选择与公众对转基因安全疑虑的矛盾十分突出。通过转基因舆情分析,指出我国转基因风险交流存在的不足主要为风险交流工作缺乏顶层设计,信息公开程度较低,风险交流方式和内容单调,公益机构未能发挥应有作用。在此基础上,提出了加强转基因风险交流的政策建议:(1)明确转基因风险交流的目标;(2)建立转基因风险交流协调框架;(3)建立转基因信息公开平台和信息监测平台;(4)完善管理部门和公益机构的风险交流职能;(5)改革科技项目政策。 相似文献
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转基因作物的全球大规模种植引起了全世界的广泛关注甚至争议。经过遗传改良并具有自然选择优势的转基因作物进入商品化种植,可能将带来环境生物安全的顾虑。在这些生物安全的顾虑中,转基因通过花粉介导的基因漂移向栽培作物的野生近缘种逃逸及其导致的潜在环境风险,就是世人最为关注的环境生物安全问题之一。包括中国在内的许多国家,在转基因作物进行商品化生产之前都必须对转基因逃逸及其带来的潜在环境风险进行严格评价。按照风险评价的框架,转基因向野生近缘种逃逸及其带来潜在环境风险的评价包括3个连续的步骤:1)检测转基因漂移到作物野生近缘种的频率;2)分析转基因在野生近缘种中的表达;3)确定转基因对野生近缘种群体适合度和进化潜力的影响。大量基因漂移的研究结果已表明,转基因通过基因漂移向栽培作物邻近的野生近缘种群体逃逸难以避免,而转基因也会在作物的野生近缘种群体中正常表达。因此分析和评价转基因为野生近缘种带来的适合度效应,对于转基因逃逸及其环境风险的评价至关重要。对适合度的概念及其进化意义进行介绍,并对如何利用转基因的适合度效应分析转基因逃逸的环境风险,以及对此类环境风险进行研究和评价的具体方法予以介绍。上述知识和方法的掌握将有助于人们对转基因作物环境生物安全及其评价的全面理解。 相似文献
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《生物技术通报》2015,(4)
转基因作物的全球大规模种植引起了全世界的广泛关注甚至争议。经过遗传改良并具有自然选择优势的转基因作物进入商品化种植,可能将带来环境生物安全的顾虑。在这些生物安全的顾虑中,转基因通过花粉介导的基因漂移向栽培作物的野生近缘种逃逸及其导致的潜在环境风险,就是世人最为关注的环境生物安全问题之一。包括中国在内的许多国家,在转基因作物进行商品化生产之前都必须对转基因逃逸及其带来的潜在环境风险进行严格评价。按照风险评价的框架,转基因向野生近缘种逃逸及其带来潜在环境风险的评价包括3个连续的步骤:1)检测转基因漂移到作物野生近缘种的频率;2)分析转基因在野生近缘种中的表达;3)确定转基因对野生近缘种群体适合度和进化潜力的影响。大量基因漂移的研究结果已表明,转基因通过基因漂移向栽培作物邻近的野生近缘种群体逃逸难以避免,而转基因也会在作物的野生近缘种群体中正常表达。因此分析和评价转基因为野生近缘种带来的适合度效应,对于转基因逃逸及其环境风险的评价至关重要。对适合度的概念及其进化意义进行介绍,并对如何利用转基因的适合度效应分析转基因逃逸的环境风险,以及对此类环境风险进行研究和评价的具体方法予以介绍。上述知识和方法的掌握将有助于人们对转基因作物环境生物安全及其评价的全面理解。 相似文献
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随着现代科学技术的进步与发展,转基因技术不断推广和应用,其安全性也由此备受关注。转基因舆情的发展态势体现了公众对转基因技术的接受和认知水平,因此,营造良好的舆情环境是转基因技术健康、有效发展的重要保障。通过解析国际典型转基因舆情事例、分析国际转基因舆情发展情况,指出公众对于转基因技术的认知和接受程度不断提高,国际转基因舆情呈良性发展趋势。同时,目前我国转基因舆情呈现辐射层面广、以网络阵地为主、双方主打安全旗帜、强调技术不确定性等主要特点。为保障我国转基因技术的健康可持续发展、稳步推进转基因作物产业化,通过借鉴国外舆情应对经验,对营造我国转基因舆情良性环境提出几点对策:(1)建立完善的信息公开平台;(2)加强多元化科普宣传方式;(3)加强转基因生物安全监管;(4)建立转基因舆情监测平台。 相似文献
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Yann Devos Jaime Aguilera Zoltán Diveki Ana Gomes Yi Liu Claudia Paoletti Patrick du Jardin Lieve Herman Joe N. Perry Elisabeth Waigmann 《Transgenic research》2014,23(1):1-25
Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) and derived food and feed products are subject to a risk analysis and regulatory approval before they can enter the market in the European Union (EU). In this risk analysis process, the role of the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), which was created in 2002 in response to multiple food crises, is to independently assess and provide scientific advice to risk managers on any possible risks that the use of GMOs may pose to human and animal health and the environment. EFSA’s scientific advice is elaborated by its GMO Panel with the scientific support of several working groups and EFSA’s GMO Unit. This review presents EFSA’s scientific activities and highlights its achievements on the risk assessment of GMOs for the first 10 years of its existence. Since 2002, EFSA has issued 69 scientific opinions on genetically modified (GM) plant market registration applications, of which 62 for import and processing for food and feed uses, six for cultivation and one for the use of pollen (as or in food), and 19 scientific opinions on applications for marketing products made with GM microorganisms. Several guidelines for the risk assessment of GM plants, GM microorganisms and GM animals, as well as on specific issues such as post-market environmental monitoring (PMEM) were elaborated. EFSA also provided scientific advice upon request of the European Commission on safeguard clause and emergency measures invoked by EU Member States, annual PMEM reports, the potential risks of new biotechnology-based plant breeding techniques, evaluations of previously assessed GMOs in the light of new scientific publications, and the use of antibiotic resistance marker genes in GM plants. Future challenges relevant to the risk assessment of GMOs are discussed. EFSA’s risk assessments of GMO applications ensure that data are analysed and presented in a way that facilitates scientifically sound decisions that protect human and animal health and the environment. 相似文献
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The development and standardization of testing methods for genetically modified organisms and their derived products 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
As the worldwide commercialization of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) increases and consumers concern the safety of GMOs, many countries and regions are issuing labeling regulations on GMOs and their products. Analytical methods and their standardization for GM ingredients in foods and feed are essential for the implementation of labeling regulations. To date, the GMO testing methods are mainly based on the inserted DNA sequences and newly produced proteins in GMOs. This paper presents an overview of GMO testing methods as well as their standardization. 相似文献
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自1996年全球转基因作物大规模商业化生产以来,转基因作物种植面积以年均10%左右的速度迅速增长,2013年种植面积已达1.75亿hm2。其在解决全球粮食问题、环境保护、提升粮食营养质量和品质、制药以及推动经济可持续发展方面展现了重要作用。但是,随着转基因商业化生产的深入,转基因技术的潜在风险性引起了社会以及国际上更广泛的关注。事实上,在转基因技术出现之初,科学家们就开始关注其安全性问题。相关国际组织(FAO、WHO、CAC、OECD等)经过数次研究制订了一系列与转基因食品安全性有关的评价原则、指南与措施等。随着转基因技术的发展,这些安全评价策略也在不断完善。我国目前已经基本建立了转基因食品的安全评价和管理体系。转基因食品在进入市场前要经过十分全面以及系统的安全性评价,包括营养学、毒理学、过敏性等方面,从而保障转基因食品的安全性。 相似文献
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Detection of nonauthorized genetically modified organisms using differential quantitative polymerase chain reaction: application to 35S in maize 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Cankar K Chauvensy-Ancel V Fortabat MN Gruden K Kobilinsky A Zel J Bertheau Y 《Analytical biochemistry》2008,376(2):189-199
Detection of nonauthorized genetically modified organisms (GMOs) has always presented an analytical challenge because the complete sequence data needed to detect them are generally unavailable although sequence similarity to known GMOs can be expected. A new approach, differential quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR), for detection of nonauthorized GMOs is presented here. This method is based on the presence of several common elements (e.g., promoter, genes of interest) in different GMOs. A statistical model was developed to study the difference between the number of molecules of such a common sequence and the number of molecules identifying the approved GMO (as determined by border-fragment-based PCR) and the donor organism of the common sequence. When this difference differs statistically from zero, the presence of a nonauthorized GMO can be inferred. The interest and scope of such an approach were tested on a case study of different proportions of genetically modified maize events, with the P35S promoter as the Cauliflower Mosaic Virus common sequence. The presence of a nonauthorized GMO was successfully detected in the mixtures analyzed and in the presence of (donor organism of P35S promoter). This method could be easily transposed to other common GMO sequences and other species and is applicable to other detection areas such as microbiology. 相似文献
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PCR-Free Detection of Genetically Modified Organisms Using Magnetic Capture Technology and Fluorescence Cross-Correlation Spectroscopy 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The safety of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) has attracted much attention recently. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification is a common method used in the identification of GMOs. However, a major disadvantage of PCR is the potential amplification of non-target DNA, causing false-positive identification. Thus, there remains a need for a simple, reliable and ultrasensitive method to identify and quantify GMO in crops. This report is to introduce a magnetic bead-based PCR-free method for rapid detection of GMOs using dual-color fluorescence cross-correlation spectroscopy (FCCS). The cauliflower mosaic virus 35S (CaMV35S) promoter commonly used in transgenic products was targeted. CaMV35S target was captured by a biotin-labeled nucleic acid probe and then purified using streptavidin-coated magnetic beads through biotin-streptavidin linkage. The purified target DNA fragment was hybridized with two nucleic acid probes labeled respectively by Rhodamine Green and Cy5 dyes. Finally, FCCS was used to detect and quantify the target DNA fragment through simultaneously detecting the fluorescence emissions from the two dyes. In our study, GMOs in genetically engineered soybeans and tomatoes were detected, using the magnetic bead-based PCR-free FCCS method. A detection limit of 50 pM GMOs target was achieved and PCR-free detection of GMOs from 5 µg genomic DNA with magnetic capture technology was accomplished. Also, the accuracy of GMO determination by the FCCS method is verified by spectrophotometry at 260 nm using PCR amplified target DNA fragment from GM tomato. The new method is rapid and effective as demonstrated in our experiments and can be easily extended to high-throughput and automatic screening format. We believe that the new magnetic bead-assisted FCCS detection technique will be a useful tool for PCR-free GMOs identification and other specific nucleic acids. 相似文献
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Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) and their behavior in the environment are complex and can only be assessed if the different components are distinguished. This article examines, how by EU law the real causation processes from the GMO release to various endpoints are dissected, individually analysed and then again viewed in their entirety. In addition, the articles includes, how the intellectual process of assessment is divided into the steps of tiered generation, shared submission and structured evaluation of relevant knowledge. The framework proposed for such an examination allows to identify strengths and weaknesses of GMO risk assessment in the EU. 相似文献
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GMDD: a database of GMO detection methods 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Wei Dong Litao Yang Kailin Shen Banghyun Kim Gijs A Kleter Hans JP Marvin Rong Guo Wanqi Liang Dabing Zhang 《BMC bioinformatics》2008,9(1):260