复轮生暗孢小克银汉霉新变种及其与原变种之间的配合

多年前分离自湖北神农架林中采回的一份土样的一株小克银汉霉Cu137最近经我们研究定名为复轮生暗孢小克银汉霉新变种(Cunninghamella phaeospora Boedijn var.multiverticillata var. nov.)。它与暗孢小克银汉霉原变种(Cunninghamella phaeospora Boedijnvar. phaeospora)的异同在于:(1)两者均具有单轴分枝、分枝单生或成对的孢子枝,不同的是新变种的孢子枝除单轴分枝外还可轮状分枝,或单轴与轮状混合分枝,轮状分枝可多达3轮,每轮由3-8分枝组成,原变种则完全不形成轮状分枝;(2)两者的孢子枝主轴上的顶生泡囊均具各种形状并略呈棱角状,但新变种的侧枝上的饱囊常常是棒形的,原变种的侧枝上的饱囊则很少棒形;(3)新变种的假根很发达,可自菌丝、匍匐菌丝、孢子枝、泡囊等部位发生,而原变种的假根一般不很发达,而且只从菌丝或甸旬菌丝发生;(4)两者的小型孢子囊在形状、大小、刺等方面一致,但新变种的小型孢子囊无色至淡褐色,原变种的小型孢子囊则为淡褐色至深褐色;(5)新变种的菌落白色,至多在老后污白色至极浅的淡褐色,原变种的菌落自始即为深灰色。除暗孢小克银汉霉原变种外,同属中还有另外三个分类群与复轮生暗孢小克银汉霉较为接近:印度小克银汉霉(Cunninghamella indica Baijal & B. S. Mehrotra)与印度刺孢小克银汉霉[Cunninghamella echinulata(Thaxt.) Thaxt. ex Blakeslee var. indica Baijal & B. S. Mehrotra]因菌落白色及孢子枝分枝棒形,轮生小克银汉霉(Cunninghamella verticillaata Paine)因孢子枝具数轮轮生分枝而与复轮生暗孢小克银汉霉这个新变种有一定的相似。但是,新变种无论是顶生泡囊还是侧生泡囊的直径都较上述三个分类群小得多;新变种的顶生饱囊往往不规则形状且略带棱角,而上述三个分类群则不是这样。还有,新变种的孢子枝分枝方式与印度小克银汉霉的颇为不同,新变种的小型孢子囊比印度刺孢小克银汉霉的小得多,其小型孢子囊主要球形至近球形,与轮生小克银汉霉的椭圆形至卵形也不一样。此外,新变种的假根系统极其发达,与同属中任何一种均不相同。将复轮生暗孢小克银汉霉新变种Cu137(+)与暗孢小克银汉霉原变种的一株分离自香港山边土壤的Cu 136(一)配合时只形成配子囊,但与原变种的模式菌株CBS 692.68(-)配合时则可形成少量的接合孢子囊。为了获得更多的接合孢子囊以观察它们是否可育的,我们将Cu 137和CBS 692.68同时接种到许多培养皿上,然后制片观察。用姆指轻轻、重复压盖玻片,可使接合孢子囊破裂以观察其内含物。结果,从100个以上的接合孢子囊中,仅在其中4个发现有接合孢子的形成,其余的都是空的和不育的。由于原变种尚未发现(+)配合型菌株,新变种则未发现(-)配合型菌株,原变种与原变种之间及新变种与新变种之间配合形成的有性型尚未获得,而且全世界均未见有报道,无法和新变种与原变种之间配合形成的有性型相比较,因此目前尚不能肯定新变种与原变种之间形成的有性型在形态上是否能代表这个种的有性型。但是,尽管如此,暗孢小克银汉霉的这两个变种之间配合形成的有性型的形态仍然是很有特征性的,足以把它与其它种的已知有性型相区别。     

多形小克银汉霉、暗孢小克银汉霉和褐孢小克银汉霉应否被接受为独立的种?

多形小克银汉霉(Cunninghamella polymorpha Pisnek)、暗孢小克银汉霉(Cunninghamella phaeospora Boedijn)和褐孢小克银汉霉(Cunninghamella brunnea J.N. Rai,S.C. Agarwal & J.P. Tewari)自分别在1929, 1958, 1968年发表以来,一直存在着不同意见上的争论,或承认或不承认,或合并到这个种或合并到那个种等等.我们在研究中国的小克银汉霉属的过程中,分离得到了九株多形小克银汉霉的菌株。为了确定这个种的分类地位以及澄清它与其他一些相关种的关系,我们将这些菌株与从国外交换获得的一些相关种的模式后代作了比较研究,所得结果表明多形小克银汉霉、暗孢小克银汉霉及褐孢小克银汉霉三种既不能相互合并亦不能合并到其他任何一种中去,而应作为独立的种被人们所接受。在我们的工作之前,这三个种的有性型均未有报道。我们在国内尚未发现暗孢小克银汉霉和褐孢小克银汉霉,只找到了多形小克银汉霉,但同时也找到了它的有性型.因此,多形小克银汉霉为我国的新记录种,其有性型的发现则为全世界的首次报道。多形小克银汉霉的主要区别性特征为孢囊梗主枝形成顶生泡囊或不形成而在顶部叉分为二至数个分枝,同一孢囊梗上的分枝长短不齐,接合孢子囊不正球形,配囊柄细长可达80微米等等.暗孢小克银汉霉的主要区别性特征为孢囊梗分枝很少或不分枝,在同一孢囊梗上分枝相距很远且都很短,泡囊形状多不规则且略呈多角形。褐孢小克银汉霉更易与其他种相区别,它的孢囊梗分枝很多,分枝成堆且指向不同的方向,泡囊典型地呈多角形,内外璧不重合。这三个种首次发表时以及后来经过不同作者重新研究后发表的描述及绘图均过于简单而未能充分显示出它们的区别性特征,因此我们在本文中再次作了描述并再次提供了详尽的线条图和显微照相。     

共头霉的单孢孢子囊变种

我们从江苏、浙江两省采到的一些样品中分离得到六株毛霉菌种并鉴定为分别属于三个变种的同一个新种,即单孢共头霉原变种(Syncephalastrum monosporum Zheng et al.sp. nov. var. monosporum),单孢共头霉冠囊变种(Syncephalastrum monosporum Zheng et al. var. cristatum Zheng et al. var. nov.),以及单孢共头霉多重生变种(Syncephalastrum monosporum Zheng et al. var. pluriproliferum Zheng et al. var. nov.).它们与共头霉属的唯一已知种总状共头霉(Syncephalastrum racemosum Cohn ex Schroeter)的主要区别在于全部孢子囊都是单孢的小型孢子囊(柱孢囊)而不是像后者一样孢子成单行排列的多袍柱孢囊.我们把这些菌归人共头霉属而没有为它们专门成立一个新属的理由除因它们与总状共头霉有明显的亲缘关系外,主要还因我们认为在不具备其它重要区别特征的情况下,在毛霉目的分类中,无论在科级或属级的水平上,都不应过分强调单孢孢子囊的作用.尽管单孢共头霉是毛霉目内唯一具单孢子柱孢囊的种,我们仍然把它们归入共头霉属内.至于我们为什么要把这六株菌鉴定为一个种的三个变种而不是三个各自独立的种,则是由于我们承认共头霉属的唯一已知种总状共头霉是一个变异性很大的种而并没有把它分成许多不同的种,因此,我们对这个属的另外一个种,即单孢共头霉同样采用较大的种概念.     

刺孢小克银汉霉菌体氨基酰化酶的性质研究*

首次选育出有较高氨基酰化酶活性的菌株刺孢小克银汉霉(Cunningham ella echinula-ta)9980,并进行液体培养,比较了3种不同培养基中菌体细胞氨基酰化酶活性,考察了几种因素对菌体细胞酶活的影响。结果表明:蛋白胨培养基中菌体细胞酶活最高,达680u/g。菌体细胞酶活最适温度55℃,最适pH7.0,最佳底物浓度为0.2mol/L,缓冲液中的无机离子对酶活有抑制作用,10^-3~10^-4mol/L的Co²⁺对酶活     

中国的被孢霉种类

被孢霉属(Mortierella Coemans)是接合菌纲(Zygomycetes)、毛霉目(Mucorales)、被孢霉科(Mortierellaceae)中的一个大属,目前已知约有90种;主要存在于土壤、植物残体、动物粪便等基物中。我国过去对被孢霉的研究不多,在《中国真菌总汇》(1979)中记录了8个种。本研究从全国22个省、市、自治区采集的2000多号样品中,分离到约220个被孢霉菌株。本研究主要采用Gams (1970, 1977)的分类系统进行分类鉴定,并对该系统进行了修改。在属下分3个亚属(Micromucor, Mortierella和Gamsiella), 8个组(Actinomortierella, Alpina,Hygrophila, Mortierella, Schmuckii, Simplex, Spinosa和Stylospora),单囊霉(Haplosporangium)被承认为独立的一个属。本研究鉴定出22个种和3个变种,包括一个新种(武夷山被孢霉Mortierella wuyishanensis sp. nov.)和一个新变种(极细无色被孢霉Mortierella hyalina(Harz) W. Gams var. subtilissima var. nov.), 14个中国新纪录。这14个新纪录为:产芽胞被孢霉(Mortierella. gemmifera M. Ellis)、园圃被孢霉(M. horticola Linnem.)、矮小被孢霉(M. humilis Linnem.)、无色被孢霉(M. hyalina(Harz) W. Gams)、印度被孢霉(M. indica B.S. Mehrotra)、英杜被孢霉(M. indohii C.Y. Chien),詹金氏被孢霉(M. jenkinii (A.L. Sm.) Naumov)、可疑极小被孢霉(M. minutissima Tiegh. var. dubia Linnem.)、易变被孢霉(M. mutabilis Linnem.)、微孢被孢霉(M. parvispora Linnem.)、角胞拉曼被孢霉(M. ramanniana(Moller) Linnem. var. angulispora (Naumov) Linnem.)、网孢被孢霉(M. reticulata Tiegh.& G. Le Monn.)、多疣被孢霉(M. verrucosa Linnem.)、轮枝被孢霉(M. verticillata Linnem.)。文中讨论和评价了一些分类性状,还列出分亚属、分组、分种和变种的检索表.每个分类单元都有描述和讨论以及线条图、并列出分布地区。     

刺孢小克银汉霉产γ-亚麻酸代谢规律的研究

采用液体发酵的方法,通过研究发酵过程中生物量、油量和GLA合成之间的关系以及MgSO4、MnSO4和(NH)2SO4对三者的影响,明确一株刺孢小克银汉霉(Cunninghamella echinulata)产γ-亚麻酸的代谢规律和不同因子对代谢规律的影响和因子添加的可能性。结果显示,生物量和油量的积累先于GLA到达高峰;在生长中期生物量积累处于稳定,GLA的合成速率高于油脂产生的速率,使得油脂中整体GLA含量开始上升;后期由于营养消耗,菌体利用自身合成的油脂作为能量供给减饱和酶系,GLA含量呈快速增长过程并且持续;Mg^2 、Mn^2 和NH4^ 离子对GLA合成有一定的促进,但作用机制各不相同,可通过在不同的时期的添加使GLA的积累增加。     

小克银汉霉核糖体DNA PCR扩增产物的限制性片段长度多型性

应用一对寡核苷酸引物ITSl与ITS4对核DNA G+C百分数小于30％的小克银汉霉(Cunninghamella)属的核糖体DNA(rDNA)内转录间区(ITS)进行了扩增。测试的属于10个种和变种的22株菌都得到了扩增产物。在同属不同种之间扩增的ITS片段长度有巨大差别。据此可分为三组。这三组所含分类群数及其DNA长度分别为：第一组4种1变种,小于 764碱基对(bp);第二组2种,765～824 bp;第三组2种l变种,大于825 bp。所研究的许多种中,特别是第三组,单凭其PCR产物的长度就能区分开来。但在第一、二组就需借助限制性内切酶的分析才能予以区分。我们选用了Rsa I,Tru 9 I,和Hinf I 4种限制性内切酶,对所有扩增产物进行了限制性片段长度多型性(RFLPs)的分析。在雅致小克银汉霉(C elegans),巴西玉蕊小克银汉霉(C.bertholletiae)、和布拉氏霉(C. blakesleeana )各种的限制性酶切图谱,种内非常一致而种与种之间有差别。反之,在某些种其限制性酶切图谱不仅种间互不相同,在种内不同株之间也出现1～3种酶切图型的差异。在这种情况下,只能综合各种资料才能将它们区分开来。本研究肯定了PCR-RFLP在区分小克银汉霉种和变种上的意义,并发现种内个体的差异。这在我们后来所进行的序列分析研究中得到了进一步的证实。     

刺孢小克银汉霉氨基酰化酶拆分DL-丙氨酸的研究

选育了刺孢小克银汉霉(Cunninghamellaechinulata)9980菌株,并对其进行液体培养,比较了3种不同培养基中菌体细胞氨基酰化酶活性,考察了几种因素对菌体细胞拆分反应的影响,并对DL-丙氨酸进行了光学拆分。结果表明:蛋白胨培养基菌体细胞酶活最高,达680u/g。菌体细胞拆分反应最适温度55℃,最适pH7.0,最佳底物浓度为0.2mol·L-1,缓冲体系中的无机离子对拆分反应有抑制作用,10-3～10-4mol·L-1的Co2+对拆分反应有激活作用。用菌体细胞对DL-丙氨酸拆分反应中,D-丙氨酸得率平均达87.1%。     

凝胶电泳与共头霉分类

对于共头霉的唯一已知种总状共头霉Syncephalastrum racemosum Cohn ex Schroet.(S 1)和新发现的具单孢孢子囊的新种单孢共头霉下的三个变种,原变种S.monosporum Zheng et al. var. monosporum( S7, S8, S9),冠囊变种var. cristatum Zheng et al. (S10, S11)及多重生变种var. pluriproliferum Zheng et al.(S12) 6株菌的蛋白和酯酶进行了聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳的研究.这4个分类群的蛋白图谱和酯酶酶谱互不相同,而同一分类群内各个菌株之间则有很高的相似性.从计算出的相似性百分数来看,3个新变种相互之间有较为密切的关系,而和S. racemosum虽然较疏远,但也有相当程度的亲缘关系.这些结果被认为支持了根据形态鉴定而定这三个新变种属于同一新种内并将其和S. racemosum一并归属于一个属内.由此可见,聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳是共头霉分类的有用的辅助手段.     

双孢蘑菇上的丝枝霉新种

1980—1981年先后自北京、昆明、福州等地双孢蘑菇[Agaricus bisporus (Lange)Sing.]上分离到一种真菌,在PDA上的培养性状与蘑菇轮枝菌(Vertieillium psalliotae Tresch．)和蛛网丝枝霉中国变种[Aphanocladium aranearum(Petch) Gams var sincase J．D．Chen]近 似。镜检可见其兼具上述两种菌的形态。经反复多次纯化,并挑取单孢子培养,肯定了这种真菌是纯菌。在培养基上已保存4年,形态稳定。它具典型蘑菇轮枝菌形态,而其丝枝霉型瓶梗的形成和瘪缩时间、长度、原瓶梗数量、末端瓶梗数及排列密度等,都与蛛网丝枝霉中国变种有一定差异,与丝枝霉属其它种亦不同,故定为两型丝枝霉新种(Aphanocladium dimorphum sp-nov.)。本文详细描述了该新种的形态,井对文甲所提的五种真菌及其与Engyodontium属间的关系进行了讨论。     

Phylogenetic relationships of Ceratitis fruit flies inferred from nuclear CAD and tango/ARNT gene fragments: Testing monophyly of the subgenera Ceratitis (Ceratitis) and C. (Pterandrus)

Systematic studies of Ceratitis (Tephritidae) fruit flies using molecular (i.e., COI, ND6, and period genes) and morphological (plus host-use characters) data have recently challenged the monophyly of the subgenera Ceratitis (Ceratitis) and Ceratitis (Pterandrus). In this paper, we report on the phylogenetic utility of three single-copy nuclear gene regions (two non-overlapping fragments of the carbamoylphosphate synthetase, CPS, locus of CAD, and a fragment of tango) within these taxa and investigate evolutionary relationships based on a concatenated ca. 3.4 kb data set that includes the six protein encoding gene regions. Results indicate that the CAD and tango genes provide useful phylogenetic signal within the taxa and are compatible with the previously studied genes. The two subgenera, as currently classified, are not monophyletic. Our molecular phylogenetic analyses support a revised classification in which (1) the subgenus C. (Pterandrus) comprises two lineages called A and B, (2) the C. (Pterandrus) B species should be included in C. (Ceratitis), and (3) the newly defined subgenera C. (Pterandrus) (=Pterandrus section A) and C. (Ceratitis) [=C. (Ceratitis) + C. (Pterandrus) section B] are reciprocally monophyletic.     

The phylogenetic placement of Ostropales within Lecanoromycetes (Ascomycota) revisited

Results of molecular studies regarding the phylogenetic placement of the order Ostropales and related taxa within Lecanoromycetes were thus far inconclusive. Some analyses placed the order as sister to the rest of Lecanoromycetes, while others inferred a position nested within Lecanoromycetes. We assembled a data set of 101 species including sequences from nuLSU rDNA, mtSSU rDNA, and the nuclear protein-coding RPB1 for each species to examine the cause of incongruencies in previously published phylogenies. MP, minimum evolution, and Bayesian analyses were performed using the combined three-region data set and the single-gene data sets. The position of Ostropales nested in Lecanoromycetes is confirmed in all single-gene and concatenated analyses, and a placement as sister to the rest of Lecanoromycetes is significantly rejected using two independent methods of alternative topology testing. Acarosporales and related taxa (Acarosporaceae group) are basal in Lecanoromycetes. However, if the these basal taxa are excluded from the analyses, Ostropales appear to be sister to the rest of Lecanoromycetes, suggesting different ingroup rooting as the cause for deviating topologies in previously published phylogenies.     

Micromorphological and chemical characterisation of Stachys recta L. subsp. serpentini (Fiori) Arrigoni in comparison to Stachys recta L. subsp. recta (Lamiaceae)

Stachys recta L. is a very polymorphous species in which numerous subspecies were recognised. S. recta L. subsp. serpentini (Fiori) Arrigoni is a typical endemism growing on serpentine soils in northern Apennines and particularly in Tuscany (Italy). In order to contribute to a better knowledge of this plant and to its differentiation with respect to S. recta L. subsp. recta, the micromorphological characters (non-glandular and glandular trichomes) and the essential oil composition of the two subspecies were investigated. Micromorphological characters were studied using scanning and transmission electron microscopy, while light microscopy was used for histochemical observations. Essential oil analysis was carried out by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry.In the two examined taxa, the morphology and distribution of glandular and non-glandular trichomes, and the different essential oil composition, may be considered distinctive characters at subspecies level. This is consistent with the taxonomic classification considering S. recta subsp. serpentini a subordinate taxon of S. recta.     

Quinua and Relatives (Chenopodium sect.Chenopodium subsect.Celluloid)

Traditionally viewed as an Andean grain crop,Chenopodium quinoa Willd. includes domesticated populations that are not Andean, and Andean populations that are not domesticated. Comparative analysis of leaf morphology and allozyme frequencies have demonstrated that Andean populations, both domesticated(quinua) and free-living(ajara), represent an exceptionally homogeneous unit that is well differentiated from allied domesticates of coastal Chile(quingua) and freeliving populations of the Argentine lowlands(C. hircinum). This pattern of relationships indicates that Andean populations represent a monophyletic crop/weed system that has possibly developed through cyclic differentiation (natural vs. human selection) and introgressive hybridization. Relative levels of variation suggest that this complex originated in the southern Andes, possibly from wild types allied withC. hircinum, with subsequent dispersal north to Colombia and south to the Chilean coast. Coastal populations were apparently isolated from post-dispersal differentiation and homogenization that occurred in the Andes. Other data point toward a center of origin in the northern Andes with secondary centers of genetic diversity subsequently developing in the southern Andes and the plains of Argentina. Comparative linkage of South American taxa, all tetraploid, with North American tetraploids of the subsection will eventually clarify this problem. While the possibility of a direct phyletic connection betweenC. quinoa and the Mexican domesticate(C. berlandieri subsp. nuttalliae,) cannot be excluded, available evidence indicates that the latter represents an autonomous lineage that is associated with the basal tetraploid, C. b. subsp.berlandieri, through var.sinuatum, whereas South American taxa show possible affinities to either var. zschackei or var.berlandieri. An extinct domesticate of eastern North America,C. b. subsp.jonesianum, represents either another instance of independent domestication, possibly from subsp. b. var.zschackei, or a northeastern outlier of subsp.nuttalliae.     

Revision of some Thecaphora species (Ustilaginomycotina) on Caryophyllaceae

Specimens of Thecaphora saponariae s. lat. from several caryophyllacean host plants belonging to the genera Cerastium, Dianthus, Petrorhagia, Saponaria, Silene, and Stellaria were studied by means of both LM, SEM, and molecular phylogenetic analyses using ITS and LSU rDNA sequences. The data show that T. saponariae s. lat. is not uniform but represents several taxa. Molecular phylogenetic analyses, correlated with morphology of the sori, spore balls, and spores, permitted the recognition of five species. Two new species, Thecaphora italica and T. cerastii are described, and two new combinations, T. alsinearum and T. melandrii are proposed. The anamorph of Thecaphora saponariae is reported for the first time. A lectotype is designated for Sorosporium silenes-inflatae. Evolutionary aspects are discussed.     

中国赤车属新分类

(1)根据该文中赤车属与楼梯草属各种形态学的区别,认为赤车属较为原始,在楼梯草属之前自冷水花属衍生而出。(2)将赤车属划分为5组;将C.B.Robinson描述的Elatostemoides属降为组级群,作为赤车属中接近原始群全缘赤车组sect.Pileoides的一个组处理,此外还描述了一个与sect.Elatostemoides近缘的1新组,羽脉赤车组sect.Leiolaena,并根据叶、叶的脉序、雌花序、雌花被片和瘦果等器官的演化趋势给出显示赤车属属下诸群间亲缘关系的系统发育树。(3)对中国赤车属的属下分类群进行了修订,共承认32种1亚种7变种,给出检索表、描述及多幅插图,并将它们划分为4组、2亚组和9系,其中除sect.Leiolaena之外,还新描述了2亚组、5系、2种和3变种;在2003年被归并为同物异名的长柄赤车、曲毛赤车、波缘赤车、小赤车和富宁赤车的种级地位得到恢复。此外,还写出了中国赤车属的分类学简史和地理分布。     

金花小檗与滇小檗的名实问题

Léveillé在1911年发表了小檗科滇小檗(Berberis bodinieri Lévl.)(新拟),但在原始文献中未说明其模式标本收藏处,并且在之后的一个世纪里,世界小檗属主要分类学文献都未收载该种。2014年,作者在英国皇家爱丁堡植物园标本馆(E)找到了滇小檗模式标本。之后,通过比较滇小檗和古宗金花小檗的模式标本及其原始文献,发现在枝条具棱,叶片为匙形或倒卵状匙形,花序为总状花序或近伞形花序,果实近球形或扁球形、红色、顶端具明显宿存花柱等主要分类学特征上,滇小檗与古宗金花小檗基本一致。因此,将滇小檗归并入古宗金花小檗。