Unsaponifiable Matter Extraction From Chrysomya megacephala Oil

许多不皂化物成分作为药效成分被应用于恶性肿瘤的临床治疗中,五谷虫不皂化物的提取分离可以充分发挥这种传统中药材的功效.通过单因素实验得到不皂化物酸值较低而产率较高的最佳工艺条件是石油醚添加量为10 mL/g,碱添加过量5％,在60℃的条件下反应15 min,0.5 mol/L的KCl溶液添加量为50 mL/g.通过响应面优化后,得到最佳的不皂化物酸值和提取率分别为70.21 mg KOH/g和58.05％.     

植物乳杆菌P8产共轭亚油酸条件的优化

以植物乳杆菌P8菌株为研究对象,系统研究了发酵条件对共轭亚油酸生成的影响。分别研究了培养条件和培养基成分对共轭亚油酸产量的影响。通过单因素和正交试验表明:植物乳杆菌P8产共轭亚油酸的最佳条件为:培养时间为22 h、亚油酸(LA)添加量为0.9 mg/mL、接种量为1.5%、氮源采用2 g/L的胰蛋白胨,碳源采用3 g/L的葡萄糖。     

冠突散囊菌发酵黑毛茶提取液的研究

以冠突散囊菌菌丝干质量为考察指标,以黑毛茶提取液为原料,对冠突散囊菌液态发酵培养基成分、发酵条件进行优化,并分析发酵过程中理化成分和功能成分的动态变化,比较发酵前后芳香性成分组成。得到的最佳培养基为9 g/L的黑毛茶提取液中添加90 g/L葡萄糖、7.5 g/L NH_4Cl和5 g/L CaCl_2;最佳发酵条件为250 mL摇瓶中装液量100 mL、接种冠突散囊菌孢子数2.4×10~6个(V(装液量)∶V(孢子悬液)=20∶1)、初始pH 4.0、28℃发酵8 d。在最优条件下发酵,发酵结束后菌丝干质量增加约10倍,发酵过程中发酵液中各成分呈现动态变化,茶多酚、总蛋白和水浸出物质量浓度分别减少了36.36%、53.80%和21.95%,总黄酮类、游离氨基酸和茶褐素质量浓度分别增加了14.40%、76.75%和5.08%,茶黄素、茶红素发酵前后含量都较低,芳香性成分增加了12种,多为酯类和醇类。     

武威天梯山人参果果酒发酵工艺研究

以人参果为原料,研究酿制人参果果酒的最佳发酵工艺条件。通过单因素实验得到酿造人参果果酒最佳因素水平为:可溶性固形物含量20%,pH 4.0,温度23℃,SO2添加量80 mg/L,CaCl2添加量0.4 g/L。再运用主成分分析法对影响人参果果酒发酵的7个主要因素进行降维处理,并以人参果果酒酒精度作为主要评价指标,获得与人参果发酵关系最为密切的三个因素分别为:发酵温度、发酵时间、糖添加量。     

黄色隐球酵母生产辅酶Q10发酵条件的优化

从黄色隐球酵母L3302提取辅酶Q10,经过氮源、碳源、初始pH、发酵温度等的研究分析,得到最佳的发酵条件。通过最优化实验确定培养基:蔗糖和葡萄糖各1.25g/L;酵母膏和玉米浆各0.3g/L;pH值6.5,温度28℃,接种量5%,装液量为50mL/500mL;生长因子以蛋白水解液为优。按此发酵条件上罐发酵,得到菌体生长量为12.8g/L发酵液,辅酶Q10的产量为1.82mg/100mL发酵液。     

沼泽红假单胞菌富硒发酵条件的研究

通过对沼泽红假单胞菌富硒发酵条件的研究,确定最优的富硒培养方式。采用单一因素变量法,利用微波消解与紫外分光光度法测定沼泽红假单胞菌在不同发酵条件下的生物量变化与富硒效果,确定其最佳培养方式。结果表明,最佳富硒培养条件为:培养温度30℃,环境硒浓度100μg/mL,培养基初始pH为7,硒添加方式应为梯度分次添加,添加时间应为培养周期的第3天、第4天。利用得到的富硒菌种,在最优条件下培养7 d后,测得环境硒浓度下降为10.9μg/mL,硒的转化率为89.1%,菌体富硒量可达到73.54 mg/g(干菌种),其中有机硒含量为97.1%。利用沼泽红假单胞菌生产有机硒具有可行性,富硒菌体可以作为动物饲料添加剂,也可以为人类提供富含有机硒的食品。在以后的实验中,将进一步进行验证和工业化应用。     

茯苓菌种液体深层发酵条件优化

采用茯苓9号茵株,通过单因素实验和正交优化实验对其液体发酵条件进行优化。结果表明,液体发酵最佳培养基为:葡萄糖30 g,酵母浸膏4 g,蛋白胨5 g,KH_2PO_41 g,MgSO_40.5 g,维生素B_1 7.5 mg,水1 L。在常温、150 r/min时,菌种最佳液体发酵条件为:培养基初始pH为5.5、培养天数为8 d、装瓶量为70 mL/250 mL锥形瓶、接种量为7%时,可得到较好茵丝增重量,最大茵丝干重可达5.004 g/L。     

毛头鬼伞富铬深层发酵条件的优化

在筛选出最佳发酵培养基的基础上,对毛头鬼伞富铬深层发酵培养条件进行了优化。以有机铬产量为主要指标,筛选出的最佳发酵培养条件为:CrCl3·6H2O的添加量为200mg/L,培养基初始为自然pH,接种量为8%~10%,装液量为80mL/250mL三角瓶,转速100r/min,26℃恒温培养5d,有机铬的产量达1597·88μg/100mL发酵液,铬富集率达9·09%。     

蓖麻油不皂化物雌激素效应及其抗生育活性相关性研究

为了探讨蓖麻油不皂化物是否具有激素效应,以及蓖麻油不皂化物与蓖麻油的抗生育活性的关联性,分别用剂量为100 mg/kg·d、 200 mg/kg·d、 500 mg/kg·d的蓖麻油不皂化物灌胃小鼠来检测其抗生育活性,并通过幼鼠子宫实验和E-SCREEN实验来检测蓖麻油不皂化物是否具有雌激素效应.结果 表明:蓖麻油不皂化物对成年小鼠具有明显的抗生育效果.在未成熟小鼠子宫实验中,当灌胃剂量为500 mg/kg·d时,表现出明显的雌激素效应;但是E-SCREEN实验结果中,蓖麻油不皂化物却未表现出雌激素效应.结论 :虽然在E-SCREEN实验中蓖麻油不皂化物不表现出雌激素效应,但是在动物个体实验中,其表现出的雌激素样作用同其抗生育作用具有一定的联系性.     

沙棘油可挥发成分及其不皂化物成分的研究

本研究采用 JMS-D300气质联用仪和日立163气相色谱仪分别对沙棘油及其皂化物中可挥发性成分进行定性和定量测定。从沙棘油挥发物中共确定28种化合物,主成分为3-甲基丁酸甲基丁酯,3-甲基丁酸丙酯,开已酸乙酯和辛酸乙酯等。沙棘油不皂化物的成分主要是脂肪酸酯类,维生素E和甾醇类化合物,其中主成分为十八碳烯酸甲酯,α-维生素E和β-谷甾醇,其总和占总不皂化物的一半以上。VE及甾醇在本实验条件下的GC分离效果较佳,将为进一步研究其GC定量法提供有价值的参考。     

Lipids of Algae

A fresh cake of Scenedesmus. cells was extracted with hot acetone, and the extracts were saponified. The yield of the unsaponifiable matter was 4.5% of the dry matter. Hydrocarbons and alcohols were extracted with petroleum ether from this unsaponifiable matter. The petroleum ether extracts were fractionated by the vacuum distillation. Each of the fractions was further separated by column chromatography or/and by the solubility difference of the urea adducts. Phytol was the major component of the unsaponifiable matter. Small amounts of n-hexadecane, n-hexacosene and n-eicosanol were isolated. On the other hand, the residue of the petroleum ether extraction was extracted with ether to separate sterols, of which the major component was found to be chondrillasterol.     

Determination of hydroxy metabolites of polychlorinated biphenyls in plasma and tissue by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry

This study examines a novel sample preparation method for the determination of 11 hydroxy metabolites of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in plasma and organ tissues, followed by gas chromatography with mass spectrometric detection (GC/MS). The clean-up method was optimized to eliminate the interference matter by using a silica column and 10 mL of n-hexane/dichloromethane (4:6, v/v) as an eluent. Solid-phase and solvent extraction procedures were used for the plasma and tissues samples, respectively. Compared to C(18) and C(8) solid-phase, C(2) showed higher extraction efficiency with n-hexane as the eluent for plasma. The hydroxy-PCB extraction recoveries achieved with this combined extraction and clean-up procedure from plasma ranged from 87 to 117%, while those from tissues ranged from 82 to 111%. The linear detector responses for propyl derivatives of hydroxy-PCBs were obtained with the coefficients of determination varying from 0.992 to 0.998 in the concentration range of 0.1-20 ng mL(-1). The method detection limits ranged from 0.1 to 0.5 ng mL(-1) in 1 mL of plasma and from 0.1 to 0.5 ng g(-1) in 1g of tissues. This procedure was successfully applied to the study of 3-OH-2,3',4,4',5-PeCB in rat plasma and liver samples after intraperitoneal injection (20 mg/kg) of 2,3',4,4',5-PeCB.     

双水相系统纯化山楂叶中黄酮类物质的研究

应用水、乙醇和硫酸铵三者形成双水相系统,并利用黄酮在乙醇中的溶解度要大于水中的溶解度,以脱除其中一些易溶于水和在高浓度乙醇中溶解度低的物质。尝试了不同盐、不同体积比的乙醇和水、以及盐加入量对分相的影响并测定了其在不同情况下的纯化效果。发现在硫酸铵中的分相情况最好,在加入量到2．5g时既可以达到分相完全。并测定：（1）在5mL乙醇＋5mL水＋5g硫酸铵＋0．15g粗体物（粗体物中黄酮的百分含量为25％）的双水相中,黄酮类物质的回收率为89．2％,而黄酮百分含量提升为47．6％;（2）在4mL乙醇＋5mL水＋5g硫酸铵＋0．15g粗体物（粗体物中黄酮的百分含量为25％）的双水相中,黄酮类物质的回收率为81．9％,而黄酮含量提升为50．9％。水、乙醇和硫酸铵三者形成双水相系统应用于山楂叶中黄酮类物质的纯化在文献中少有报道,而本文应用此法可以将黄酮含量从25％提升到将近47．6％,并且回收率为89％。     

Effect of alkali treatment time and extraction time on agar from <Emphasis Type="Italic">Gracilaria vermiculophylla</Emphasis>

The effects of alkali treatment time and extraction time of native agar and alkali treated agar obtained from Gracilaria vermiculophylla were studied. The response characteristics were mainly agar yield and gel strength. Alkali treatment was carried out at 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, and 3.0 h. Agar yield and gel strength decreased with the increase in the time of the alkali treatment. The highest yield (15.3%) and highest gel strength (1,064 g cm⁻²) were obtained at 0.5 h, and therefore this time was used for the next experiment. The extraction of both native and alkali treated agars was carried out at 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, and 3.0 h. The best extraction time for alkali treated agar was 1.5 h, and for native agar 2.5 h. The alkali treated agar obtained with the different alkali treatment and extraction times showed higher melting (92.4–99.7°C) and gelling (35.7–39.6°C) temperatures. Native agar was lower in melting (60.2–64.1°C) and gelling (20.4–23.4°C) temperatures. The 3,6-anhydrogalactose content decreased with increasing alkali treatment time, with the opposite effect during the extraction of native and alkali treated agars.     

响应面法优化低温豆粕大豆分离蛋白提取工艺

采用响应面分析法(RSM)对低温豆粕大豆分离蛋白(soybean protein isolated,SPI)的碱提工艺进行优化。在单因素实验的基础上,选取了影响SPI提取率的4个关键因素(pH、温度、时间和液料比)进行四因素五水平的中心组合旋转实验设计(CCRD)。通过RSM建立了响应值(SPI提取率)与各影响因素之间的回归方程,并获得了SPI的最优提取条件:pH 8.5,提取温度55℃,提取时间42.8 min,料水比1∶9.7(g/mL),此条件下SPI提取率预测值为37.12%,与实验值(36.69%)的误差为1.16%。将一次碱提后残渣进行二次碱提,二次提取率为10.16%。2次碱提上清液等电点沉淀的蛋白沉淀率分别为84.03%和85.84%。     

Hydrogel-Forming Microneedle Arrays Allow Detection of Drugs and Glucose In Vivo: Potential for Use in Diagnosis and Therapeutic Drug Monitoring

We describe, for the first time the use of hydrogel-forming microneedle (MN) arrays for minimally-invasive extraction and quantification of drug substances and glucose from skin in vitro and in vivo. MN prepared from aqueous blends of hydrolysed poly(methyl-vinylether-co-maleic anhydride) (11.1% w/w) and poly(ethyleneglycol) 10,000 daltons (5.6% w/w) and crosslinked by esterification swelled upon skin insertion by uptake of fluid. Post-removal, theophylline and caffeine were extracted from MN and determined using HPLC, with glucose quantified using a proprietary kit. In vitro studies using excised neonatal porcine skin bathed on the underside by physiologically-relevant analyte concentrations showed rapid (5 min) analyte uptake. For example, mean concentrations of 0.16 μg/mL and 0.85 μg/mL, respectively, were detected for the lowest (5 μg/mL) and highest (35 μg/mL) Franz cell concentrations of theophylline after 5 min insertion. A mean concentration of 0.10 μg/mL was obtained by extraction of MN inserted for 5 min into skin bathed with 5 μg/mL caffeine, while the mean concentration obtained by extraction of MN inserted into skin bathed with 15 μg/mL caffeine was 0.33 μg/mL. The mean detected glucose concentration after 5 min insertion into skin bathed with 4 mmol/L was 19.46 nmol/L. The highest theophylline concentration detected following extraction from a hydrogel-forming MN inserted for 1 h into the skin of a rat dosed orally with 10 mg/kg was of 0.363 μg/mL, whilst a maximum concentration of 0.063 μg/mL was detected following extraction from a MN inserted for 1 h into the skin of a rat dosed with 5 mg/kg theophylline. In human volunteers, the highest mean concentration of caffeine detected using MN was 91.31 μg/mL over the period from 1 to 2 h post-consumption of 100 mg Proplus^® tablets. The highest mean blood glucose level was 7.89 nmol/L detected 1 h following ingestion of 75 g of glucose, while the highest mean glucose concentration extracted from MN was 4.29 nmol/L, detected after 3 hours skin insertion in human volunteers. Whilst not directly correlated, concentrations extracted from MN were clearly indicative of trends in blood in both rats and human volunteers. This work strongly illustrates the potential of hydrogel-forming MN in minimally-invasive patient monitoring and diagnosis. Further studies are now ongoing to reduce clinical insertion times and develop mathematical algorithms enabling determination of blood levels directly from MN measurements.     

Identification of Brassinosteroid-like Active Substances in Plant-cell Cultures

The effects of the flower lipid-saccharide complex and unsaponifiable matter (1g/kg of diet) from the sunflower on liver lipid metabolism and intestinal flora was studied in rats given cholesterol-enriched diets. After six weeks of feeding, the microsomal cholesterol concentration in the liver had been significantly reduced with the sunflower diet. The ratio of cholesterol/phospholipid was also reduced by the sunflower diet. The 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase activity of the sunflower groups was significantly lower than that of the control group. There was no significant difference in the cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase activity, although this tended to increase with dietary sunflower consumption. The number of Bacillus in the cecum flora was significantly higher in the lipid-saccharide complex group than in the other groups, while Bifidobacterium and Eubacterium in the cecum flora was significantly higher in the unsaponifiable matter group when compared to the control group. These results suggest that the lipidsaccharide complex and unsaponifiable matter in the sunflower are related to liver cholesterol synthesis and intestinal flora.     

An improved method for the determination of alpha-tocopherol in sheep liver

A method is described for the analysis of α-tocopherol in sheep liver, employing a direct attack on the tissue with alcoholic alkali in the presence of pyrogallol and hydroquinone. The alkali treatment is rapid and avoids drying, grinding, and solvent extraction. Combined with two-dimensional paper chromatography, it eliminates time-consuming freezing and column chromatographic techniques. Mean ± SE recoveries of α-tocopherol alone, or mixed with liver tissue, were 97.1 ± 0.05% and 87.1 ± 4.1%, respectively. The mean ± SE levels of α-tocopherol in the liver of sheep fed dry rations were 1.0 ± 0.1 μg/g, and in that of sheep fed green pasture, 18.5 ± 1.4 μg/g.     

Effect of time of storage and method of drying on the digestibility in vitro of alkali-treated barley straw

Samples of barley straw, chopped to 5 cm nominal particle length, were treated with 7.5 g NaOH in 120 ml solution per 100 g dry matter (DM) and either dried immediately after treatment or stored at ?15°C for 24 days prior to drying. The samples were either dried at 100°C in a forced-draught oven, or were freeze-dried. For the samples dried immediately after treatment, incubation in vitro commenced 40 h after treatment. Digestibility in vitro was higher for oven-dried than for freeze-dried samples, particularly when the samples were incubated 40 h after treatment with alkali. Digestibility was also higher for samples which were stored prior to being dried than for those dried directly after treatment with alkali. This suggests that the reaction of alkali with straw continued during the storage of undried material at ?15°C.     

九香虫多糖提取条件筛选及其对人乳腺癌HCC1937细胞的抑制作用

【目的】推进中药九香虫Aspongopus chinensis开发与利用,探究九香虫多糖对人乳腺癌HCC1937细胞的作用效果。【方法】采用单因素实验和正交试验探究水提醇沉法提取九香虫多糖的最优条件,基于九香虫多糖提取率来确定最佳液料比、提取温度、提取时间和提取次数;CCK-8法检测0, 2, 4, 6, 8和10 mg/mL九香虫多糖作用后24和48 h时对人乳腺癌HCC1937细胞增殖的影响;0, 4和8 mg/mL九香虫多糖处理HCC1937细胞,0, 24和48 h时倒置显微镜下观察HCC1937细胞形态并于24和48 h时利用Hoechst 33258染色检测HCC1937细胞凋亡,24 h时利用流式细胞术检测HCC1937细胞的细胞周期并利用Western blot检测凋亡相关蛋白的表达。【结果】正交试验结果表明,九香虫多糖的最佳提取条件为：液料比40 mL/g、提取温度90℃、提取时间3 h和提取次数3次,在上述条件下九香虫多糖提取率最高,为5.067%±0.071%。4, 6, 8和10 mg/mL九香虫多糖能够显著抑制HCC1937细胞增殖;8 mg/mL九香虫多糖阻...