我国首次发现暗孢节菱孢所致皮肤真菌病——一株新的条件致病性真菌

本文报告暗孢节菱孢(又名球形阜孢霉)所致皮肤真菌病。此菌是我国首次发现的条件致病真菌。患者头部发生多处皮下结节及萎缩性秃发。皮损活检可见毛囊和皮脂腺严重破坏。肉芽肿内有褐色孢子和分隔菌丝,尤以皮下脂肪浸润明显。多次从皮损外皮屑内检出圆形的厚壁孢子。在沙氏琼脂培养基上,37℃培养生长良好。菌落初呈淡黄色,渐变为橙色。小培养镜检时(放大400倍),可见菌丝分枝有隔(1—2μm)。单细胞性小分生孢子呈球形,晶体形等,光滑发亮呈褐色。有的孢子中央有一黑色纵条带。扫描电镜下发现球形或卵形分生孢子,将暗孢节菱孢制成的菌液接种于实验动物皮肤,2周后出现斑块、小结节、小脓肿和脱毛等症状,与患者临床症状相同。对照组动物正常。动物皮损活检所见病理损害与患者皮损病理损害相同,证实了此菌的致病性。     

我国首次发现的暗纹节菱孢所致皮肤真菌病的毒理实验及病理分析

从患者皮损处皮屑及活检组织中分离出的暗纹节菱孢Arthriniumphaeospermum（Corda）Ellis菌株制成混悬菌液,用兔、豚鼠及小鼠（LACA）进行动物毒理实验。表皮直接涂抹法接种,四周后未见皮肤损害;划破表皮涂沫法及皮下注射法接种,两周后实验动物的皮肤都出现浸润性斑块、小给节、皮下脓肿及脱毛的症状,对照组动物正常。再用腹腔注射法接种,小鼠两周后死亡,病解所见,腹膜、肠系膜、腹壁及肝等处,均出现散在的灰白色小脓肿;心、肺、肝、脾及肾均有病变。豚鼠两周后仍存活,当即处死解剖所见与小鼠病解改变相同。对实验动物皮损、腹膜、肠系膜、胃及肝等处的小脓肿组织进行了病理检查,结果发现皮损及器官组织均有明显的病理浸润,由多种细胞构成的浸润性肉芽肿。在病理浸润内可见大小不等的球形、卵圆形、棱形及晶体形的棕色、红色孢子．其病理改变与患者皮损病理改变相一致,其不同点是实验动物有小脓肿,肉芽肿内可见多核巨噬细胞,而在病人皮损中很少见到。     

中国的捕食线虫真菌V．节丛孢属

本文报道了分离自我国部分省区的捕食根结线虫(Meloidogyne spp)、蘑菇堆肥线虫(Aphelenchoides composticla)、小杆线虫(Rhabditis sp.)和秀丽隐杆线虫(Caenorhabditiselegans)的节丛孢属菌18个种,其中2个新种,7个我国新记录种。新种是贵州节丛孢Arthrobotrys guizhouensis K. Q. Zhang sp. Nov.和秀丽节丛孢 A. venusta K. Q. Zhangsp．Nov.。此外,文中还列出了节丛孢属18个种的检索表。     

两种捕食线虫丝孢菌形态多样性研究

多头节丛孢[Arthrobotrys polycephala(Drechsler)Rifai]和附胞隔指孢[Dactylella haptospora(Drechsler)Zhang et al.)是两种极不常见的捕食线虫丝孢菌,A.polycephala为国内新纪录种。通过对这两种菌的形态观察发现:A.polycephala的大、小分生孢子均可萌发,后代同母体,小分生孢子一般为单端萌发,大分生孢子为两端萌发,并且小分生孢子可以继续发育形成大分生孢子。这两种菌均形成类似厚垣孢子的结构。     

中国泡状微孢衣及相关种类的初步研究

采用传统分类学及分子生物学技术,鉴定并报道了采自中国甘肃、新疆、西藏的微孢衣属中国新记录种——泡状微孢衣(Acarospora bullata Anzi),并对该属部分种类[节微孢衣(A. nodulosa (Dufour) Hue)、垫微孢衣(A. pulvinata H. Magn.)]进行了分类及系统发育学研究,提供了这3个物种的详细描述、形态结构图以及ITS序列。本研究可为《中国地衣志——微孢衣科》的编写提供科学数据。     

节镰孢的新变种和新记录

本文报道了节镰孢(Fusarium merismoides Corda)的四个变种,其中有两个新变种和两个新记录:节镰孢原变种(F.merismoides Corda var.merismoides),宽孢变种(var.crassum Wr.);两个新变种:木菠萝变种(var.artocarpi Fu et Chen,),桃生变种(var.persicicola Chert et Fu,)。对新变种作了汉文及拉丁文描述,并附有形态图及变种的检索表。     

中国砖格孢子丝孢菌研究Ⅲ.囊梗孢属

本文报道囊梗孢属一新种和一中国新记录种.新种为直立囊梗孢Oncopodiumerectum G.Z.Zhao&T.Y.Zhang,其典型特征是分生孢子宽倒棒状或梨形,砖格状,几乎总是三个横膈膜.中国新记录种为李囊梗孢Oncopodiumpruni M.B.Ellis.对这两个种进行英文描述,并附图,新种具拉丁文描述.研究标本保存在山东农业大学植物病理学标本室(HSAUP).     

中国的捕食线虫真菌——Ⅴ.节丛孢属

本文报道了分离自我国部分省区的捕食根结线虫(Meloidogyne spp.)、蘑菇堆肥线虫(Aphelenchoides composticla)、小杆线虫(Rhabditis sp.)和秀丽隐杆线虫(Caenorhabditis elegans)的节丛孢属菌18个种,其中2个新种,7个我国新记录种。新种是贵州节丛孢Arthrobotrys guizhouensis K.Q.Zhang sp.nov.和秀丽节丛孢A.venusta K.Q.Zhang sp.DOV.。此外,文中还列出了节丛孢属18个种的检索表。     

中国砖格孢子丝孢菌研究III. 囊梗孢属

本文报道囊梗孢属一新种和一中国新记录种。新种为直立囊梗孢Oncopodium erectum G. Z. Zhao & T. Y. Zhang, 其典型特征是分生孢子宽倒棒状或梨形,砖格状, 几乎总是三个横膈膜。中国新记录种为李囊梗孢Oncopodium pruni M. B. Ellis。对这两个种进行英文描述,并附图,新种具拉丁文描述。研究标本保存在山东农业大学植物病理学标本室(HSAUP)。     

小单孢菌属的一个新种

从云南省丽江地区的高寒山区采集的土样中分离到两株小单孢菌Y81—917和Y81一558。它们不产生气生菌丝体。基内菌丝体蓝色。产生蓝色可扩散色素。孢子单个着生,表面皱褶。细胞壁化学组分II型。它们与所有已知的小单孢菌都不同,认为是小单孢菌属中的一个新种,定名为玉龙小单孢菌(Micromonospora yulongensis n. sp.),菌株Y81-917为模式株。     

Effect of ultraviolet light irradiation and nitrosoguanidine on viability of 46 strains of Arthrinium and their antibiotic production.

The ability of strains of the Arthrinium genus to inhibit microbial development has been previously described. In the present work different periods of mutagenic treatment using ultraviolet light, and of nitrosoguanidine treatment, on strains of Arthrinium were investigated. With nitrosoguanidine treatment the survival rate ranged from 2.17 to 8.78%. Mutant strains were only obtained with a higher antibiotic production in comparison with the wild-strain, when the mutagenic agent was UV light.     

Variation among strains of Xanthomonas campestris pv. vasculorum from Mauritius and other countries based on fatty acid analysis

Fatty acid profiling was used to study variation amongst strains of Xanthomonas campestris pv. vasculorum (Xcv). They could be divided into five groups using cellular fatty acid profiles. Group A strains represent a new and little known taxon and all came from plants of broom bamboo (Thysanolaena maxima) from Mauritius. Group B strains included the Xcv pathotype reference strain and were from palms, broom bamboo and sugarcane from Mauritius, Reunion and Australia. Group C contained southern African and Malagasy strains from sugarcane and maize, together with X. campestris pv. holcicola strain. No Mascarene strains fell into this group. Group D strains isolated from sugarcane, maize and royal palm (Roystonea regia) were from Mauritius and Reunion, the earliest known strains coming from Réunion. These groups represented in the Mascarene Islands possibly belong to three different Xanthomonas species. A further Group E comprised one Xcv strain (NCPPB 182) from Puerto Rico, one X. vasicola pv. holcicola strain plus 6 other unclassified Xanthomonas strains causing red stripe disease symptoms in sugarcane. Three of these groups occur on Mauritius and two occur on Réunion. Group B strains originally caused serious problems in noble canes. As resistant interspecific hybrids were introduced, group D strains appeared in Mauritius possibly being introduced from Reunion but having similar host ranges within the Gramineae and Palmae. The findings that 3 of these groups (A, B, D) can cause gumming disease in a grass species (T. maxima) and that 2 of them (B, D) also cause gumming disease in sugar cane (Gramineae) and palms (Palmae) is unusual.     

Effect of the raw extracts of Arthrinium strains (Hyphomycetes, Dematiaceae) on the growth of some deleterious fungi in poultry feed

In previous work the authors have shown that some species of the Arthrinium genus are characterized by being able to produce secondary metabolites with antibiotic activity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of raw extracts of the growth of three different Arthrinium strains against Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus nidulans, Fusarium moniliforme and Penicillium purpurogenum when they were present in poultry feed. The results showed that the extracts reduced the growth of Aspergillus flavus and Fusarium moniliforme but could not inhibit the development of Aspergillus nidulans. Only the raw extract of A. aureum inhibited the growth of Penicillium purpurogenum.     

Effect of the raw extract of Arthrinium strains (Hyphomycetes, Dematiaceae) on the growth of pathogenic bacteria in poultry feed

Poultry feed contains a significant reservoir of bacteria and is a possible source of Salmonella typhimurium, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, which can potentially infect farm animals and humans. The objective of this study was to determine whether the extract obtained from the culture of some Arthrinium species was able to inhibit the growth of these bacteria. The results obtained showed that the raw extracts of Arthrinium aureum, Arthrinium serenensis and Arthrinium phaeospermum inhibited the growth of Escherichia coli in poultry feed. In some cases the percentage inhibition of the growth of Escherichia coli was > 80%. With the raw extract of Arthrinium in poultry feed, the rate of growth of S. typhimurium fell to between 50% and 80%. The raw extract of A. serenensis had the lowest inhibitory activity. S. aureus counts were not affected by any Arthrinium raw extracts.     

Antifungal activity of chitinases produced by some fluorescent pseudomonads against Colletotrichum falcatum Went causing red rot disease in sugarcane

Chitinase production and growth of certain fluorescent pseudomonads isolated from sugarcane rhizosphere on different subtrates were studied. When chitin was substituted for glycerol in King's B medium, 3 of the 4 strains showed enhanced bacterial multiplication. Bacterial cells grown on chitin-containing medium showed enhanced antifungal activity against Colletotrichum falcatum Went causing red rot disease in sugarcane. Chitinase production was significantly higher when chitin was amended to King's B medium. Higher chitinase production was also recorded when fluorescent pseudomonad strains were grown in the medium containing crab-shell chitin. Cell-free bacterial culture filtrate from chitin-containing medium significantly inhibited mycelial growth of the pathogen. These cell-free conditioned media contained 3 to 7 polypeptides. Western blot analysis revealed five isoforms of chitinase with molecular masses of 47, 36, 32, 20 and 18.5 kDa. A possible role of chitinases in red rot disease management is discussed.     

Sugarcane mosaic virus in plantlets regenerated from diseased leaf tissue

Plantlets produced from sugarcane leaf tissue were examined to determine the effect of propagation on the frequency of occurrence of sugarcane mosaic virus (SCMV).Explants from immature leaf tissues of the sugarcane variety CP 72-356 (Saccharum interspecific hybrid), healthy or SCMV-infected, were cultured on Murashige-Skoog medium to which a combination of cytokinin and auxin had been added. Plantlets developed on healthy and infected leaf tissue within 6 weeks. The juice from plantlets was assayed for SCMV on Rio sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench, var. Rio) seedlings and on sugarcane varieties CP 31-294 and CO 31-588 for SCMV-strain identification. Results indicated that SCMV strain H was transmitted from the donor tissue to the regenerated plantlets. Observation on plantlets reared in the greenhouse showed that 23% had symptoms of SCMV. In a second replicated experiment, the leaf tissue from plants of POJ 234 free of mosaic or infected with SCMV strain A, B, D, H, or I was cultured. Each of the five strains was transmitted from donor to plantlet as indicated by assays on sorghum and sugarcane varieties. From 11 to 88% of the plantlets had mosaic symptoms, depending on the strain infecting the donor plant. In this experiment, SCMV-strain M was transmitted from an unidentified donor variety to 23% of the regenerated plantlets.Portions of this paper have been presented to the American Society of Sugar Cane Technologists, at the meeting in Clearwater, Florida in June, 1984.     

黄曲霉群菌种产生黄曲霉毒素B_1的调查研究

本文对来自我国20个省、市、自治区的不同基物上分离的和中国科学院微生物研究所菌种保藏室以及其他单位提供的黄曲霉群菌种,经随机选取82株进行了黄曲霉毒素B_1的测定,证明在测试的9个已知分类群中产生黄曲霉毒素B_1的菌种只限于寄生曲霉和黄曲霉,另外4株种名未定者也能产生此种毒素。在黄曲霉中产毒菌株约占30％(28.3％),其在GAN(葡萄糖硝酸铵)和大米培养基中的黄曲霉毒素B_1的最高产量分别为133,333.3和160,000.0ppb。总的来说,大体上可以反映在我国一般基物上黄曲霉产毒菌株存在的现状。在实验过程中,还对黄曲霉群菌种在GAN和大米培养基中黄曲霉毒素B_1的产量和产毒菌株数作了比较。发现在大米培养基中黄曲霉毒素B_1的产量高于GAN,而且测试的黄曲霉产毒菌株在这两种培养基中均各有不能产毒的菌株,因此,在测定产毒菌株时,若仅采用其中一种产毒培养基,往往会有漏掉产毒菌株的可能性。     

黄曲霉群菌种产生黄曲霉毒素B1的调查研究

本文对来自我国20个省、市、自治区的不同基物上分离的和中国科学院微生物研究所菌种保藏室以及其他单位提供的黄曲霉群菌种,经随机选取82株进行了黄曲霉毒素B_1的测定,证明在测试的9个已知分类群中产生黄曲霉毒素B_1的菌种只限于寄生曲霉和黄曲霉,另外4株种名未定者也能产生此种毒素。在黄曲霉中产毒菌株约占30％(28.3％),其在GAN(葡萄糖硝酸铵)和大米培养基中的黄曲霉毒素B_1的最高产量分别为133,333.3和160,000.0ppb。总的来说,大体上可以反映在我国一般基物上黄曲霉产毒菌株存在的现状。在实验过程中,还对黄曲霉群菌种在GAN和大米培养基中黄曲霉毒素B_1的产量和产毒菌株数作了比较。发现在大米培养基中黄曲霉毒素B_1的产量高于GAN,而且测试的黄曲霉产毒菌株在这两种培养基中均各有不能产毒的菌株,因此,在测定产毒菌株时,若仅采用其中一种产毒培养基,往往会有漏掉产毒菌株的可能性。     

An H-2 linked difference in the binding of dexamethasone to murine hepatic cytosol receptor a possible role of endogenous modifier(s)

The binding of dexamethasone to its receptor in hepatic cytosol preparations from pregnant mice of four congenic and recombinant strains, C57BL/10, B10.A, B10.A(2R) and B10.A(5R), which have almost identical genetic backgrounds other than the H-2 complex, on day 12 of gestation was analyzed by plotting the binding of ligand against cytosol concentration. The plots of C57BL/10 and B10.A(5R) mice were straight lines, but those of the strains B10.A and B10.A(2R) were upward concave curves. The curvature probably did not result from denaturation of the receptor, as indicated by the time course of the dexamethasone binding and by the fact that at a lower concentration of the ligand, at which the receptor would be less stable, there was less curvature than at a higher concentration of the ligand. The curvature can be explained by the presence of endogenous modifier(s) using an analogy from enzymology. Mathematical analysis, partial removal of the modifier(s) by gel filtration, and mixing of the cytosols from the two types of strains indicated the presence of an unsaturated amount of a modifier(s) in the cytosol of the B10.A and B10.A(2R) strains, and the presence of a saturated amount in the cytosol of the c57BL/10 and B10.A(5R) strains. Thus, the H-2 complex contains a gene(s) which regulates the level of a modifier(s) in hepatic cytosol which affects the binding of glucocorticoid to its hepatic cytosolic receptor.     

Production of 3-nitropropionic acid byArthrinium species

3-Nitropropionic acid (NPA) is a known toxic metabolite produced by many species ofAstragalus of the Leguminosae family. In 1992, Liu et al. reported that some species ofArthrinium were the etiological fungi of moldy sugarcane poisoning (MSP) occurring in China. The toxic metabolite NPA produced byArthrinium was the main causative agent. Ten percent (88/884) of the MSP patients died, and many were left with lifelong disabilities. In this study, an accurate, sensitive, and rapid method for quantifying NPA produced byArthrinium species in sugarcane juice was developed. The method includes extraction, thin-layer chromatography (TLC), and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Fourteen strains ofArthrinium obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) were examined for NPA-producing ability. Eight strains (57.1%), including three ofA. sacchari, two ofA. phaeospermum, and one each ofA. terminalis, A. aureum, andA. sereaensis, were positive for NPA production. The highest level of NPA produced byA. sacchari ATCC 76981 was 1.7 mg/ml when cultured at 24°C for 2 weeks. The optimum temperature for the production of NPA toxin was 24°C. The optimum pH was around pH 5.0. NPA production was higher in stationary cultures than in those shaken at 120 rpm.