红棕象甲室内生物学特性及形态观察

在室内对红棕象甲Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Fab.生物学特性和形态进行系统观察。结果表明在26℃、RH80%、寄主食料华盛顿棕榈饲养条件下,红棕象甲世代历期平均114.77d,最短87.00d、最长166.00d,其中卵期平均3.50d,幼虫期平均36.68d,结茧到产卵前历期平均29.96d。幼虫以8龄为主,1~2龄幼虫的体重小于0.01g,头壳宽短于1.0mm,3龄后幼虫体重、头壳宽度、体长和体宽开始增加,8龄时幼虫平均体重为3.36g,头壳宽度6.0mm。成虫雌雄性比1.78∶1,补充营养能显著延长成虫寿命,在无补充营养时,雌雄成虫寿命只有7.00d左右,而在补充营养后,雌雄成虫寿命最长可分别达130.00d和244.00d。雌虫产卵量最大376粒,最小89粒,平均216粒。     

First Record of Bourgelatia diducta (Nematoda: Chabertiidae) from Wild Boars in the Republic of Korea

This study describes the first record of Bourgelatia diducta (Nematoda: Chabertiidae) from wild boars in the Republic of Korea (=South Korea). Gastrointestinal tracts of 87 Korean wild boars (Sus scrofa coreanus) hunted in mountains in the south-western part of South Korea between 2009 and 2012 were examined for their visceral helminths. B. diducta, as identified by morphological characteristics of the head and tail, were recovered from the large intestine of 47 (54%) wild boars. The average length of adult female worms was 11.3±0.87 mm and the thickest part of the body measured 0.54±0.04 mm in maximum width, while those of males were 9.8±0.72 and 0.45±0.03 mm, respectively. The characteristic J-shaped type II ovejector was observed in females, and the type II dorsal ray with 2 rami on each side of the median fissure was uniquely seen in males. The buccal capsule was small, relatively thin-walled, cylindrical, very short, and ring-shaped. The externodorsal ray arose from a common stem with the dorsal ray. The cervical groove was absent. The anterior extremity was equipped with 20-22 external corona radiata, 4 cephalic papillae and 2 lateral amphids around the mouth. The eggs were 66.0×38.9 µm in average size. By the present study, B. diducta (Nematoda: Chabertiidae) is recorded for the first time in South Korea. Additionally, morphological characteristics and identification keys provided in the present study will be helpful in the faunistic or taxonomic studies for strongylid nematodes related.     

Identification and Prevalence of Globocephalus samoensis (Nematoda: Ancylostomatidae) among Wild Boars (Sus scrofa coreanus) from Southwestern Regions of Korea

This study describes the first record of Globocephalus samoensis (Nematoda: Ancylostomatidae) recovered in wild boars from southwestern regions of Korea. Gastrointestinal tracts of 111 Korean wild boars (Sus scrofa coreanus) hunted from mountains in Suncheon-si, Gwangyang-si, and Boseong-gun between 2009 and 2012 were examined for their visceral helminths. G. samoensis, as identified by morphological characteristics of the head and tail, were recovered from the small intestine of 51 (45.9%) wild boars. Worms were found from 7 of 28 wild boars (25.0%) from Suncheon-si, 40 of 79 (50.6%) from Gwangyang-si, and all 4 (100%) from Boseong-gun. The length of adult females was 7.2±0.5 mm, and the thickest part of the body measured the average 0.47±0.03 mm, while those of males were 6.52±0.19 and 0.37±0.02 mm, respectively. The buccal cavity was equipped with a pair of large and bicuspid subventral lancets near the base of the capsule. The average length of spicules of males was 0.45±0.02 mm. By the present study, G. samoensis is recorded for the first time in southwestern regions of Korea. Additionally, morphological characteristics and identification keys provided in the present study will be helpful in the faunistic and taxonomic studies for strongylid nematodes in both domestic and wild pigs. The infection of G. samoensis apparently did not elicit pathologic lesions, as revealed by macroscopic observation during the autopsy of all wild boars in this study.     

Development and Fecundity of Reesimermis nielseni,a Nematode Parasite of Mosquitoes

Maturation of the mermithid nematode Reesimermis nielseni to the adult stage began by the tenth day after emergence of the nematodes from their hosts at ambient temperatures (24-27 C). Most postparasitic males and females reached the adult stage after 50 and 70 days, respectively. The first females exhibiting egg development and oviposition were observed 25-30 days after emergence, but some oviposition was still taking place 150 days later. Reesimermis nielseni laid an average 2,480 eggs per female over an 18-day oviposition period. A majority of the mature eggs hatched within 7 h after the cultures were flooded. The preparasites are short-lived, and only a few were able to infect exposed hosts after 72 h.     

烟粉虱捕食性天敌淡色斧瓢虫的形态特征及生活习性

对淡色斧瓢虫Axinoscymnuscadilobus的形态特征和生活习性进行了观察。在 ( 2 5± 1 7)℃条件下 ,以烟粉虱为食料 ,淡色斧瓢虫完成 1个世代平均历期为 49 5 9d ,成虫的平均寿命为 64 45d ,平均产卵量为 95 4粒 ;淡色斧瓢虫可捕食烟粉虱的卵、若虫、蛹及成虫 ,是烟粉虱的有效天敌 ,具有很好的保护利用价值。     

Biological studies onTrichogrammatoidea armigera Nagaraja a new dimorphic egg parasite ofHeliothis armigera (Hübner) in India

A new species ofTrichogrammatoidea which is being described byH. Nagaraja asT. armigera, has been reared from eggs ofHeliothis armigera onPolianthes tuberosa and from those of an unidentified Lepidopteron onCajanus cajan. In the laboratory the parasite was successfully bred onCorcyra cephalonica, Achaea janata, Gnorimoschema operculella andPlutella xylostella; it did not show any perceptible preference for any of these hosts. It also parasitised eggs ofSpodoptera litura, but although development proceeded to the adult stage, adults failed to emerge, suggesting unsuitability of this host. The males ofT. armigera are found to exhibit dimorphism — one form being alate and the other typically apterous. The apterous males were almost exclusively produced only by fertilised females and in the progeny of virgin females these forms were extremely rare (1 apterous male: 1,500 winged males). Among the progeny of a single mated female, an apterous male developed invariably in association with a female, but this rule did not apply when a singleCorcyra egg was parasitised by more than one parental female. However, in no case did an apterous male alone emerge from a single host egg. The biology ofT. armigera has been studied at 25°C±1°C. and R.H. 75%, usingC. cephalonica eggs. The parasite completed its life-cycle in 7–9 days — the egg, larval and pupal periods occupying, 1, 2–3 and 4–5 days, respectively. When fed honey, the average longevity of females was 7 (max. 11) days, of alate males 6 (max. 10) days and of apterous males 1 (max. 2) day. The maximum fecundity was 118 while the average was about 63. From 2–26 (average 9) eggs were parasitised per day. The sex-ratio was 62% females: 38% males (35% alate and 3% apterous). An alate male during its lifetime inseminated upto 10 (Av. 9) females while an apterous one inseminated up to 4 (Av. 3) females.     

Development of Heterodera glycines Ichinohe on Soybean,Glycine max (L.) Merr., under Gnotobiotic Conditions

The life cycle of the soybean cyst nematode, Race 3 (SCN 3), Heterodera glycines Inchinohe was determined from observations of the developmental stages on soybean Glycine max cv. Kent root explants under gnotobiotic conditions at 25 C. Approximately 51% of the second-stage larvae penetrated the root l day after inoculation (DAI). Third-stage larvae appeared 4 DAI, became sexually differentiated 5 DAI, and protruded from the root tissues 6 DAI. Fourth-stage males and females were observed 7 DAI. Ensheathcd adult males were observed at 9 DAI and exsheathed to free adults at 11 DAI. The fourth-stage female became an adult at l0 DAI, Males entwined arotmd the gelatinons sac of the female at 12 DAI and were assumed to be mating. Some males actually penetrated and were enveloped by the gelatinous sac. The female-to-male sex ratio ranged from 2.3 to 9.5:1. First- and second-stage larvae were observed in the egg 17 and 19 DAI, respectively. The life cycle of the SCN 3 was completed 21 DAI upon hatching of the eggs and emergence of second-stage larvae. The average number of eggs in the cyst body and gelatinous sac, was 210 and 187, respectively. Key words: reproduction, soybean cyst nematode, scanning electron microscopy.     

浙江丽水虎纹蛙形态特征的两性异形和食性

用数显游标卡尺测量了407只2001—2003年9月下旬至10月上旬浙江丽水罚没的死亡虎纹蛙的体长等10个形态指标,结果表明:雌性成体体长(SUL)大于雄性成体,幼体形态无显著两性差异;ANCOVA去除SUL差异的影响后,雌性成体的头长和后肢长大于雄性成体,前肢长、眼径和耳径则小于雄性成体。前肢两侧对称性的偏移度成体大于幼体,雌性大于雄性;后肢两侧对称性成幼体和两性无显著差异。10个形态指标主成分分析的前三个主成分共解释64·6%的变异:第一主成分中头宽、眼径和耳径,第二主成分中后肢长,第三主成分中眼间距和鼻间距分别有较高的正负载系数。用NikonSMZ-1000解剖镜鉴别277只个体胃内容物中的食物种类,发现其秋季食物以节肢动物为主;成幼体和两性食物生态位宽度为3·42~5·25,食物生态位重叠度较高为0·93~0·98。分析表明,虎纹蛙局部形态特征的两性差异微弱,而体长两性异形差异显著;雌体具有较大的体形与食性无关,而可能与生育力选择的作用有关。     

The reproductive output of sea lice Caligus rogercresseyi under controlled conditions

Gravid females of Caligus rogercresseyi were collected from Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) from a farm located at Chiloe Island (42°40′S73°15′W), Chile, to obtain information about the reproductive output of this parasite in vitro. The egg strings removed from the females were incubated under controlled conditions to obtain virgin adult females. One female which had mated only once produced eleven generations of eggs strings in a period of 74 days. The first egg strings of the females obtained in vitro were produced at 389 degree days (°D) after egg incubation, while the next generations of eggs strings were produced with a periodicity between 4 and 6 days dependent on the water temperature. The average length of the egg string was 3.1 mm and the mean number of eggs per string was 31. The values recorded in captivity for the egg string length and the number of eggs per string, were lower than the values recorded in gravid females from the field. One female survived for 79 days and males, maintained separately from the females, survived for 60 days.     

Biological studies ofDiadegma semiclausum (Hym., Ichneumonidae), a parasite of diamondback moth

Laboratory studies were conducted on certain aspects of biology ofDiadegma semiclausum Hellén, a larval parasite of a crucifer pest,Plutella xylostella (L.). Within the range of 15°C to 35°C, the higher temperature, the shorter was the duration of larval and adult stages. Egg hatching and adult emergence were high at 15°C to 30°C but were significantly reduced at 35°C. The higher the temperature, the higher was the proportion of males produced. Temperature threshold was 5.74°C for eggs, 3.80°C for larvae, 5.91°C for pupae and 6.60°C for adults.D. semiclausum oviposition in the first threeP. xylostella larval instars produced more parasite males than females but oviposition in the fourth instar produced significantly more females than males. Parasite adults tended to emerge from their pupae from 06∶00 to 09∶00 hours although some emerged at other hours during the photophase. Adult longevity and production of eggs increased when adults were provided with a food source (honey) compared with no food or provision of water alone. Parasite adults survived and laid eggs for 28 days when provided with food but for only three days when deprived of food.     

Life history of Aptesis nigrocincta (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) a cocoon parasitoid of the apple sawfly, Hoplocampa testudinea (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae)

Aptesis nigrocincta: Gravenhorst is a bivoltine ectoparasitoid of apple sawfly cocoons, hosts that must be found and parasitized by females at a depth of 10-25 cm in the soil. Females are significantly smaller than males and nearly wingless. After encountering a host, females needed 29.3 min at 20 degrees C and 19. 9 min at 25 degrees C to deposit an egg on the host. Development from egg to adult took 39.6 days for females and 38.0 days for males at 20 degrees C. This small difference was significant. At 20 degrees C, the longevity of females that had no opportunity to oviposit was on average 72.5 days, significantly higher than male longevity (50.6 days). The longevity of females given access to hosts throughout their lifetime averaged 58.6 days. Females were able to mate immediately after emergence and copulation lasted on average 21.7 s. After a pre-oviposition period averaging 5.8 days, females laid 20.2 eggs during their lifetime, thus less than one egg per day. Neither the fecundity nor longevity of individual females was correlated with body size. If females were deprived of food, longevity as well as lifetime fecundity were drastically reduced. Field studies were carried out in one organically managed apple orchard in Switzerland. Aptesis nigrocincta showed parasitism rates ranging from 12.1 to 39.7 % within single parasitoid generations, thereby constituting the most important mortality factor of apple sawfly cocoons.     

Rearing ofChaetorellia australis (Dipt., Tephritidae) on an artificial diet

Larvae of the tephritid flyChaetorellia australis Hering, which infests flowerheads of the yellow starthistleCentaurea solstitialis L. (Asteraceae), and which is a candidate species for biological control, of that weed, were reared for the first time and for two consecutive generations on an artificial diet. At a density of 0.5 eggs per g diet a yield of 18.5% F₁ adults (over hatched eggs), was obtained. When the density of eggs per g diet increased, the yield decreased. At 25°C the duration of development from egg to adult was 20–25 days for both generations. F₁ adults reared on artificial diet had an average longevity of 32.0 days for males and 34.9 days for females. The fecundity was 53.3 eggs per female and the egg hatchability 88.8%. These and other biological parameters are similar to those of wild flies.      

Reproduction characteristics of a stunted population of rudd, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Scardinius erythrophthalmus</Emphasis> (Linnaeus, 1758) living in the Anzali Lagoon (the southwest Caspian Sea,Iran)

A total of 486 specimens of Scardinius erythrophthalmus caught in the Anzali lagoon, a large lagoon located in the southwest Caspian Sea (Iran), between March and June 2007 were examined. Age determination showed that the maximum ages observed were 4+ in males and 5+ in females. Isometric growth was identified from length-weight relationship in males, females and pooled data. There was no significant difference from parity in the overall sex ratio of 252 males to 234 females. The fish spawn from mid April to late May, with peak spawning in mid May with the highest average GSI value of 7.12 and 13.52 for males and females respectively. The absolute fecundity ranged between 1482–59620 eggs with the mean of 9287.87 eggs while relative fecundity ranged from 127.8 to 1737.6 eggs/g with the average of 709 eggs/g of body weight. Egg diameter ranged from 0.43 to 1.23 mm with a mean of 0.73 mm. The characteristics of rudd in the stunted population from the Anzali lagoon differ markedly from those of other localities of its range.     

Biology of Triatoma pallidipennis stal 1945 (Hemiptera: Reduviidae:Triatominae) under laboratory conditions

Aspects related to hatching, life time, mortality, feeding behaviour and fecundity for each stage of Triatoma pallidipennis life-cycle were evaluated. The hatching rate observed for 200 eggs was 60% and the average time of hatching was 18 days. Eighty nymphs (N) (40%) completed the cycle and the average time from NI to adult was 168. 7+/-11.7days. The average span in days for each stage was 18.0 for NI, 18.5 for NII, 30.0 for NIII, 35.7 for NIV and 50.1 for NV. The number of bloodmeals at each nymphal stage varied from 1 to 5. The mortality rate was 9.17 for NI, 5.5 for NII, 6.8 for NIII 4.17 for NIV and 13.04 for NV nymphs. The average number of eggs laid per female in a 9-month period was 498.6. The survival rates of adults were 357+/-217.9 and 262.53+/-167.7 for males and females respectively.     

Food consumption,utilization and ecological efficiency of Parthenium beetle,Zygogramma bicolorata pallister (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

Food consumption, utilization and ecological efficiency of Zygogramma bicolorata were studied in larvae and adults up to 45 days old. The study revealed that sex had a significant influence on dry food consumption in adults but not in larvae. The other parameters of ecological efficiencies, viz. efficiency of conversion of ingested food (E.C.I.), tissue growth and dry biomass, were highest in the fourth instar and in adult females. The Consumption Index (C.I.) was higher in males than females in both larval and adult stages. Developmental and growth rates were relatively higher in the first and second instars. The fourth instar and adult females were the most efficient consumers and converters of food. Food intake by females was an important determinant of the number of eggs laid.     

落叶松尺蠖Erannis ankeraria Staudinger的生物学特性

【目的】明确落叶松尺蠖Erannis ankeraria Staudinger的发生规律及生物学特性。【方法】野外调查和室内饲养。【结果】在集宁市落叶松尺蠖1年1代,以卵越冬,越冬卵在翌年4月下旬、5月上旬孵化,6月中下旬开始入土化蛹,成虫于9月初羽化、产卵。在温度为20℃,RH=70%的条件下,落叶松尺蠖幼虫期(19.96±0.86)d,预蛹期(3.93±0.95)d,蛹期(108.4±13.17)d。蛹分布于树干基部30~90cm范围内,深度4~8 cm。雄虫在6:00—8:00及12:00—16:00羽化,早于雌性,雌虫在20:00—24:00羽化,羽化若干小时后可交尾,交配持续时间20~260 min,可多次交尾。20℃下交尾雌虫寿命为(5.56±1.47)d,雄虫为(3.95±0.95)d,产卵量为(162.2±69.9)粒;不交尾雌性为(8.03±2.90)d,雄性为(4.38±1.59)d,产卵量为(164.1±81.3)粒,但卵不能孵化;15℃条件下不交尾雌雄寿命分别为(14.48±6.67)d,(6.64±1.76)d,产卵量为(145.7±76.8)粒。【结论】落叶松尺蠖危害期短,蛹期较长,雌雄成虫羽化时间有差异;温度和交尾对寿命和产卵量都有显著影响。     

Estimation of age structure by skeletochronology of a population of Hynobius nebulosus in a breeding season (Amphibia,Urodela)

Using skeletochronology, we determined the age structure of adult Hynobius nebulosus from Kyoto in the breeding season of 1998. From previously marked individuals, the lines of arrested growth proved to be formed once per year, indicating the number of winters each salamander experienced. The age at first reproduction was estimated to be 2.8-2.9 yrs of age in males and 3.8-3.9 yrs in females. The oldest males and females were 9.8-9.9 and 5.8-5.9 yrs of age, respectively, and, therefore the longevity in this species was estimated to be more than 9 yrs for males and 5 yrs for females. The growth curve of male's body size estimated indicated that the growth rate much decreases after males attained sexual maturity. Because body sizes of adults greatly vary even within an age class, it is dangerous to estimate individual age from the size frequency data at least in adults. We discussed age properties in Hynobius by comparing lentic and lotic breeders.     

二疣犀甲室内生物学特性及形态观察

【目的】 对二疣犀甲Oryctes rhinoceros室内生物学特性及形态进行系统观察。【方法】 在室内一定条件下（温度26±1℃, RH 75%~95%, 光周期10L∶14D）以牛粪和锯末混合物（4∶1, m/m）饲养二疣犀甲各虫态, 每6 h观察记录各虫态的形态学特征及其发育情况, 并测量各虫态的重要发育指标, 如体长、 体宽、 体重等。【结果】 二疣犀甲属于全变态昆虫, 一生经历4个虫态, 分别为卵、 幼虫、 蛹和成虫。二疣犀甲卵的发育历期平均为8.88 d, 整个幼虫期平均需156.82 d, 预蛹和蛹的平均发育历期分别为9.45 d和33.75 d, 二疣犀甲完成一个世代需要326~455 d。1龄幼虫体长为4.16 mm, 体重0.64 g, 之后随龄期迅速增加, 至3龄时, 体长为65.66 mm, 体重增加到12.14 g。蛹期平均体长为51.62 mm, 体重为9.72 g。早期羽化的成虫个体较晚期羽化的大, 表现为体长、 体宽、 角长及体重存在显著差异(P≤0.05)。二疣犀甲成虫具有雌雄二型现象, 子代性比(雌∶雄)为1.23∶1。【结论】 二疣犀甲O. rhinoceros是椰子等棕榈科植物的重要害虫, 基础生物学和形态学研究是防控技术研究的基础, 本研究结果可为生产上防治该虫提供理论依据。     

Feeding behaviour of cod (Gadus morhua) in relation to spawning

The food consumption and egg production of 26 adult (13 female and 13 male) Atlantic cod ( Gadus morhua ) were monitored during prespawning, spawning and postspawning periods. Females spawned from late January to mid-April. Feeding activity occurred from December to early January and ceased for females, on average, 36 days (15–54 days) before the onset of spawning. The duration of spawning by females was, on average, 42 days (10–61 days) and feeding was suppressed by both sexes during the first three-quarters of each female's spawning period. Mature females went, on average, 70 days or 19% of the year without eating. An abrupt increase in feeding activity, particularly by females, occurred during the last quarter of spawning or shortly after the release of the last egg batch (on average, feeding started again after 91% of a female's eggs had been released or 82% of egg batches). Females consumed greater quantities of food than males during both winter and postspawning feeding periods. During spawning, females lost, on average, 29% of their body weight and males 14%. Fecundity ranged from 0.75 to 3.97 million eggs per female. The volume of eggs produced by four individual females (range = 1285–5995 ml in four to 11 batches) ranged from 99 to 195% (mean 150%) of a female's postspawning body volume. Six immature cod fed throughout the experimental period and gained, on average, 8% of initial body weight. Laboratory results were supported by stomach fullness index values of Georges Bank cod exhibiting different maturity states.     

Life-cycle of Suidasia medanensis (=pontifica) (Acari: Suidasiidae) under laboratory conditions in a tropical environment

The life cycle of Suidasia medanensis (= pontifica) was studied under laboratory conditions at 26°C and 86% relative humidity. Freshly laid eggs were observed until they developed into adults and the periods between stages were recorded. Production of eggs by mated females was monitored until they died. The eggs required an average of 12.6 ± 0.6 days to develop into adults. Mean longevity of mated females and males was similar (48.6 ± 13 and 49.1 ± 20 days, respectively). The conditions used in this study may be considered optimal for in vitro culture of S. medanensis.