流行性出血热病毒感染金黄地鼠的实验研究

本文证明金黄地鼠对于流行性出血热病毒包括家鼠型和野鼠型毒株均敏感。除口饲外,多途径接种均可使地鼠感染。流行性出血热病毒浙5株10001D_(50)接种3周龄地鼠,五天后即可在肺、脾、肠、肝等多种组织中检出病害抗原,至8—10天达最峰,其中肺最强,抗原持续时间至少50天。接种病毒后10天左右,可在血中检出抗体,后缓慢上升,至第50天达1:1280—1:5120。乳鼠感染EHF病毒后可引起全身播散性感染,病毒抗原可在全身软组织中找到。乳鼠感染强毒株可发病致死,但幼鼠和成鼠不表现症状为健康带毒者。     

流行性出血热病毒在长爪沙鼠肺肾原代细胞中增殖

将来源于黑线姬鼠肺,褐家鼠肺和流行性出血热(EHF)病人血液的三株 EHF 病毒,在长爪沙鼠肺、肾细胞中传代培养。接种后第一代就能很好增殖,滴度可达10~(6·0-6·5)TCID50/ml。随着传代次数的增加,病毒增殖速度加快,第三代在接种后2天即可检出感染细胞,4—8天有50%左右的细胞感染。经传九代未见明显的细胞病变。病毒增殖的高峰在接种后9天左右。维持液中有牛血清,冻融和超声波处理能提高病毒滴度。不同温度(33℃和37℃)和 pH(含5%和3%CO_2)培养对病毒增殖无明显影响。经传代的感染细胞仍能与 EHFV 单克隆抗体起反应,并排除ⅠⅡⅢ面型呼肠孤病毒的感染。     

流行性出血热病毒感染家猪的实验

本实验证明猪为流行性出血热病毒(EHFV)的敏感实验动物。从啮齿动物中分离的动物源株(R_(22))和从EHF患者血中分离的人源株(HB_(55))都可感染猪,并可在其体内许多组织中复制增殖。家猪在接种EHFV后第6—9天有一个短暂的发烧期,表现出病毒血症。于接种后的第7—11天(R_(22))和7～20天(HB_(55))可在组织中、特别是脾和肺中,用直接免疫荧光技术(DFA)很容易地捡出EHFV抗原。亦可在感染EHFV的猪血中检出EHFV抗体。从感染后的荧光阳性猪脾、肺可分离出感染性病毒。但R_(22)病毒株在感染猪后的第15天便完全消失,而HB_(55)株在感染后的第20天仍可查见,似乎动物源株(R_(22))和人源株(HB_(55))有所差异,然而都对家猪有感染性。从而,首次证实了家猪为EHFV的敏感实验动物,可作为EHFV的分离,增殖及疫苗研制等的新动物模型。这一发现,对EHF的研究将起积极作用,也提示猪在EHF流行病学上的意义不可忽视。     

乳鼠感染流行性出血热病毒的研究

用获自病人的流行性出血热(EHF)病毒H8205株感染Vero-E6细胞的培养液,感染1日龄小白鼠,自第3代起,感染鼠出现规律发病,潜伏期13～18天,个体瘦小,后肢麻痹,最后死亡。病理检查感染鼠脑有典型病毒性脑炎改变,免疫荧光及酶标抗体染色证实脏器中存在特异性抗原,血内有特异性抗体,感染鼠的血,尿及脏器悬液经Vero-E6细胞培养出病毒。电镜检查脑神经原细胞高尔基氏器内有病毒颗粒。实验结果说明1日龄小白鼠对流行性出血热病毒是敏感的,可以作为该病毒的实验动物模型。     

流行性出血热病毒沙鼠肾细胞培养灭活疫苗免疫家兔的抗体反应及保护试验

利用自流行性出血热(EHF)病人血液中分离的EHF病毒浙10株,感染长爪沙鼠肾单层细胞,经培养后,按流行性乙型脑炎的生物制品法规要求研制成灭活疫苗。取1ml经肌肉免疫家兔,6天后即可在血液中检出荧光抗体,至第14～21天为最高峰,荧光抗体效价可达320～2560。经活EHF病毒攻击,有明显的保护作用,保护率达90％以上。疫苗经1:10或1:30稀释后免疫家兔,荧光抗体阳转率仍达100％,但抗体滴度明显降低。肌肉接种优于皮下接种。本研究证明,甲醛灭活EHF病毒可破坏血凝素活性,从而影响疫苗血凝抑制抗体的产生,可能也会影响中和病毒的能力。     

流行性出血热病毒在MA-104和Vero-E6传代细胞上繁殖动态的比较

用流行性出血热病毒(陈株)分別感染MA-104和Vero-E6传代细胞,结果受病毒感染的MA-104细胞荧光阴性细胞出现早,感染滴度高,胞浆内颗粒大,提示MA-104细胞用于该病毒的分离传代及抗原片的制作等方面优于Vero-E6细胞。流行性出血热病毒(EHFV)在某些原代及传代细胞上能适应增殖,国内外已有过报导。但用对轮状病毒十分敏感的恒河猴胚肾MA-104细胞培养和增殖EHFV并与通常使用分离该病毒的VeroE6细胞进行繁殖动态观察,尚未有过报导。本文用间接免疫荧光法(IFA)比较观察EHFV在两种细胞上的增殖动态,为MA-104细胞代替常规Vero-E6细胞用于该病毒的分离、传代等研究以及抗原片的制备提供依据。     

双单克隆抗体ELISA间接夹心法检测流行性出血热病毒抗原

建立了检测流行性出血热(EHF)病毒抗原的双单克隆抗体(McAb)ELISA同接夹心法,用本法和间接荧光抗体技术(IFAT)相比较,IFAT检出感染细胞内病毒抗原的高峰在感染后第8天,而ELISA检测感染上清中病毒抗原的高峰在第14天,两方法检测179份人工感染EHF病毒的乳鼠脑和肺组织标本,阳性检出率分别为72.1％和68.2％,实验结果表明,本法特异,敏感,简便,不仅可用于EHF病原学研究,也适用于流行病学调查检测大量鼠肺标本。     

流行性出血热病毒对乳鼠致病特点的观察

本文观察了两株从病人体内新分离的流行性出血热(EHF)病毒114株和435株对乳鼠的致病特点,并在感染的乳鼠脑内找到了EHF病毒。免疫荧光检查发现,病毒抗原广泛存在于感染鼠的脑、肺、肝、肾等脏器。脑内和腹腔两条感染途径的比较发现,病毒抗原在上述脏器中的分布基本一致,但前者脑内的病毒感染滴度较后者高一个对数单位。对病毒的动态观察发现,EHF病毒首先在乳鼠腹腔感染6小时后的腹腔巨噬细胞(Mφ)中分离到、并持续阳性;病毒血症出现在感染后2天,随之在脑、肺、肝、肾和脾脏中查到。以上结果表明:EHF病毒对乳鼠具有广泛的嗜性,脑内感染途径能获得较高滴度的感染性病毒。提示EHF病毒在鼠mφ中增殖并携带至全身播散,可能是造成乳鼠全身性弥漫性感染的主要原因。     

流行性出血热病毒在各种鼠类巨噬细胞和人外周血白细胞培养中的增殖

本文证实了流行性出血热病毒(EHF)在体外培养的长爪沙鼠、金黄地鼠、Balb/c小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞和人外周血白细胞及单核细胞中的增殖。沙鼠和地鼠腹腔巨噬细胞对EHF病毒的敏感性要高于Vero-E_6细胞,而Balb/c小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞的敏感性却低于其他三种培养的细胞。野鼠型EHF病毒(A_9株)和家鼠型EHF病毒(R_(22)株)在三种鼠腹腔巨噬细胞中的繁殖能力未见明显差异。在人外周血白细胞中,其单核细胞对EHF病毒(A_9株)的敏感性高于淋巴细胞。病毒感染单核细胞后4天的病毒滴度可达10~(-3.0)。以上结果说明EHF病毒在单核巨噬细胞中能繁殖和释放感染性病毒,这表明单核巨噬细胞在鼠、人体内EHF病毒感染的建立及病毒在体内扩散至各器官过程中可能起很重要的作用,即起其靶细胞和扩散媒介的作用。     

EHFV感染家兔后组织脏器的病毒抗原定位及其病理变化

采用流行性出血热病毒（ＥＨＦＶ）１１４株实验感染家兔,用免疫荧光法（ＩＦＡ）及ＰＡＰ双桥法对家兔各脏器组织进行病毒抗原定位,同时将各脏器石蜡切片作常规Ｈ－Ｅ染色,观察受检组织的病理变化。结果表明：家兔在感染后７－１５天中,用ＩＦＡ法在胸腺、心、肺、肝、脾、胰腺、淋巴结、脑、睾丸、卵巢、肾、大肠及小肠中均检出ＥＨＦＶ抗原。用ＰＡＰ双桥法在细胞水平进行病毒抗原定位,发现所有受检组织小血管及毛细血管内皮细胞均为ＥＨＦＶ的原始靶细胞。生殖腺实质细胞病毒抗原阳性,为ＥＨＦＶ的垂直传播提供了实验依据。从肺支气管粘膜内皮细胞、尤其是腔面的纤毛柱状上皮内检出病毒抗原。推测ＥＨＦＶ通过气溶胶造成传播可能是水平传搐的方式之一。病理学初步观察,各脏器组织细胞未发现不可逆的病理损害。     

用流行性出血热单克隆抗体对我国不同地区出血热病毒株的抗原分析

从全国17个省市自治区收集了自病人及各种动物分离到的40株流行性出血热病毒(EHFV),用出血热病毒单克隆抗体(McAb)进行抗原分析,发现大多数省市分离的EHFV株能与MA25-1 McAb起反应,但湖北、湖南分离的EHFV不与之起反应,而该McAb对EHFVA9株抗原的滴度为1/2560。实验还发现,湖北省内长江以北地区分离的EHFV毒株Q25、J173。WP43和从江南地区分离的EHFV毒株A24和HA1018在抗原性上也有明显不同。     

Antigenemia and Specific IgM and IgG Antibody Responses in Rabbits Infected with Toxoplasma gondii

In this experiment, the correlation between antigenemia and specific antibody responses in Toxoplasma gondii-infected rabbits was assessed. We injected 1,000 T. gondii tachyzoites (RH) subcutaneously into 5 rabbits. Parasitemia, circulating antigens, and IgM and IgG antibody titers in blood were tested by ELISA and immunoblot. For detection of parasitemia, mice were injected with blood from rabbits infected with T. gondii and mice died between days 2 and 10 post-infection (PI). Circulating antigens were detected early on day 2 PI, and the titers increased from day 4 PI and peaked on day 12 PI. Anti-Toxoplasma IgM antibody titers increased on day 6 PI and peaked on days 14-16 PI. IgG was detected from day 10 PI, and the titers increased continuously during the experiment. The antigenic protein patterns differed during the infection period, and the number of bands increased with ongoing infection by the immunoblot analysis. These result indicated that Toxoplasma circulating antigens during acute toxoplasmosis are closely related to the presence of parasites in blood. Also, the circulating antigen levels were closely correlated with IgM titers, but not with IgG titers. Therefore, co-detection of circulating antigens with IgM antibodies may improve the reliability of the diagnosis of acute toxoplasmosis.     

Identification and the role of soluble antigens detected in bile from Eimeria stiedai-infected rabbits

Antibodies against Eimeria stiedai sporozoites and merozoites were detected in the sera of rabbits immunized with bile obtained from infected rabbits on the 15th day post-infection. The trails made by gliding sporozoites were also detected by the sera. After penetration into the host cell, an antibody-binding region was observed on the parasitophorous vacuole membranes of the parasites. Rabbits administered a combination of the bile and cholera toxin shed fewer oocysts in the feces after infection than control rabbits. The immunized rabbits developed a high level of IgA antibody against soluble antigens in the bile. By immunoblotting, antigens with molecular masses of 32, 37, and 49 kDa were detected in the bile obtained from infected rabbits on the 15th day postinfection. Absorption treatment with sporozoites reduced or abolished the antibody reactivity to the 32-kDa antigen of merozoites and the bile antigens. However, antibody reactivity to the 37- and 49-kDa antigens still remained. These results indicate that soluble antigens are present in the bile of rabbits in the acute phase of infection, and these may be produced and released by merozoites during the host cell invasion process.     

Diagnosis of encephalitozoonosis in experimentally infected rabbits by intradermal and immunofluorescence tests.

The indirect immunofluorescence antibody test was performed on serial blood samples from eight young New Zealand White rabbits with experimental encephalitozoonosis. The test showed seroconversion in six of the eight infected rabbits by the 8th day after inoculation and in all rabbits by the 15th day. Antibody titers reached a peak by about the 36th day after inoculation and remained significantly elevated until the termination of the experiment at 84 days after inoculation. None of four sham-inoculated rabbits showed an immunofluorescence response by the 60th day after inoculation. Immunofluorescence and intradermal test responses were compared before infection and at the 60th day after inoculation in a total of 32 experimentally infected rabbits. Both tests were equally effective (100%) in detecting infected animals. Six of eight (first group) and 22 of 24 (second group) experimentally infected rabbits were confirmed histologically to have lesions compatible with encephalitozoonosis. No cross reactions were observed between Encephalitozoon cuniculi and Toxoplasma gondii, Eimeria perforans, or Eimeria stiedai by intradermal test or immunofluorescence test.     

流行性出血热病毒感染NIH裸鼠免疫组织化学研究

流行性出血热病毒（ＥｐｉｄｅｍｉｃＨｅｍｏｒｒｈａｇｉｃＦｅｖｅｒｖｉｒｕｓ,ＥＨＦＶ）感染ＮＩＨ裸鼠后,濒死状态取材,应用免疫组织化学方法（ＡＢＣ）检测各组织中的特异性病毒抗原。结果表明,ＮＩＨ裸鼠对ＥＨＦＶ感染敏感,感染后其脑、肺、肝、肾和心脏组织实质细胞浆内均可检出特异性抗原。     

Eimeria stiedai merozoite 49-kDa soluble antigen induces protection against infection

A soluble antigen isolated from Eimeria stiedai merozoites with a molecular mass of 49 kDa was detected in the bile of infected rabbits. Rabbits immunized with the antigen shed a lower number of oocysts than did nonimmunized rabbits postchallenge (p.c.). The immunized rabbits showed a marked and transient increase of alanine-aminotransferase (ALT) activity on day 8 p.c. The blood indocyanine green (ICG) clearance and r-glutamyltransferase (GGT) activity showed no change throughout the experiment However, nonimmunized rabbits showed a gradual increase of ALT and GGT in the plasma and a delay of ICG p.c. Many merozoites were observed in the biliary ducts of the nonimmunized rabbits on day 8 p.c. using standard histology. In contrast, in the immunized rabbits, many inflammatory cells were observed around the biliary ducts, but there were few parasites in the tissue. These results suggest that the 49-kDa soluble protein antigen detected in the bile of the infected rabbits was a merozoite-specific antigen, and the immune reaction to the antigen may induce protective effects against the infection.     

人巨细胞病毒AD169株感染家兔致病机理的初步研究

本文试用家兔作HCMV感染致病机制模型研究,用家兔荧光法及病毒再分离技术考证了感染期间的病毒血症动态。观察到兔在原发性病毒感染后的第13无病毒首先在单核细胞(MC)、淋巴细胞(LC)中显现,并向血浆排放病毒,进而随血道播散至全身组织,引起相应靶器官感染致病。     

铕螯合剂DTTAEuNa标记流行性出血热单克隆抗体的实验研究

用Ｎ′（对异硫氰基苄基）二乙三胺Ｎ１,Ｎ２,Ｎ３四乙酸铕钠（ＤＴＴＡＥｕＮａ）作为螯合剂,标记不同蛋白浓度的流行性出血热单克隆抗体（ＥＨＦＭｃＡｂ）,经ＳｅｐｈａｋｅｘＧ５０凝胶柱分离标记的单抗分子,通过对层析液的紫外吸收峰处的蛋白光密度,时间分辨荧光强度以及免疫活性测定表明：二批Ｅｕ标记单抗的比活性分别为７８和１４７个Ｅｕ３＋／ＥＨＦＭｃＡｂ,标记回收率分别为４１％和４２％,标记物的免疫活性良好,可用于流行性出血热的抗原及抗体检测