Middle Paleolithic human remains from the Gruta Da Oliveira (Torres Novas), Portugal

Additional Middle Paleolithic human remains from layers 17, 18, and 22 of the Gruta da Oliveira, Portugal consist of a proximal manual phalanx 2 (Oliveira 5), a partial postcanine tooth (Oliveira 6), a humeral diaphysis (Oliveira 7), a distal mandibular molar (Oliveira 8), and a mandibular premolar (P₃) (Oliveira 9). Oliveira 5, 6, and 8 are unremarkable for Late Pleistocene humans. The Oliveira 7 right humerus is moderately robust or the individual had the stocky body proportions of other European (including Iberian) Neandertals. The Oliveira 9 P₃ has a large and symmetrical crown and lacks a distal accessory ridge and accessory lingual cusps, overlapping both Neandertal and recent human ranges of variation. It contrasts with at least recent human P₃s in having relatively thin enamel. These join the Oliveira 1 to 4 remains in further documenting early MIS 3 Neandertal morphology in western Iberia. Am J Phys Anthropol 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Neanderthal hand and foot remains from Moula‐Guercy,Ardèche,France

The hand and foot remains from Moula‐Guercy cave (Ardèche, France) comprise 24 specimens of Eemian age (ca. 120 ka). The specimens include primarily complete elements, which are rare among the Moula‐Guercy postcrania. The hand remains have several characteristic Neanderthal traits including a laterally facing (parasagittally oriented) second metacarpal‐capitate articulation, a short styloid process, a wide proximal articular surface on the third metacarpal, and absolutely expanded apical tuberosities on the distal hand phalanges relative to modern humans. The foot remains include several incomplete elements along with an antimeric pair of naviculars, a medial cuneiform and cuboid, and a single complete element from each of the distal segments (one each: metatarsal, proximal foot phalanx, intermediate foot phalanx, distal foot phalanx). Consistent among the specimens are relatively wide diaphyses for length in the metatarsals and phalanges and large and prominent muscle attachments, both consistent with previously published Neanderthal morphology. The hand and foot collection from Moula‐Guercy is an important dataset for future studies of Neanderthal functional morphology, dexterity, and behavior as it represents a previously undersampled time period for European Neanderthals. Am J Phys Anthropol 152:516–529, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Postcranial stem tetrapod remains from the Devonian of Scat Craig, Morayshire, Scotland

The postcranial stem tetrapod remains from Scat Craig include a neural arch, humerus, tibia, femur, and incomplete pectoral girdles and ilia. These elements are all large or very large compared with the corresponding bones of other stem tetrapods. They correlate well in size with the proportions of Elginerpeton , the known stem tetrapod from Scat Craig, and probably belong to this genus. The neural arch has weak zygapophyses, and the ilia and shoulder girdles resemble those of Ichthyostega . The femur is strongly twisted, with the intercondylar fossa facing anteroventrally, so the hind limb probably functioned as a paddle. The tibia is broad, as in Acanthostega and Ichthyostega . The humerus is approximately intermediate in shape between those of osteolepiforms and later stem tetrapods, but seems to have a ventral radial facet like Ichthyostega . Overall, the postcranial bones combine apparent synapomorphies with Ichthyostega and characters which are uniquely primitive among stemgroup tetrapods. This character combination is incongruent. A recently discovered postorbital bone from the site is, strictly speaking, indeterminable but may belong to Elginerpeton ; it broadly resembles the postorbitals of Ichthyostega and Acanthostega , and demonstrates that the typical stem tetrapod facial morphology had evolved before the end of the Frasnian.     

Histomorphometric age assessment of the Boxgrove 1 tibial diaphysis

Histomorphometric analysis of a medial midshaft chip from the Middle Pleistocene (ca. 500 ka BP) hominid tibia from Boxgrove, U.K. provides a modal age-at-death estimate at the end of the fourth decade of life. This makes Boxgrove 1 one of the older known and systematically aged Middle Pleistocene hominid specimens, and it reinforces the pattern of an underrepresentation of older adults observed in Middle and Late Pleistocene archaic Homo samples.     

A new middle Miocene pliopithecid from Inner Mongolia, China

In addition to the new fragments of the Omo I skeleton, renewed fieldwork in the Kibish Formation along the lower reaches of the Omo River in southwestern Ethiopia has yielded new hominin finds from the Kibish Formation. The new finds include four heavily mineralized specimens: a partial left tibia and a fragment of a distal fibular diaphysis from Awoke's Hominid Site (AHS), a parietal fragment, and a portion of a juvenile occipital bone. The AHS tibia and fibula derive from Member I and are contemporaneous with Omo I and II. The other specimens derive from Chad's Hominid Site (CHS), and derive from either Member III or IV, which constrains their age between approximately 8.6 and approximately 104ka.     

Latest Cretaceous hadrosauroid (Dinosauria: Ornithopoda) remains from Bulgaria

Disarticulated dinosaur bones have been discovered in a fossiliferous lens in the Labirinta Cave, southwest of the town of Cherven Bryag, in NW Bulgaria. This cave is formed within marine limestones belonging to the Kajlâka Formation of Latest Cretaceous age. Associated fossils and Sr isotopy suggest that the fossiliferous sediments belong to the uppermost part of the Upper Maastrichtian. The dinosaur bones discovered in this lens include the distal portion of a left femur, a right tibia, the proximal part of a right fibula, a left metatarsal II, the second or third phalanx of a left pedal digit IV, the proximal end of a second metacarpal, and a caudal centrum. All the bones undoubtedly belong to ornithopod dinosaurs and more accurately to representatives of the hadrosauroid clade. All belong to small-sized individuals, although it cannot be assessed whether they belong to juveniles or small-sized adults, pending histological analyses. Hadrosauroid remains have already been discovered in Late Maastrichtian marine sediments from western, central and eastern Europe, reflecting the abundance of these dinosaurs in correlative continental deposits. Indeed, hadrosauroids were apparently the dominating herbivorous dinosaurs in Eurasia by Late Maastrichtian time.     

山东半岛南部近岸海域晚第四纪以来有孔虫和介形类化石群落分布特征及古环境演化

在山东半岛南部近岸海域QDZ03孔16.2m的沉积记录中,通过有孔虫和介形类化石群落的定量分析,探讨了研究区晚第四纪氧同位素(MIS)4期以来古沉积环境演变。在距今6万年前后开始的黄海海退期(相当于MIS4期),发育了有多次沉积间断的第1层(孔深16.2~12.0m)陆相地层。进入玉木亚间冰期(相当于MIS3)后,由于海平面的震荡上升,发育了第2层—第5层的滨岸弱海相—陆相沉积层,其中第5层上部可能包含部分MIS2期的产物,而MIS2期绝大部分沉积地层缺失。在距今12 000—11 000年前,海水逐渐由黄海入侵到青岛地区,发育了第6层下段(孔深9.1—8.6m)的海陆过渡相沉积层;在全新世最大洪泛面MFS来临之前(距今约11.0—9.0ka期间),海平面进一步上升,钻孔中发育了第6层中段(孔深8.6—7.7m)的滨岸相沉积层。随着距今6 000年前南黄海最大海泛面出现,后降至现今水平,并基本保持稳定状态,在黄河、近岸短源河流以及海岸带基岩侵蚀物等物质联合贡献下完成了南黄海中部泥质沉积体在近岸的延伸(7.7m以上),其中顶部约4.8m以上粒度粗化及与之相关的较多含量胶结壳有孔虫化石的出现,可能与约3 000—2 000年以来海岸带地区人类活动的加剧有关。     

青藏高原东北缘江西沟2号遗址2012年出土石制品的初步研究

江西沟2号遗址(JXG2)发现于2004年,2012年围绕地层测年及环境研究开展了小面积试掘。本文通过对2012年出土的659件石制品进行的观察和初步研究,并结合其他出土遗物及考古年代学研究的基本结论,对遗址所反映的史前人类行为的变化及其与环境的关系作了初步报告。根据出土文化遗物(主要指石制品和陶片)的差异,遗址可以分为上下两个文化层,上文化层为10～80cm,包含陶片和细石器为主的石制品;下文化层为距地表80cm以下的堆积,该层仅包含石制品,其中除以燧石为原料的细石器产品,同时出土石英砸击产品。光释光和AMS14C年代测定结果表明古人类在该遗址活动的时间主要集中在全新世中期,遗址石制品原料和技术变化的研究初步揭示了该时段区域内史前人类的行为变化和生活方式的转变。     

Charcoal‐inferred Holocene fire and vegetation history linked to drought periods in the Democratic Republic of Congo

The impact of Holocene drought events on the presumably stable Central African rainforest remains largely unexplored, in particular the significance of fire. High‐quality sedimentary archives are scarce, and palynological records mostly integrate over large regional scales subject to different fire regimes. Here, we demonstrate a direct temporal link between Holocene droughts, palaeofire and vegetation change within present‐day Central African rainforest, using records of identified charcoal fragments extracted from soil in the southern Mayumbe forest (Democratic Republic of Congo). We find three distinct periods of local palaeofire occurrence: 7.8–6.8 ka BP, 2.3–1.5 ka BP, 0.8 ka BP – present. These periods are linked to well‐known Holocene drought anomalies: the 8.2 ka BP event, the 3rd millennium BP rainforest crisis and the Mediaeval Climate Anomaly. During and after these Holocene droughts, the Central African rainforest landscape was characterized by a fragmented pattern with fire‐prone open patches. Some fires occurred during the drought anomalies although most fires seem to lag behind them, which suggests that the open patches remained fire‐prone after the actual climate anomalies. Charcoal identifications indicate that mature rainforest patches did persist through the Early to Mid‐Holocene climatic transition, the subsequent Holocene thermal optimum and the third millennium BP rainforest crisis, until 0.8 ka BP. However, disturbance and fragmentation were probably more prominent near the boundary of the southern Mayumbe forest. Furthermore, the dominance of pioneer and woodland savanna taxa in younger charcoal assemblages indicates that rainforest regeneration was hampered by increasingly severe drought conditions after 0.8 ka BP. These results support the notion of a dynamic forest ecosystem at multicentury time scales across the Central African rainforest.     

Holocene evolution of the granite based Lizard Island and MacGillivray Reef systems, Northern Great Barrier Reef

Radiocarbon dating of seven drill cores from both the windward Lizard Island fringing reef and the windward and leeward margins of MacGillivray platform reef, Northern Great Barrier Reef Province, reveal the Holocene evolution of these two mid shelf coral reefs. The windward margin at Lizard Island started growing approximately 6,700 calendar years before present (cal yr BP) directly on an assumed granite basement and approached present day sea level approximately 4,000 cal yr BP. Growth of the windward margin at MacGillivray Reef was initiated by 7,600 cal yr BP and approached present day sea level by approximately 5,600 cal yr BP. The leeward margin at MacGillivray was initiated by 8,200 cal yr BP also directly on an assumed granite basement, but only approached sea level relatively recently, between 260 and 80 cal yr BP. None of the cores penetrated the Holocene-Pleistocene unconformity. The absence of Pleistocene reefal deposits, at 15 m depth in the cores from MacGillivray Reef, raises the possibility that the shelf in this region has subsided relative to modern day sea level by at least 15 m since the last interglacial [125,000 years ago (ka)].     

Tracing the late Holocene evolution of the NW Iberian upwelling system

This work analyses data from the OMEX core KSGX 40 (164-cm long) collected in the Galicia Mud Deposit, from the NW Iberian outer continental shelf, off the Ria de Vigo (North Spain). Sediment grain-size and benthic foraminifera distribution patterns indicate a number of substantial changes in sedimentation and also food/oxygen availability to the benthic ecosystem during the last ∼4.8 ka cal BP. Cluster analysis (Q-mode and R-mode) based on the most abundant taxa was used to recognize similarities within the data set. Three main clusters were established by Q-mode cluster analysis. The species distribution pattern of two of these three clusters is clearly related with changes in texture of the sediments. Textural data and benthic foraminifera proxies suggest that between ∼4.8 and 2.2 ka cal BP there was a period of higher hydrodynamism, with more energetic oceanic currents associated with shelf mixed waters. The period since ∼2.2 ka cal BP until present was characterized by generally lower bottom energetic conditions and by a supply of finer sediment, which was richer in organic matter leading to more eutrophic conditions in the benthic environment, mainly between ∼2.2 and 1.2 ka cal BP and since ∼0.5 ka cal BP until the present. Eutrophication was probably determined by strong water column stratified conditions and by coastal upwelling-dominated depositional intervals and/or by higher lateral flux of organic carbon. Since the upwelling increasing periods are in general due the intensification of northerly winds, both most productive upwelling-dominated periods may be attributed to climatic/oceanographic induced changes during the Sub-Atlantic climate. Small sea levels oscillations also should contribute to these results. Eutrophication since the end of Little Ice Age may be related to human influence in coastal areas.     

On wing disparity and morphological variation of the Santana Group pterosaurs

Pterosaurs were widely spread throughout the Mesozoic Era, populating the whole world. Among this great diversity, two groups are commonly found in Brazil: the Anhangueridae and Tapejaridae. These can be mainly identified by cranial synapomorphies. However, because of the fragility of the pterosaur skeleton and rarity of the fossilisation process, the fossils found are usually incomplete, which hampers a proper taxonomic identification of the specimens. The specific proportions of these two groups of pterosaurs were obtained from bibliographic data and measurements of specimens. Eight Anhangueridae-like and seven Tapejaridae were used: Anhanguera piscator, Anhanguera santanae, Anhanguera spielbergi, Araripesaurus castilhoi, Barbosania gracilisrostris and three Anhangueridae sp. indet.; Sinopterus dongi, Tapejara wellnhoferi and five Tapejaridae sp. indet. We find that proportions of the humerus, wing metacarpal, first phalanx of the wing digit, femur and tibia are sufficient to identify partial remains of Araripe pterosaurs. A principal component analysis shows that each clade has different, non-overlapping scores in the studied ratios and these can be used with precision. Specific bone ratios for fast identification of anhanguerids and tapejarids are given, opening a broader way to diagnostic fragmentary bones.     

南沙海区晚第四纪浮游有孔虫演化及其古海洋学意义

通过对南沙海区17957和17958两柱状样中浮游有孔虫的研究,首次揭示了南海晚第四纪以来较长时间尺度上（0－800ka BP)存在δ18O 11期（约400ka BP)开始的粉红色Globigerinoides ruber大量出现和Globigerina rubescens较高相对丰度,δ18O 5e期（约120ka BP)的粉红色Gl9obigerinoides ruber 绝灭,Globoquadrina Conglomersata大量出现,Globorotalia truncatulinoides 左旋型分子绝对优势开始,和δ18O 4／5期界线附近（约80ka BP)的Globo quadrina conglomerata绝灭等三次浮游有孔虫演化事件,南沙与南海北部及西北太平洋等海区的浮游有孔虫演化事件对比 表明,南沙海区在400ka BP开始海水温跃层相对较深,至δ^18O 5e期时,受西北太平洋中层水加强的影响,南沙海水温跃层变浅,在δ^18O 5e至4／5期界线这段时期内与西北太平洋水体交换比较自由。     

Oxygen isotope variability in bones of wild caught and constant temperature reared sub-adult American alligators

(1) The mean delta18O(BP) ( per thousandSMOW) for any given bone sampled from captive alligators maintained at high constant temperature was lower (indicative of higher temperatures of bone deposition) than that of the same bone from wild alligators caught in Northern Florida, but these differences were only greater than two standard deviations from the mean for the thoracic vertebrae and metatarsal bones. (2) Inter-bone variability of delta18O(BP) ( per thousandSMOW) was similar for captive alligators maintained at constant temperatures and the wild alligators, but intra-bone variability was much greater in wild alligators. (3) The order of mean delta18O(BP) ( per thousandSMOW) of bones (from highest to lowest) differed between treatment groups. However, intra-bone variability obscured the significance of those differences. Nevertheless, the thoracic vertebra had the highest mean delta18O(BP) ( per thousandSMOW), indicative of lower temperatures, and the lowest variability of bones in both groups of alligators. Conversely, the tibia was one of the warmest and more variable bones in both groups of alligators. (4) The pattern of delta18O(BP) ( per thousandSMOW) values across sites within long bones were identical between alligator treatment groups for the femur and humerus but differed between groups for the tibia and metatarsus, and differed between different long bones. The predicted intra-bone pattern for long bones of increasing delta18O(BP) ( per thousandSMOW) indicative of lower temperatures in more distal sampling sites was only obtained from the femurs. (5) Paired cortical and cancellous bone samples from the same site from all individuals in both treatment groups were available for proximal humeri and distal femurs. delta18O(BP) ( per thousandSMOW) values from cortical bone were more variable than those from cancellous bone for both bones. (6) Cortical bone had lower delta18O(BP) ( per thousandSMOW) values indicative of warmer temperatures than cancellous bone at sites sampled on the proximal humeri and distal femurs of all three animals from both treatment groups.     

Recent human evolution in East Asia and Australasia.

In both East Asia and Australasia arguments for evolutionary continuity between middle-late Pleistocene hominid populations and modern Homo sapiens are of long standing. In both regions, however, problems of chronological distribution, dating and preservation of hominid skeletal materials provide an effective barrier to extending regional sequences back to 'archaic' Homo sapiens or Homo erectus. The earliest securely dated modern Homo sapiens in East Asia are currently represented by Zhoukoudian Upper Cave at a minimum of 29 ka BP. In Australia skeletal remains of modern Homo sapiens have been dated to 26 ka BP, with archaeological materials at 38 to 50 ka BP. Late Pleistocene human skeletons from sites like Coobool Creek are morphologically and metrically outside the range of recent Australian Aboriginal populations. Similarly Liujiang and the Upper Cave crania can be distinguished from recent East Asian 'Mongoloids'. Evolutionary change within the Holocene needs to be taken into consideration when the evidence for regional evolutionary continuity is considered.     

New postcranial elements of the Thalassodrominae (Pterodactyloidea,Tapejaridae) from the Romualdo Formation (Aptian–Albian), Santana Group,Araripe Basin,Brazil

Tapejarids are edentate pterosaurs recovered mainly from Early Cretaceous deposits. They are diagnosed by five synapomorphies, among which only one is postcranial: a broad and well‐developed tubercle at the ventroposterior margin of the coracoid. Regarding the clade Thalassodrominae, most phylogenetic studies are based on cranial elements, as postcranial skeletons of these pterosaurs are rare. Here, new postcranial material from the Romualdo Formation (Aptian–Albian) from the Araripe Basin is described. The material comprises the three posteriormost cervical vertebrae, the first seven dorsal vertebrae (fused into a notarium), both scapulocoracoids, a fragment of a sternum, a partial right humerus, a small fragment of a 4th phalanx of the wing finger, a distal extremity of the right femur and the proximal portions of both tibia and fibula. Comparisons with other specimens and morphological features examined in a phylogenetic context, such as the presence of three foramina lateral and dorsal to the neural canal of the cervical vertebrae, the presence of a notarium and a pneumatic foramen on the ventral side of the proximal portion of the humerus, allow the assignment of this specimen as Thalassodrominae indet. Regarding palaeobiogeographical aspects, to date, this clade is exclusively found in the Romualdo Formation. It is the most complete postcranial material assigned to the Thalassodrominae described so far.     

Relationship of environmental changes in central Sri Lanka to possible prehistoric land-use and climate changes

A radiocarbon-dated pollen-analysed peat sequence from the Horton Plains (> 2000 m a.s.l.), in central Sri Lanka, together with physical and chemical parameters (organic carbon, mineral magnetics, carbon isotopes and phytoliths), indicates major environmental changes during the last 24,000 years. The results suggest that a mobile life form, i.e. a hunter–forage culture, predominated in an open landscape, associated with xerophytic vegetation, e.g. Chenopodium spp. at  17.5 ka BP. Incipient management of cereal plants and slash-and-burn techniques seem to have prevailed between 17.5 and 13 ka BP, which was indigenous and associated with grazing. Evidence of systematic cereal cultivation in the form of oat and barley pollen grains is found from the late Pleistocene ( 13 ka BP). This is the earliest evidence of farming activities noted in Sri Lanka as well as in south Asia. After 13 ka BP, cereal cultivation was associated with an increase in humidity. With a later abrupt increase in aridity, agricultural land-use decreased from  8 to  3.6 ka BP, when the area appears to have been almost deserted. After a severe middle Holocene arid phase (i.e. 5.4–3.6 ka BP), the agricultural activity with a limited extension was again initiated by  2.9 ka BP. During the next  900 years, cultivation ceased allowing the upper montane rain forest to dominate. Between 0.2 and 0.15 ka BP, new phases of agricultural activities were undertaken and potato cultivation took place lately, between 1950 and 1969 AD.     

安徽巢湖更新世末——全新世中期环境演变的湖泊沉积植硅体记录

通过巢湖西岸湖泊钻孔的植硅体分析,结合AMS14 C年代测定,识别了5个植硅体组合带。根据各组合带主要植硅体类型变化特征,重建了该地区13.7—7.5cal ka BP的气候环境演变史,共分为4个阶段:1)13.7—12.9cal ka BP阶段,气候呈现温暖湿润的特点,降水量较大,其中晚期阶段(13.1—12.9cal ka BP)气候开始逐渐变凉变干;2)12.9—11.5cal ka BP阶段,降温幅度较大,降水量减少,可能对应全球性新仙女木降温事件;3)11.5—9.8cal ka BP阶段,气温有所回升,降水量增加,气候总体表现为温凉湿润;4)9.8—7.5cal ka BP阶段,气温进一步回升,降水量略有减少,并存在多次波动。其中8.4—8.2cal ka BP期间发生了一次明显的变冷变干事件,可能代表了全球8.2ka的降温事件。上述结果很好地响应了区域性与全球性的气候变化,填补了该地区之前更新世末至全新世初古环境演变研究的不足。此外,13.7—7.5cal ka BP期间,水稻植硅体的连续出现表明该地区可能一直存在水稻生长,表明更新世末至全新世中期我国野生稻资源分布的北界至少已经到达巢湖流域。这一结果为研究我国史前野生稻资源的分布,以及长江流域及其以北地区稻作农业起源与发展等相关问题提供了实证和新线索。     

天山乌鲁木齐河源区3．6ka BP以来的植被变化和环境变迁：以大西沟剖面为例

天山乌鲁木齐河源区大西沟剖面孢粉鉴定结果表明：在3．6～3．2ka BP,该区气候较今温暖湿润;在3.2～2．0ka BP,气候变为寒冷干燥,这一时期乌鲁木齐河源地区曾出现一次冰进;在2．0～1．4ka BP,气候又转为暖湿;在1．4～0．5ka BP,出现了3．6ka BP以来气候最适宜的时期。整个剖面自下而上都有一定量的淡水水生植物出现,这反映了该剖面3ka BP以来一直处于淡水沼泽的环境中。通过对云杉属生态习性、传播特性等综合分析,认为剖面中的云杉丰值可能与林线上移、山谷风搬运以及冰川退缩等有一定的相关性。通过对孢粉样品中炭屑浓度统计以及磁化率测试结果的综合研究,提出在0．5ka BP左右,该地区可能出现过多次火灾;炭屑的峰值可能与人类活动有关。     

Vegetation and Climate Change during the Last Deglaciation in the Great Khingan Mountain,Northeastern China

The Great Khingan Mountain range, Northeast China, is located on the northern limit of modern East Asian Summer Monsoon (EASM) and thus highly sensitive to the extension of the EASM from glacial to interglacial modes. Here, we present a high-resolution pollen record covering the last glacial maximum and the early Holocene from a closed crater Lake Moon to reconstruct vegetation history during the glacial-interglacial transition and thus register the evolution of the EASM during the last deglaciation. The vegetation history has gone through distinct changes from subalpine meadow in the last glacial maximum to dry steppe dominated by Artemisia from 20.3 to 17.4 ka BP, subalpine meadow dominated by Cyperaceae and Artemisia between 17.4 and 14.4 ka BP, and forest steppe dominated by Betula and Artemisia after 14.4 ka BP. The pollen-based temperature index demonstrates a gradual warming trend started at around 20.3 ka BP with interruptions of several brief events. Two cold conditions occurred around at 17.2–16.6 ka BP and 12.8–11.8 ka BP, temporally correlating to the Henrich 1 and the Younger Dryas events respectively, 1and abrupt warming events occurred around at 14.4 ka BP and 11.8 ka BP, probably relevant to the beginning of the Bølling-Allerød stages and the Holocene. The pollen-based moisture proxy shows distinct drought condition during the last glacial maximum (20.3–18.0 ka BP) and the Younger Dryas. The climate history based on pollen record of Lake Moon suggests that the regional temperature variability was coherent with the classical climate in the North Atlantic, implying the dominance of the high latitude processes on the EASM evolution from the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) to early Holocene. The local humidity variability was influenced by the EASM limitedly before the Bølling-Allerød warming, which is mainly controlled by the summer rainfall due to the EASM front covering the Northeast China after that.