国产蔷薇科李亚科的花粉形态

本文报道了国产李亚科（Prunoideae）10属11种植物花粉形态。花粉近球形至长球形,极轴 20.00－44.12um,赤道轴门17.85-36.95um。极面观三裂圆形,赤道面观椭圆形至圆形。具三孔沟,内孔常为长方形。沟较长,两端较窄。但在 Sinoplagiospermum uniflora中除了3孔沟外,还有周孔沟。花粉外壁明显分化为覆盖层和柱状层,在光学显微镜下表面常模糊,扫描电镜下外壁纹饰均为条纹状。抱粉学结合形态学和细胞学证据说明本亚科为一单系发生的类群。Prinsepia utilis 和Sinoplagiospermum uniflora（Prinsepia uniflora）这两个种在花粉特征和外壁纹饰上差异很大,从而支持将 Prinsepia和 Sinopmplagiospermum分别处理为两个属但不支持将广义的Princepia（含Princepia和Sinoplagiospermum）独立为亚科。此外,由于Exochorda的外壁纹饰同Prunoideae中较原始的类群（如 Laurocerasus）相近,结合细胞学和形态学证据,支持将 Exochord移置至Prunoidea之下。     

中国北部绣线菊属的花粉形态及分类学意义

本文用光学显微镜和扫描电镜观察了中国北部绣线菊属ＳｐｉｒａｅａＬ．２１种及６个变种的花粉形态,描述了外壁纹饰的形态特征,指出了外壁纹饰特征在分类上的意义。绣线菊属的花粉为球形至长球形,外壁纹饰为条网状至条纹状。外壁纹饰类型不具有属内分组意义,但对一些种类具有一定的分类价值。花粉形态支持将曲枣绣线菊Ｓ．ｆｌｅｘｕｏｓａＦｉｓｃｈ。并入石蚕叶绣线菊Ｓ．ｃｈａｍｏｅｄｒｙｆｏｌｉａＬ．的观点［Ｍａｘｉｍｏｗｉｃｚ,Ｃ．Ｊ．（１８７９）、Ｒｅｈｄｅｒ,Ａｉ．（１９４０）］,不同意将蒙古绣线菊毛枝变种Ｓ．ｍｏｎｇｏｌｉｃａＭａｘｉｍ．ｖａｒ．ｔｏｍｅｎｔｕｌｏｓａＹｕ提升为贺兰山绣线菊Ｓ．ｔｏｍｅｎｔｕｌｏｓａ（Ｙｕ）Ｙ．Ｚ．Ｚｈａｏ［赵一之（１９８７）］。     

国产蔷薇科蔷薇亚科的花粉形态

对国产蔷薇科（Ｒｏｓａｃｅａｅ） 蔷薇亚科（Ｒｏｓｏｉｄｅａｅ） １０ 属１２ 种植物的花粉进行了光镜和扫描电镜观察。本亚科花粉呈单粒存在, 花粉近球形至长球形, 极面观常呈三裂圆形, 赤道面观椭圆形至圆形。花粉大小为（１６－０６μｍ ～３１－８８μｍ） ×（１５－３０μｍ ～３５－７０μｍ） 。三孔沟, 内孔为长方形, 沟较长, 两端较窄。其中, 矮地榆Ｓａｎｇｕｉｓｏｒｂａ ｆｉｌｉｆｏｒｍｉｓ 的花粉形态较为特殊, 每条沟的中部特别宽, 向两端则逐渐变窄, 形成近乎菱形图案, 并且在沟的中央覆盖着近椭圆形的沟膜, 将沟部分隔开来。从而在光镜下, 其极面观为不等的六裂圆形。但该种花粉依然属于３ 孔沟类型。花粉外壁在扫描电镜下见有穴状、皱波或疣状－ 穴状、条纹－ 穴状、条纹－ 网状、条纹状、刺状、条纹－ 刺状等纹饰变化。与外部形态特征和染色体基数复杂化相适应, 本亚科的外壁纹饰与其余亚科相比变化也最为多样。本文在对Ｒｏｓｏｉｄｅａｅ 的部分国产属种进行花粉形态报道的同时, 也对一些有关系统学问题进行了讨论。     

中国大蒜芥族植物花粉形态的研究

对中国大蒜芥族10属14种植物花粉形态分别进行了光镜和扫描电镜下的观察研究。结果表明该族花粉形态可划分为4种类型：（1）具3沟,超长球形,网状纹饰,外壁2层;（2）具3沟,超长球形,细网状纹饰,外壁1层;（3）具3沟（偶4沟）,长球形,网状纹饰,外壁2层;（4）具6沟,长球形,网状纹饰,外壁2层。因此,中国大蒜芥族的花粉形态多样性程度较高,说明了它不是一个自然类群,是一个多系类群,这与前人研究结果相一致。另外,本文首次报道十字花科锥果芥属植物具6沟花粉,具6沟花粉在十字花科中极为特殊,所以作者将锥果芥属提升为族级,另立新族,即锥果芥族（Tribe Berteroelleae F．Z．Li,G．Y．Tang ＆ Z．Y．Sun,trib．nov．）。     

旌节花科及其相关类群花粉形态的研究

对旌节花科及其相关类群五桠果科、猕猴桃科、水东哥科、金莲木科、省沽油科和山茶科等7科19属37种花粉进行了光镜（LM）和扫描电镜（SEM）的观察和比较。其中有些种类是第一次观察和报道。研究表明,上述各科花粉多为近球形至球形,少数近扁球形或近长球形。极面观三裂圆形或近三裂圆形。直径20－30（－35μm）,但厚皮香亚科和省沽油科银鹊树属Tapiscia的花科特别小,仅12.5-20μm。3孔沟,罕有3沟或4孔沟。外萌发孔（沟）相对地较长而宽,内孔多数较发达。花粉外壁纹饰变化大,从模糊而粗糙的细突起到皱波状纹饰,细孔状纹饰,蜂巢状－穴状纹饰,穴－网状纹饰,网状纹饰和颗粒状纹饰等。从形状、大小、萌发孔类型和外壁纹饰的比较看,虽然上述各科花粉均在不同程度上具有一定的相似性,但其中以旌节花科、省沽油科和山茶科中厚皮香科的花粉具有更多的相似性,尤其表现在外壁纹饰特征上。就孢粉学而言,也许旌节花科与省沽油科和山茶科中的厚皮香亚科的关系相对地较为密切。不过,其孢粉学特征所表现出的亲缘关系似乎不如在分子生物学中所表现出的明显。     

中国特有属牛筋条属的花粉形态与其系统位置

从发育的角度研究了中国特有单种属DichotomanthesKurz及与其系统学研究有关的外类群Prinsepiautilis的花粉形态 ,扫描电镜观察显示Dichotomanthes花粉粒自脱离四分体胼胝质膜开始至成熟二核花粉粒不同发育时期 ,花粉形态和外壁纹饰未见变化 ,仅花粉体积随成熟度增加而有所增大。而Prinsepiautilis ,其花粉粒刚脱离四分体时形状和成熟花粉明显不同 ,成熟花粉极面观为三裂圆形 ,赤道面观为圆形 ,外壁具清晰的平行条纹 ,但幼嫩花粉粒的形状很特别 ,极面观为深三裂圆形 ,赤道面观亦见花粉在两条沟之间下陷而沟部外突 ,明显为角萌发孔花粉 ,且花粉体积较成熟者小 ,而外壁纹饰同成熟者相比无根本性差异。前述两种植物花粉在不同成熟期体积有明显差异 ,而外壁纹饰在不同成熟期不存在质的变化并相对稳定 ,说明花粉外壁纹饰这一性状在蔷薇科中具有较为重要的分类学意义。DichotomanthesKurz具典型Rosaceae花粉的三孔沟结构 ,外壁具条纹 -穴状纹饰。将其孢粉学特征同Rosaceae 4个亚科有关类群的同类资料相比较 ,并结合其它形态解剖与细胞学等研究结果 ,支持将Dichotoman thes置入Maloideae下而不赞同将其另立亚科或置于Prunoideae之下。此外 ,由于Prinsepiautilis的花粉在其发育初期具角萌发孔花粉 ,与Cunoniacea     

五味子科植物花形态及其系统学意义

用光镜和扫描电镜观察了五味子科Ｓｃｈｉｓａｎｄｒａｃｅａｅ２３种、６变种和１变型的９１份花粉的形态。其中５ 、４变种和１变型的花粉形态为首次报道。该科花粉为单花粉,异极,辐射对称,扁球形至超扁球形,其萌发沟的排列格局在被子植物中是独一无二的。若按萌发沟的数目划分,该科花粉可分为３沟型和６沟型两个类型。外壁为网状纹饰,网眼的大小和网脊的宽度与花的形态有一定相关性。研究结果不支持Ｐｒａｇｌｏｗｓｋｉ对     

槭树科花粉形态及其系统学意义

报道了槭树科(Aceraceae)槭属21组33种和金钱槭属2种植物的花粉形态。本科花粉近球形至长球形,极面观为三裂圆形。从花粉萌发孔类型看,金钱槭属Dipteronia具三孔沟,槭属（Acer)除4组具三孔沟外,其余均为三沟。从花粉外壁纹饰看,金钱槭属2个种和槭属的大多数种为条纹状,罕为细条纹－拟网状和皱波状。通过花粉形态分析,并结合其它方向的证据,我们认为：（1）Sect.Palmata,Sect.Spicata和Sect.Microcarpa可能是槭属中与金钱槭属关系最密切的类群;（2）A.distalum和A.nipponicum代表了近缘的两个单种组;（3）A.pseudoplatanus不同于Sect.Acer的其它4个种而与A.saccharum可能存在更为密切的关系;（4）Sect.Carpinifolia(细条纹－拟网状外壁纹饰）和Sect.Negundo(皱波状外壁纹饰）则可能代表了槭属中最特化的类群;（5）按槭树科花粉三孔沟到三沟的演化规律,Dipteronia较Acer原始。     

国产蔷薇科苹果亚科的花粉形态

对国产蔷薇科（Ｒｏｓａｃｅａｅ）苹果亚科（Ｍａｌｏｉｄｅａｅ）１６属１８种及１变型进行了植物花粉形态的光学显微镜和扫描电镜观察。本亚科花粉呈单粒存在,花粉近球形至长球形,极面观常呈三裂圆形,赤道面观椭圆形至圆形。本亚科的花粉在全科中是最大的,极轴为１８．６２～４５．６５μｍ,赤道轴为１８．３６～４０．８μｍ。最大花粉见于Ｃｒａｔａｅｇｕｓ ｐｉｎｎａｔｉｆｉｄａ,为（２８．８５～４５．６５）μｍ     

国产爵床科山牵牛属6种、叉柱花属和老鼠簕属各1种植物的花粉形态

报道了国产爵床科Acanthaceae山牵牛属Thunbergia(山牵牛亚科Thunbergioideae)6种、叉柱花属Staurogyne(瘤子草亚科Nelsonioideae)和老鼠簕属Acanthus(老鼠簕亚科Acanthoideae)各1种植物在扫描电镜下的花粉形态。山牵牛属植物的花粉粒为圆球形,均具螺旋状萌发孔,外壁纹饰以光滑或颗粒状为主,偶具棒状突起。具螺旋状萌发孔被认为是该科独特而较原始的花粉特征。叉柱花属的花粉粒为圆球形,具3孔沟,外壁平滑。老鼠簕属的花粉粒为长球形,具3沟,外壁具细网状纹饰或具小穿孔。花粉形态特征支持传统上将上述3属置于3个不同亚科的处理。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

The effects of glutamine of the maintenance of embryogenic cultures of Cryptomeria japonica

Summary Embryogenic tissues of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) were induced on a modified Campbell and Durzan (CD) medium containing 1 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 600 mg l⁻¹ glutamine, and subcultured in the medium of the same composition for over 1 yr. This resulted in a mixed culture of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells. When embryogenic cells were isolated and cultured independently, their capacity to form embryogenic aggregates was lost. Thus, the non-embryogenic cells present within a mixed culture system were essential to the formation of embryogenic aggregates. When embryogenic tissues were isolated and cultured independently on a high glutamine-containing (2400 mg l⁻¹) medium, dry weights and endogenous levels of glutamine increased, and the tissue could generate a large number of embryogenic aggregates. Amino acid analysis of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells from the maintenance culture indicated a higher level of glutamine was present in the latter. The high endogenous level of glutamine in the non-embryogenic portion of mixed cell masses may be the supplier of glutamine for maintaining the embryogenic property of the tissues.     

Specificity of action of piperidylcholine derivatives as substrates of cholinesterases of various origin

The review deals with study of enzymologic properties of a novel highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate, N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium iodomethylate (“piperidylcholine”), and its 30 derivatives that were tested as effectors of cholinesterases of mammals and various species of Pacific squids. It was proven for the first time that responsible for specificity of action was structure of cyclic ammonium grouping of the alcohol part of molecule of the ester substrate. Analysis of specificity is performed based on enzymatic hydrolysis parameters—activity of catalytic center of cholinesterases and bimolecular constant of the reaction rate that are determined at optimal and low substrate concentrations. Among the specially synthesized group of thioester compounds there is revealed one more highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate—N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium.     

医疗机构合理用药评价模型的构建研究

目的 针对医疗机构的合理用药水平进行评价研究。方法 根据医疗机构合理用药的具体要求,构建医疗机构合理用药评价指标体系,采用基于模糊群决策的方法和多指标评价分析法构建医疗机构合理用药评价模型。结果 构建了基于模糊群决策的医疗机构合理用药评价模型,并通过实例分析证明了评价模型的可行性。结论 建立的基于模糊群决策的医疗机构合理用药评价模型能够对医疗机构的合理用药水平进行科学评价,为提高医疗机构合理用药水平奠定基础。     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.