Effects of Sewage Sludge on Plant Community Composition in Restored Limestone Quarries

The effects of sewage sludge, used to improve fertility of replaced soil, on vegetation were studied in limestone quarry restoration. Plant community growing in the first stages after sludge application was surveyed in six quarries of NE Spain. Areas with a mixture of sewage sludge and residual soil were compared to areas where the application consisted only of residual soil (a mixture of previous top soil and mine spoils). Sewage sludge was hypothesized to increase total biomass and cover, modifying species composition and delaying the early successional recover of the community. The results showed that both biomass and plant cover increased because of sewage sludge addition. The floristic composition was dominated by ruderal species that did not show any dependence on sewage sludge application. Convergence on similarity between sludge and control plots was not detected along a 5‐year period. Although species richness was significantly lower in sludge plots, diversity and equitability indexes did not show differences between treatments. The results did not show differences in the proportion of non‐native species. The proportion of legumes was lower in sludge plots. These results show that the plant communities resulting from the addition of sewage sludge to the soil used in limestone quarry restoration have more biomass and cover, but less number of species, and they do not show a clear trend to converge to those areas restored only with non‐amended soil.     

黄土丘陵区植被恢复的土壤碳水效应

黄土高原大规模植被恢复显著影响了这一区域土壤水分和有机碳(SOC),从而影响其承载的土壤水源涵养和固碳服务。明确深层土壤水分和有机碳对植被恢复的响应特征是当前黄土高原地区生态水文与生态系统服务研究的一个重要科学问题,其中植被类型以及生长年限是这一过程的重要影响因素。然而,目前关于深层土壤有机碳和土壤水分对植被恢复的响应及二者关系的研究较少。通过对陕北典型黄土丘陵区不同植被类型和生长年限下0—5 m土壤水分与有机碳的监测,分析了深层土壤水分和有机碳对植被恢复的响应及其特征。研究发现:(1)植被恢复后0—5 m土层均出现水分亏缺,土壤水分亏缺在表层1 m最低,2—3 m最高;对于不同恢复方式,林地土壤水分亏缺在恢复至21—30a时显著高于前一阶段(11—20a),而在恢复31a后水分开始恢复,而灌木、草地土壤水分亏缺程度则随恢复年限延长不断增加。(2)林地、灌木、草地0—5 m平均土壤有机碳含量为1.97、1.77、1.72 g/kg;林地土壤固碳量随恢复年限的增加而增加,并且在恢复20a时固碳量与对照农田相比出现净增;灌木土壤固碳量随恢复年限先增加后降低;草地土壤固碳量则随退耕年限增加呈下降趋势并且低于对照农田。(3)表层0—1 m土壤水分随恢复年限增加变化不显著,深层土壤水分则随恢复年限增加显著降低;相比而言,随恢复年限增加,土壤有机碳随年限的变化在各层土壤中均不显著。深层土壤水分与土壤有机碳呈现显著的正相关,且土壤有机碳的增加速率低于土壤水分,研究认为,深层土壤固碳与土壤水分关系密切,且深层土壤固碳需要充足水分参与。深层土壤水分亏缺可能限制植被细根的发展,使深层土壤有机碳输入减少。     

Effect of land use conversion on soil organic carbon sequestration in the loess hilly area, loess plateau of China

Changes in land use may alter land cover, which results in carbon stock changes in biomass as well as in the soil. In China’s loess plateau, vegetation restoration has been conducted since 1950s to control soil erosion and improve the ecosystem, with significant investment of money and manpower. Despite these efforts, soil erosion has still been severe. To reduce soil erosion and improve land quality, China initiated another state-funded project, Grain-for-Green, in 1999 in the loess plateau. However, it is not clear how effective this newly initiated project will be. In this study, we evaluated the effect of land-use conversion on soil organic carbon (SOC) and the potential effect of the current project on SOC sequestration in the Anjiapo catchment area of the loess hilly area of the loess plateau in China. This evaluation is based on SOC measurements in cropland versus in other converted land use types. We found that SOC sequestration mainly occurred in the surface soil after land use conversion took place. Land use conversion from cropland to shrubland or wild grassland (i.e. undisturbed land) was better for SOC sequestration than tree plantation in the semi-arid loess hilly area. By using the land use change in the study area as a scenario, the potential contribution of land use change on SOC sequestration due to the Grain-for-Green project was estimated. It was found that this project in the loess plateau of China would be helpful for SOC sequestration if successfully implemented.     

生态恢复对红壤侵蚀地土壤有机碳组成及稳定性的影响

为了研究红壤侵蚀区生态恢复过程中土壤有机碳的组成与动态变化,选择红壤侵蚀区生态恢复10 a和30 a的马尾松林为对象,以侵蚀裸地和次生林为对照,应用土壤有机碳物理分组方法,研究了侵蚀地植被恢复过程中表层土壤粗颗粒态有机碳(cPOC)、细颗粒态有机碳(f POC)和矿质结合有机碳(MOC)含量及POC/MOC比值的变化。结果表明:生态恢复显著提高了土壤有机碳含量(P0.05),土壤中不同组分有机碳含量也相应增加。生态恢复10 a,土壤有机碳主要以f POC形式积累,cPOC和MOC没有显著变化,其中0—10 cm土层POC占总土壤有机碳(SOC)比例高达64.1%,但稳定性较差。与恢复10 a相比,生态恢复至30 a时,0—10 cm土壤f POC含量相对不变,cPOC和MOC含量均显著增加(P0.05),10—20 cm土壤f POC和MOC增加量达到显著水平,而cPOC含量仍未显著增加,说明生态恢复过程中土壤固碳模式符合SOC饱和理论。生态恢复过程中土壤POC/MOC比值呈先升高后降低的趋势,且表层土壤大于亚表层土壤,说明随着生态恢复时间的增加,土壤有机碳稳定性逐渐提高,且亚表层土壤高于表层。因此,生态恢复对于侵蚀地碳固定的长期有效性具有重要意义。     

Response of soil carbon dioxide fluxes,soil organic carbon and microbial biomass carbon to biochar amendment: a meta‐analysis

Biochar as a carbon‐rich coproduct of pyrolyzing biomass, its amendment has been advocated as a potential strategy to soil carbon (C) sequestration. Updated data derived from 50 papers with 395 paired observations were reviewed using meta‐analysis procedures to examine responses of soil carbon dioxide (CO₂) fluxes, soil organic C (SOC), and soil microbial biomass C (MBC) contents to biochar amendment. When averaged across all studies, biochar amendment had no significant effect on soil CO₂ fluxes, but it significantly enhanced SOC content by 40% and MBC content by 18%. A positive response of soil CO₂ fluxes to biochar amendment was found in rice paddies, laboratory incubation studies, soils without vegetation, and unfertilized soils. Biochar amendment significantly increased soil MBC content in field studies, N‐fertilized soils, and soils with vegetation. Enhancement of SOC content following biochar amendment was the greatest in rice paddies among different land‐use types. Responses of soil CO₂ fluxes and MBC to biochar amendment varied with soil texture and pH. The use of biochar in combination with synthetic N fertilizer and waste compost fertilizer led to the greatest increases in soil CO₂ fluxes and MBC content, respectively. Both soil CO₂ fluxes and MBC responses to biochar amendment decreased with biochar application rate, pyrolysis temperature, or C/N ratio of biochar, while each increased SOC content enhancement. Among different biochar feedstock sources, positive responses of soil CO₂ fluxes and MBC were the highest for manure and crop residue feedstock sources, respectively. Soil CO₂ flux responses to biochar amendment decreased with pH of biochar, while biochars with pH of 8.1–9.0 had the greatest enhancement of SOC and MBC contents. Therefore, soil properties, land‐use type, agricultural practice, and biochar characteristics should be taken into account to assess the practical potential of biochar for mitigating climate change.     

毛乌素沙地杨柴灌木林恢复演替过程中土壤活性有机碳组分变化特征

土壤活性有机碳是土壤有机碳(SOC)的活性部分,是衡量土壤质量和健康状况的重要指标,能够反映植被恢复演替过程中土壤环境的早期变化。但在SOC贫瘠的沙地,长期恢复演替如何影响土壤活性有机碳组分尚不清楚。本研究以毛乌素沙地杨柴人工灌木林为研究对象,分别选取未造林(CK)与造林年限9 a、18 a和30 a的杨柴人工灌木林,探究毛乌素沙地杨柴人工灌木林恢复演替过程中土壤可溶性有机碳(DOC)、微生物量碳(MBC)、易氧化有机碳(ROC)和SOC变化规律。结果表明：(1)毛乌素沙地杨柴灌木林随恢复演替年限增加土壤固碳能力增强,但在恢复演替18 a时出现转折点,恢复演替18—30 a时土壤固碳速率相对减缓;(2)表层0—10 cm土壤DOC、MBC和ROC对恢复演替响应较为敏感,恢复演替过程中表层土壤活性有机碳各组分含量逐渐升高;(3)恢复演替年限并未对土壤活性有机碳占SOC比例产生显著影响,同时也未显著改变碳库活度。综上所述,毛乌素沙地杨柴灌木林恢复演替有助于土壤活性有机碳和SOC积累,但长期恢复演替是否持续对土壤活性有机碳固持产生积极作用仍需进一步研究。     

桂西北喀斯特峰丛洼地不同植被恢复方式下土壤有机碳组分变化特征

植被恢复被认为是提升退化区域土壤有机碳（SOC）固持的有效措施。然而,喀斯特脆弱生态系统植被人工恢复和自然恢复模式下SOC不同组分变化特征、稳定性和固持能力的研究还较缺乏。以典型喀斯特峰丛洼地为研究区,以耕地为对照,以恢复15年的人工恢复（人工林）和自然恢复（耕地撂荒后植被自然演替为灌丛）为研究对象,分析不同植被恢复模式下SOC、颗粒态有机碳（POC）、矿质结合态有机碳（MOC）、易氧化态有机碳（ROC）、惰性碳指数（RI）和SOC相对固持能力（SCS_capacity）变化特征。结果发现：（1）人工林和灌丛SOC、POC和ROC含量显著高于耕地,且灌丛POC和ROC含量显著高于人工林,MOC则在三者之间差异不显著;（2）与耕地相比,人工林和灌丛RI显著下降,但SCS_capacity差异不显著。研究表明,桂西北喀斯特峰丛洼地植被恢复15年后主要提升土壤活性碳组分,且自然恢复比人工恢复更有利于于提升土壤活性碳组分;然而,耕地退耕后短期内土壤碳稳定性并未增加,强调植被恢复后避免再次毁林开荒对于维持土壤碳固持的必要性。     

Woodland restoration on agricultural land: long‐term impacts on soil quality

Woodland restoration is underway globally to counter the negative soil quality and ecological impacts of agricultural expansion and woodland fragmentation, and restore or enhance biodiversity, ecosystem functions and services. However, we lack information about the long‐term effects of woodland restoration on agricultural soils, particularly at temporal scales meaningful to woodland and soil development. This study utilized soil and earthworm sampling across a chronosequence of sites transitioning from “agricultural land” to “secondary woodland” (50–110 years) and “ancient woodland” (>400 years), with the goal of quantifying the effects of woodland restoration on agricultural land, on key soil quality parameters (soil bulk density, pH, carbon and nitrogen stocks, and earthworm abundance, biomass, species richness and diversity). Broad‐leaved woodland restoration led to significantly greater soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks compared to arable land, and young (50–60 years) secondary woodland increased earthworm species and functional diversity compared to both arable and pasture agricultural land. SOC stocks in secondary broad‐leaved woodlands (50–110 years) were comparable to those found in long‐term ancient woodlands (>400 years). Our findings show that broad‐leaved woodland restoration of agricultural land can lead to meaningful soil ecological improvement and gains in SOC within 50–110 years, and provide intel on how restoration activities may be best targeted to maximize soil quality and functions.     

土地利用变化对土壤有机碳的影响研究进展

土壤有机碳是陆地碳库的重要组成部分,也是当前全球碳循环和全球变化研究的热点。土地利用/覆被变化及土地管理变化通过影响土壤有机碳的储量和分布,进而影响温室气体排放和陆地生态系统的碳通量。研究土地利用变化影响下的土壤有机碳储量及其动态变化规律,有助于加深理解全球气候变化与土地利用变化之间的关系。在阅读国内外有关文献的基础上,分别从土地利用及其管理方式变化的角度,概括了土地利用变化对土壤有机碳的影响过程与机理;针对当前研究的两大类方法,即实验方法和模型方法,分类详细介绍了它们各自的特点以及存在的一些问题。在此基础上,提出今后土地利用变化对土壤有机碳影响研究的发展趋势。     

农田生态系统土壤有机碳库及其影响因子

土壤有机碳(SOC)的数量和质量在很大程度上与维持和提高土壤肥力密切相关。农田生态系统土壤碳库研究一直是农业、生态和环境领域的一个主要方向。土地利用、耕作、作物类型、种植密度、灌溉、施肥以及其他人为活动等,对农田生态系统土壤有机碳库的变化均能产生影响。本文综合评述了农田生态系统土壤有机碳库及其影响因子,土壤碳截获潜力,维持和提高土壤有机碳库的措施,以及农田土壤碳截获在温室气体减排及气候变化中的潜在作用等,最后提出了农田生态系统土壤有机碳库研究的主要方向。     

Ecosystem carbon pools,fluxes, and balances within mature tallgrass prairie restorations

Tallgrass prairie restorations can quickly accrue organic C in soil and biomass, but the rate of C accumulation diminishes through time and is highly variable among more mature prairies. Long‐term soil organic carbon (SOC) accumulation in prairies has been linked to edaphic factors such as soil texture, soil moisture, and SOC content, but it is unclear how these factors affect the ecosystem processes that are responsible for observed differences in C accumulation rates in older prairies. We measured belowground plant and SOC pools and fluxes within 27–36‐year‐old restored tallgrass prairies in order to quantify total C storage, determine the net ecosystem production of C (NEP‐C), and explore which edaphic factors influence the ecosystem processes responsible for divergent NEP‐C. We found that 11% of organic C was stored in biomass, and we estimate that one‐third of post‐restoration C sequestration has occurred in biomass, thereby highlighting biomass as a large but often overlooked C pool. Belowground biomass and soil C pools were notably smaller than those reported for remnant prairie, suggesting that future belowground C accumulation could still occur. During this study, the prairies appeared to be a net source of C, although the range of NEP‐C values encompassed zero. Sand content positively affected NEP‐C via increased belowground biomass production‐C inputs, and SOC negatively affected NEP‐C due to increased soil respiration C outputs. However, soil moisture had a smaller negative effect on soil respiration, indicating that both SOC and soil moisture play important roles in determining prairie C balance.     

The responses of soil organic carbon mineralization and microbial communities to fresh and aged biochar soil amendments

While biochar soil amendment has been widely proposed as a soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration strategy to mitigate detrimental climate changes in global agriculture, the SOC sequestration was still not clearly understood for the different effects of fresh and aged biochar on SOC mineralization. In the present study of a two‐factorial experiment, topsoil samples from a rice paddy were laboratory‐incubated with and without fresh or aged biochar pyrolyzed of wheat residue and with and without crop residue‐derived dissolved organic matter (CRM) for monitoring soil organic matter decomposition under controlled conditions. The six treatments included soil with no biochar, with fresh biochar and with aged biochar treated with CRM, respectively. For fresh biochar treatment, the topsoil of a same rice paddy was amended with wheat biochar directly from a pyrolysis wheat straw, the soil with aged biochar was collected from the same soil 6 years following a single amendment of same biochar. Total CO₂ emission from the soil was monitored over a 64 day time span of laboratory incubation, while microbial biomass carbon and phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) were determined at the end of incubation period. Without CRM, total organic carbon mineralization was significantly decreased by 38.8% with aged biochar but increased by 28.9% with fresh biochar, compared to no biochar. With CRM, however, the significantly highest net carbon mineralization occurred in the soil without biochar compared to the biochar‐amended soil. Compared to aged biochar, fresh biochar addition significantly increased the total PLFA concentration by 20.3%–33.8% and altered the microbial community structure by increasing 17:1ω8c (Gram‐negative bacteria) and i17:0 (Gram‐positive bacteria) mole percentages and by decreasing the ratio of fungi/bacteria. Furthermore, biochar amendment significantly lowered the metabolic quotient of SOC decomposition, thereby becoming greater with aged biochar than with fresh biochar. The finding here suggests that biochar amendment could improve carbon utilization efficiency by soil microbial community and SOC sequestration potential in paddy soil can be enhanced by the presence of biochar in soil over the long run.     

黄土塬区苹果园土壤有机碳分布特征

以黄土塬区塬面和梁坡梯田5、10、15a和20a苹果园为对象,在行间距果树1.0、1.5m和2.0m处用土钻法分层采集0-100cm土样,LiquiTOCⅡ测定样品土壤有机碳(Soil Organic Carbon,SOC)含量,分析两种地形条件下各龄果园SOC的分布特征。结果表明:塬面5、10、15a和20a果园SOC分别为6.39、6.46、6.66g/kg和6.47g/kg,梁坡分别为5.83、6.05、6.54g/kg和6.09g/kg,两种地形条件下同龄果园SOC差异显著(P0.05),但龄间SOC消长趋势相似,均有15a的20a的10a的5a的;水平方向上,5a果园SOC沿树干向外增大,10a果园减小,15a和20a果园变化较小,塬面和梁坡同龄果园间SOC水平分布格局较一致;垂直方向上,同梁坡相比,塬面果园4个层次(0-10cm、10-20cm、20-50cm和50-100cm)的平均SOC较高;梁坡果园50-100cm土层的SOC龄间差异较大,20-50cm土层龄间差异较小,塬面果园50-100cm土层的SOC龄间变化较小;在"纯果园"利用阶段,果园利用方式并未引起SOC下降,深层SOC有明显的积累效应。     

植被修复初期对贵州高原喀斯特湿地湖滨带碳元素的影响

以贵州草海保护区（海拔约为2171.7 m）为研究对象,采用时空互代法研究不同地貌环境（非喀斯特地貌、喀斯特地貌及植被修复地貌）下,保护区内土壤有机碳（SOC）、易氧化有机碳（ROC）、可溶性有机碳（DOC）含量分布规律及其影响因素,以期为准确估算保护区内碳组分储量及其固碳效益评价提供科学依据。结果表明：（1）不同地貌下有机碳（SOC）含量、易氧化有机碳（ROC）和可溶性有机碳（DOC）与土层深度存在极显著负相关关系,即随土层深度增加而降低;（2）在0-50 cm土层中喀斯特地貌与非喀斯特地貌下土壤团聚体均以>0.2 mm粒级有机碳含量相对较高,<0.125 mm粒级含量最低。（3）植被恢复过程中,土壤碳组分含量显著增加,土壤固碳能力增强提高了土壤有机碳含量,促进了土壤团聚体的形成,同时也提高了土壤团聚体的稳定性。     

白洋淀湿地区土壤有机碳密度及储量的空间分布特征

湿地生态系统碳储量是陆地生态系统碳循环的重要组成部分,提供重要的生态系统服务功能。白洋淀湿地是国家重要生态湿地和华北平原最大的淡水湿地,同时是雄安新区的核心水系,湿地区土壤碳储量的估算研究将为湿地生态系统服务评估和湿地生态恢复提供数据支撑。研究通过对白洋淀湿地7种不同地类的105个土壤剖面进行分层取样,揭示了其湿地土壤有机碳密度及储量的空间分布特征,结果表明：（1）白洋淀湿地区土壤有机碳含量整体偏低,在各层土壤中,淹水芦苇湿地的有机碳含量均显著高于其他植被类型,约为其他类型土壤碳含量的3倍左右。（2）在各植被类型中土壤有机碳含量均以表层（0-20 cm）最高,其分配比例均集中在30%左右,随着土壤剖面深度的增加,湿地土壤的有机碳含量逐渐减少。（3）不同植被类型土壤有机碳含量与土壤有机碳密度的差异显著,具体表现为：乔木园地 < 旱地 < 常绿针叶林 < 落叶阔叶林 < 水田 < 台田芦苇 < 淹水芦苇。（4）根据估算,白洋淀湿地区的土壤有机碳储量约为5816.77×10³Mg。随着雄安新区环境治理工作的推进,白洋淀湿地区生态系统固碳将呈现持续向好态势,结合生态恢复和土地布局优化,尽量减少雄安新区建设中土地流转带来的碳排放影响,对提高区域生态效益具有重要意义。     

红壤侵蚀地不同人工恢复林对土壤总有机碳和活性有机碳的影响

土壤有机碳尤其是活性有机碳可快速反映土壤肥力和土壤质量的恢复程度。研究了南方红壤侵蚀地3种典型人工恢复林(马尾松与阔叶复层林(Pinus massoniana-broadleaved multiple layer forest(PB))、木荷与马尾松混交林(Schima superba-Pinus massoniana mixed forest(SP))、阔叶混交林(broad-leaved mixed forest(BF)))土壤(0—60 cm)总有机碳和不同活性有机碳的垂直分布特征及其差异。结果表明:不同恢复林分土壤总有机碳(SOC)含量和有机碳储量均表现为PBSPBF,均随土层深度的增加而逐渐降低;土壤表层有机碳富集系数为0.49—0.55,表明表层土壤具有较高的有机碳恢复水平和保持强度。不同林分土壤易氧化有机碳(ROC)、水溶性有机碳(DOC)和微生物量碳(MBC)含量变化范围为0.92—9.17 g/kg、535.89—800.46 mg/kg和27.24—261.31 mg/kg,且均随土层深度的增加而降低,土壤活性有机碳含量总体以BF较高。土壤活性有机碳分配比例以ROC/SOC最高,DOC/SOC次之,MBC/SOC最低,且随土层深度的增加,ROC/SOC的值呈逐渐降低趋势,DOC/SOC的值却呈逐渐升高趋势,MBC/SOC(微生物熵)则变化规律不明显;不同林分间土壤活性有机碳分配比例以BF最高,表明阔叶混交林更有利于活性碳的积累。因此,对于红壤侵蚀地森林恢复初期,可适当密植和立体种植,以提高土壤碳储量和土壤肥力,并在马尾松等先锋树种林分中补植阔叶树种,以增加土壤活性有机碳含量,从而有利于退化生态系统土壤速效养分和土壤功能的快速恢复。     

Moisture and vegetation controls on decadal‐scale accrual of soil organic carbon and total nitrogen in restored grasslands

Revitalization of degraded landscapes may provide sinks for rising atmospheric CO₂, especially in reconstructed prairies where substantial belowground productivity is coupled with large soil organic carbon (SOC) deficits after many decades of cultivation. The restoration process also provides opportunities to study the often‐elusive factors that regulate soil processes. Although the precise mechanisms that govern the rate of SOC accrual are unclear, factors such as soil moisture or vegetation type may influence the net accrual rate by affecting the balance between organic matter inputs and decomposition. A resampling approach was used to assess the control that soil moisture and plant community type each exert on SOC and total nitrogen (TN) accumulation in restored grasslands. Five plots that varied in drainage were sampled at least four times over two decades to assess SOC, TN, and C₄‐ and C₃‐derived C. We found that higher long‐term soil moisture, characterized by low soil magnetic susceptibility, promoted SOC and TN accrual, with twice the SOC and three times the TN gain in seasonally saturated prairies compared with mesic prairies. Vegetation also influenced SOC and TN recovery, as accrual was faster in the prairies compared with C₃‐only grassland, and C₄‐derived C accrual correlated strongly to total SOC accrual but C₃‐C did not. High SOC accumulation at the surface (0–10 cm) combined with losses at depth (10–20 cm) suggested these soils are recovering the highly stratified profiles typical of remnant prairies. Our results suggest that local hydrology and plant community are critical drivers of SOC and TN recovery in restored grasslands. Because these factors and the way they affect SOC are susceptible to modification by climate change, we contend that predictions of the C‐sequestration performance of restored grasslands must account for projected climatic changes on both soil moisture and the seasonal productivity of C₄ and C₃ plants.     

Stratification ratio of soil organic carbon as an indicator of carbon sequestration and soil quality in ecological restoration

The stratified distribution of soil organic carbon (SOC) provides a potential means of eliminating the difference in soil background for understanding its response to ecological processes. We assessed the feasibility of SOC stratification ratio (SR) as an index to estimate the dynamics of SOC sequestration and soil quality during ecological restoration. SOC, total nitrogen, and available nitrogen contents were measured at restored sites containing three vegetation types with different stand ages and slope gradients, also at sites with three kinds of agricultural management on the hilly Loess Plateau, China. SR and SOC density (SOCD) showed a consistently significant trend of linear increase along the revegetation chronosequences. The proportion of the annual increase rates of SR to SOCD were approximately 1:15 and 1:5 for SR₁ (0–5:5–10 cm) and SR₂ (0–5:20–30 cm), indicating that SR of the shallow soil layers (0–10 cm) could estimate SOC accumulation to a depth of 30 cm. SRs significantly increased owing to the ecosystem restorations. Also, SRs could discriminate the difference in SOC sequestration and soil quality between vegetation types. SR, however, could not precisely indicate the variation of SOC sequestration and soil quality under different agricultural management. The study suggested that SR was an efficient indicator of the dynamics of SOC sequestration and soil quality, and an SR₂ (0–5:20–30 cm) >2 indicated a distinct improvement of SOC sequestration and soil quality in ecological restoration on the hilly Loess Plateau.     

中亚热带植被恢复对土壤有机碳含量、碳密度的影响

为揭示植被恢复对土壤有机碳(SOC)库的影响机制, 采用空间代替时间的方法, 以湘中丘陵区地域相邻、环境条件基本一致的檵木(Loropetalum chinense)-南烛(Vaccinium bracteatum)-杜鹃(Rhododendron simsii)灌草丛(LVR)、檵木-杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata)-白栎(Quercus fabri)灌木林(LCQ)、马尾松(Pinus massoniana)-柯(又名石栎)(Lithocarpus glaber)-檵木针阔混交林(PLL)和柯-红淡比(Cleyera japonica)-青冈(Cyclobalanopsis glauca)常绿阔叶林(LAG)作为一个恢复演替序列, 设置固定样地, 采集0-10、10-20、20-30、30-40 cm土层土壤样品, 测定不同恢复阶段SOC含量(C_SOC)和SOC密度(D_SOC), 通过主成分分析方法和逐步回归分析方法分析影响C_SOC、D_SOC变化的主要因子。结果表明: (1)各土层C_SOC、D_SOC随着植被恢复呈增加趋势, 且LAG显著高于其他3个恢复阶段。LAG 0-40 cm土层C_SOC分别比LVR、LCQ、PLL增加12.5、9.3和4.7 g·kg ^-1, 分别提高了248.5%、113.1%和58.5%; D_SOC分别增加67.1、46.1和32.5 t C·hm ^-2, 分别提高了182.0%、79.7%和45.6%。(2) C_SOC、D_SOC与群落植物多样性指数、群落总生物量、地上部分生物量、根系生物量、凋落物层现存量、凋落物层全氮(N)含量、凋落物层全磷(P)含量、土壤全磷(TP)、土壤有效磷(AP)含量、土壤C/N(除C_SOC外)、C/P、N/P、<0.002 mm黏粒百分含量呈显著或极显著正相关关系, 与凋落物层C/N (除D_SOC外)、凋落物层C/P、土壤pH值和土壤容重呈极显著负相关关系, 表明C_SOC、D_SOC随着植被恢复的变化受到植被因子和土壤因子诸多因子的影响。其中, 土壤C/P、土壤pH值和凋落物层C/P对C_SOC、D_SOC影响显著; 此外, <0.002 mm黏粒百分含量也显著影响着D_SOC, 而土壤C/P对C_SOC和D_SOC影响最显著。植被恢复过程中, 凋落物层C/P和土壤C/P、pH值、质地的变化是影响SOC库变化的重要因素。     

Effects of vegetation restoration on soil organic carbon concentration and density in the mid-subtropical region of China

为揭示植被恢复对土壤有机碳(SOC)库的影响机制, 采用空间代替时间的方法, 以湘中丘陵区地域相邻、环境条件基本一致的檵木(Loropetalum chinense)-南烛(Vaccinium bracteatum)-杜鹃(Rhododendron simsii)灌草丛(LVR)、檵木-杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata)-白栎(Quercus fabri)灌木林(LCQ)、马尾松(Pinus massoniana)-柯(又名石栎)(Lithocarpus glaber)-檵木针阔混交林(PLL)和柯-红淡比(Cleyera japonica)-青冈(Cyclobalanopsis glauca)常绿阔叶林(LAG)作为一个恢复演替序列, 设置固定样地, 采集0-10、10-20、20-30、30-40 cm土层土壤样品, 测定不同恢复阶段SOC含量(C_SOC)和SOC密度(D_SOC), 通过主成分分析方法和逐步回归分析方法分析影响C_SOC、D_SOC变化的主要因子。结果表明: (1)各土层C_SOC、D_SOC随着植被恢复呈增加趋势, 且LAG显著高于其他3个恢复阶段。LAG 0-40 cm土层C_SOC分别比LVR、LCQ、PLL增加12.5、9.3和4.7 g·kg ^-1, 分别提高了248.5%、113.1%和58.5%; D_SOC分别增加67.1、46.1和32.5 t C·hm ^-2, 分别提高了182.0%、79.7%和45.6%。(2) C_SOC、D_SOC与群落植物多样性指数、群落总生物量、地上部分生物量、根系生物量、凋落物层现存量、凋落物层全氮(N)含量、凋落物层全磷(P)含量、土壤全磷(TP)、土壤有效磷(AP)含量、土壤C/N(除C_SOC外)、C/P、N/P、<0.002 mm黏粒百分含量呈显著或极显著正相关关系, 与凋落物层C/N (除D_SOC外)、凋落物层C/P、土壤pH值和土壤容重呈极显著负相关关系, 表明C_SOC、D_SOC随着植被恢复的变化受到植被因子和土壤因子诸多因子的影响。其中, 土壤C/P、土壤pH值和凋落物层C/P对C_SOC、D_SOC影响显著; 此外, <0.002 mm黏粒百分含量也显著影响着D_SOC, 而土壤C/P对C_SOC和D_SOC影响最显著。植被恢复过程中, 凋落物层C/P和土壤C/P、pH值、质地的变化是影响SOC库变化的重要因素。