新疆典型盐生植物营养器官盐分积累与生态化学计量特征

对盐生植物体内器官盐分积累和碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)化学计量特征的研究, 有助于了解盐生植物养分、盐分的分配机制和其对盐渍环境的适应策略。该文选择新疆4种典型的真盐生植物(3种灌木植物: 盐节木(Halocnemum strobilaceum)、小叶碱蓬(Suaeda microphylla)、盐爪爪(Kalidium foliatum), 1种草本植物: 盐角草(Salicornia europaea)为研究对象, 对比研究了它们的根、茎、叶中的盐分积累和C、N、P化学计量特征以及二者间的相关性。结果显示: 1)在生长旺盛期, 4种盐生植物体内盐分积累可形成“盐岛”效应(Na⁺、Cl^-和电导率随盐离子从植物根部向顶端运输过程呈显著增加的趋势)。2) 4种盐生植物中灌木群落的生长主要受到P的限制; 草本群落的生长受N和P (偏P)共同限制。3)器官、物种和二者的交互作用均能影响盐生植物的盐分(除Mg²⁺外)特征和C、N、P生态化学计量特征。4) 4种盐生植物C与N、P之间显著负相关, N与P之间显著正相关。5)盐生植物体内总盐分、Na⁺和K⁺与N、N:P之间呈显著正相关关系, 与C、C:N、C:P之间呈显著负相关关系, 而K⁺和CO₃^2-与P之间却显著正相关。盐生植物体内盐分和养分在应对盐渍环境上存在一定的相互促进关系, 增施N肥有助于盐生植物对氯化物盐渍土的脱盐。这些发现为了解盐渍生境中盐生植物的生理生态适应及盐渍土的改良提供一定的理论依据。     

Responses of apical ion fluxes to NaCl stress in Elaeagnus angustifolia seedlings

Aims Elaeagnus angustifolia is one of the most salt-tolerant species. The objective of this study was to understand the mechanisms of ion transporation in E. angustifolia exposed to different salt concentrations through manipulations of K⁺/Na⁺ homeostasis.
Methods Seedlings of two variants of the species, Yinchuan provenance (YC, salt-sensitive type) and the Alaer provenance (ALE, salt-tolerant type), were treated with three different NaCl application modes, and the ion fluxes in the apical regions were measured using non-invasive micro-test technology (NMT). In mode 1, Na⁺ and K⁺ fluxes were measured after 150 mmol·L^-1 NaCl stress lasted for 24 h. In mode 2, K⁺ and H⁺ fluxes were quantified with a transient stimulation of NaCl solution. In mode 3, Amiloride (Na⁺/H⁺ antiporters inhibitor) and tetraethylammonium (TEA, K⁺ channel inhibitor) was used to treat apical regions of E. angustifolia seedlings after NaCl stress for 24 h, respectively.
Important findings Under NaCl stress for 24 h, net effluxes of Na⁺ and K⁺ were increased significantly. The net Na⁺ effluxes of YC provenance seedlings (720 pmol·cm^-2•s^-1) were lower than that of ALE provenance (912 pmol·cm^-2·s^-1), but the net K⁺ efflux was higher in YC provenance. Under the instantaneous NaCl stimulation, net K⁺ efflux was remarkably increased, with the net K⁺ efflux of YC provenance always higher than that of ALE provenance. Interestingly, H⁺ at the apical regions was found from influx to efflux, with the net H⁺ efflux of ALE provenance greater than that of the YC provenance. Under the NaCl and NaCl + Amiloride treatment, the net Na⁺ efflux of ALE provenance seedlings was higher than that of YC provenance, while the net K⁺ efflux was less in ALE provenance seedlings. On the other hand, the differences in net Na⁺ and K⁺ effluxes were insignificant between the two provenances under the control group and NaCl + TEA treatment. In conclusion, NaCl stress caused Na⁺ accumulation and K⁺ outflows of E. angustifolia seedlings; The E. angustifolia seedlings utilize Na⁺/H⁺ antiporters to reduce Na⁺ accumulation by excretion; and the maintenance of K⁺/Na⁺ homeostasis in salt-tolerant E. angustifolia provenance seedlings roots accounted for a greater Na⁺ extrusion and a lower K⁺ efflux under NaCl stress. Results from this study provide a theoretical basis for further exploring salt-tolerant E. angustifolia germplasm resource.     

滨海滩涂地带乌哺鸡竹和淡竹离子含量变化及其与生长及光合作用的关系

在沿海滩涂防护林带低盐区(0.1%)、中盐区(0.2%)和重盐区(0.4%) 3个盐分梯度下,研究了栽植10年的乌哺鸡竹和淡竹Na⁺、K⁺、Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺含量变化及其与生长和光合作用的相关关系.结果表明: 从低盐区到重盐区,乌哺鸡竹的立竹密度和地径分别下降30.4%和28.8%,降幅低于淡竹的44.1%和31.2%;两竹种单株生物量下降,地上器官生物量降幅均显著高于地下器官;乌哺鸡竹和淡竹净光合速率(P_n)和PSⅡ最大光化学效率(F_v/F_m)分别下降57.6%和67.7%、6.1%和7.4%,乌哺鸡竹耐盐能力比淡竹强.随着土壤含盐量的增大,乌哺鸡竹和淡竹各器官Na⁺含量逐渐增加,K⁺、Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺含量逐渐降低.两竹种根Na⁺积累较多,而地上部分K⁺含量较高.盐胁迫环境导致乌哺鸡竹根Ca²⁺含量与淡竹叶片Mg²⁺含量明显下降.两竹种的生物量、P_n、F_v/F_m与Na⁺含量呈显著负相关,与K⁺、Ca²⁺含量呈显著正相关.     

植物HKT蛋白耐盐机制研究进展

盐害是限制植物生长发育的重要环境因素, 对植物造成渗透胁迫和离子毒害。维持细胞及整株水平的Na⁺/K⁺平衡是植物重要的耐盐机制。目前, 已报道的高亲和性钾离子转运蛋白(HKT)具有钠、钾离子转运特性, 在植物体钠、钾离子长距离运输及分配过程中发挥重要作用。该文重点总结了淡土植物和盐土植物HKT蛋白的结构、功能及耐盐机理, 并对其在植物耐盐改良育种中的前景做出了展望。     

疏叶骆驼刺适应盐渍生境的离子分布、吸收和运输特征

以塔里木盆地南缘关键物种疏叶骆驼刺为材料,研究了不同盐渍土壤生境(轻度盐渍土、中度盐渍土、重度盐渍土)下其器官间Na⁺、K⁺、Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺的分布、吸收及运输特征,以探讨疏叶骆驼刺对自然盐渍生境的适应特性.结果表明: 在轻度和中度盐渍土生境,Na⁺在各器官中的分布规律为茎≈刺>叶>根,而在重度盐渍土生境,Na⁺分布规律为叶>茎≈刺>根;Ca²⁺和Mg²⁺在疏叶骆驼刺体内的分布规律为叶>刺>茎>根.随着土壤含盐量的增加,疏叶骆驼刺体内各器官Na⁺含量都增大,而叶片中K⁺含量呈下降趋势;根和叶器官中K⁺/Na⁺值明显降低,各器官中Ca²⁺/Na⁺、Mg²⁺/Na⁺值都降低.盐渍生境下,疏叶骆驼刺体内Ca²⁺选择性运输系数和Mg²⁺选择性运输系数均为茎-叶>茎-刺>根-茎.疏叶骆驼刺为适应盐渍生境,在土壤含盐量较低时,将Na⁺聚集于茎和刺;而在土壤含盐量较高时,则将Na⁺聚集于叶片.此外,Ca²⁺和Mg²⁺可能是疏叶骆驼适应盐渍生境的无机渗透调节物质.     

丛枝菌根真菌调控根系构型与矿质元素平衡提高西瓜植株耐盐性的研究

丛枝菌根（arbuscular mycorrhiza,AM）真菌可通过多种途径或机制来增强植物的耐盐性,进而促进植株的生长发育。本研究在盆栽条件下设西瓜Citrullus lanatus品种‘京欣四号’幼苗接种变形球囊霉Glomus versiforme和不接种以及施加和不施加100mmol/L NaCl共4个处理,测定植株根系菌根侵染状况、根系构型及其根茎叶中钾（K）、钙（Ca）、磷（P）、钠（Na）含量、K⁺/Na⁺、Ca²⁺/Na和植株生长状况等。AM真菌显著增加了盐胁迫下西瓜植株总根长度、根表面积、根体积和根尖数量,改善了根系构型;促进了西瓜根系对K、Ca和P的吸收,提高了茎Ca和P含量、根系K和P含量、K⁺/Na⁺和Ca²⁺/Na⁺,而降低了根Na⁺含量;茎P和Na⁺、叶K和Ca的含量显著高于其他器官相应含量。典范对应分析表明,根系K含量、K⁺/Na⁺和Ca²⁺/Na⁺与总根长度、主根长度、根表面积、根体积、根尖数量、根平均直径呈正相关;叶K⁺/Na⁺与主根长度呈正相关;根系Na⁺含量与根系总根长、根平均直径和根尖数量呈负相关。接种AM真菌改善了矿质元素平衡及其分配状况。盐胁迫后西瓜植株对菌根的依赖性增强。结果表明,K、Ca、P是AM真菌介导植物耐盐性的关键养分;K⁺/Na⁺和Ca²⁺/Na⁺是重要的矿质元素平衡指标,接种AM真菌能调控植物根系构型和矿质元素平衡状况,从而缓解盐胁迫对西瓜生长的抑制作用,提高植株的耐盐性。     

Eco-physiological responses of linseed (Linum usitatissimum) to salt and alkali stresses

AimsEffects of salt and alkali stresses (NaCl-Na₂SO₄ and NaHCO₃-Na₂CO₃) were compared on growth, photosynthesis characters, ionic balance and osmotic adjustment of linseed (Linum usitatissimum), to elucidate the mechanisms of salt and alkali stress (high pH value) damage to plants, and their physiological adaptive mechanisms to the stresses. MethodsThe experiment was carried out in an artificial greenhouse. Plants grew at approximately 700 mmol·m^-2·s^-1 photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) in greenhouse under photoperiod of 15 h in light and 9 h in dark. In each plastic pot (17 cm diameter) which contained 2.5 kg of washed sand, 20 linseed seeds were sown. The seedlings were exposed to stresses lasting 14 days after 2 months.Important findingsThe inhibitory effects of alkali stress on linseed growth were more remarkable than those of salt stress, indicating that alkali and salt represent two distinct forms of stress. The alkali stress increased the Na⁺ content in shoots, damaged the photosynthetic system, and highly reduced the net photosynthetic rate and C assimilation capacity. Under salinity stress, the Na⁺ content increased, the K⁺ content decreased with increasing stress. Greater changes were observed under alkali than under salt stress. Alkali stress caused the massive influx of Na⁺, which probably explained that the harmful of alkali stress on plants was stronger than that of salt stress. Under alkali stress, Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ decreased in roots, showing that high pH value around roots hindered the absorption of them. Fe²⁺ and Zn²⁺ had little effects on the osmotic adjustment, mainly because of they had a low ion content. Under salt stress, anion increased in order to balance the sharp increase of Na⁺. However, alkali stress made severe deficit of negative charge, broke the intracellular ionic balance and pH homeostasis, and caused a series of strain response. Our results showed that linseed enhanced the synthesis of soluble sugars to balance massive influx of Na⁺ under salt stress, but linseed enhanced the synthesis of organic acids to compensate for the shortage of inorganic anions, which might be a key pathway for the pH adjustment. In conclusion, the alkali stress (high pH value) clearly inhibited the growth, element absorption, ion homeostasis reconstruction of plants. Organic acid concentration is possibly a key adaptive factor for linseed to maintain intracellular ion balance and regulate high pH value under alkali stress.     

Stoichiometric characteristics of carbon,nitrogen and phosphorus in Phyllostachys edulis forests of China

Aims Stoichiometric ratios of carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) are important characteristics of the ecological processes and functions. Studies on population ecological stoichiometry can refine the content of flora chemometrics, determine the limited nutrient, and provide data for process-based modeling over large scale. Phyllostachys edulis is an important forest type, whose area accounts for 74% of total bamboo forest area in Southern China. However, little is known about the ecological stoichiometric in P. edulis. This study aimed to reveal C:N, C:P and N:P stoichiometry characteristics of the “plant-soil-litter” continuum and to provide a better understanding nutrient cycling and stability mechanisms in P. edulis forest in China. Methods The data were collected from the published literature containing C、N、P content in leaf or surface soil (0-20 cm) or littefall in P. edulis forests. Important findings 1) The leaf C, N, P content were estimated at 478.30 mg·g^-1, 22.20 mg·g^-1, 1.90 mg·g^-1 in P. edulis, and the corresponding C: N, C: P and N: P were 26.80, 299.60 and 14.40, respectively. Soil C, N, and P content in 0-20 cm were 21.53 mg·g^-1, 1.66 mg·g^-1, 0.41 mg·g^-1, with ratios of 14.20 for C:N, 66.74 for C:P and 4.28 for N:P. The C, N and P contents were 438.49 mg·g^-1, 13.39 mg·g^-1, 0.86 mg·g^-1 for litterfall, with the litter C:N, C:P and N:P being 25.53, 665.67, 22.55, respectively. 2) In the plant-soil-litter system in P. edulis forest, leaf had higher C:N, litter had higher C:P and N:P, while soil were the lowest. The N, P resorption rate was 39.68% and 54.74%, indicating that P. edulis forest growth and development was constrained by P or by both of N and P in China. 3) N content and N:P in leaf showed a tendency to increase with latitude, while the C:N of leaf declined with latitude. N:P of leaf increased with longitude, but the P content and the C:N of leaf showed a opposite trend. C: N of soil increased with longitude, whereas the N content of soil declined longitude. The N content of litter declined with longitude. 4) The leaf N content was negatively correlated with mean annual temperature and mean annual precipitation, but being more sensitive to temperature than precipitation. The positive correlations between N content and latitude support “Temperature-Plant Physiological” hypothesis, reflecting an adaptive strategy to environmental conditions.     

中亚热带植被恢复阶段植物叶片、凋落物、土壤碳氮磷化学计量特征

为揭示植被恢复过程中生态系统的养分循环机制及植物的生存策略, 根据亚热带森林群落演替过程, 采用空间代替时间方法, 以湘中丘陵区地域相邻、环境条件基本一致的檵木(Loropetalum chinensis) +南烛(Vaccinium bracteatu) +杜鹃(Rhododendron mariesii)灌草丛(LVR)、檵木+杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata) +白栎(Quercus fabri)灌木林(LCQ)、马尾松(Pinus massoniana) +柯(Lithocarpus glaber) +檵木针阔混交林(PLL)、柯+红淡比(Cleyera japonica) +青冈(Cyclobalanopsis Glauca)常绿阔叶林(LCC)作为一个恢复系列, 设置固定样地, 采集植物叶片、未分解层凋落物和0-30 cm土壤样品, 测定有机碳(C)、全氮(N)、全磷(P)含量及其化学计量比, 运用异速生长关系、养分利用效率和再吸收效率分析植物对环境变化的响应和养分利用策略。结果表明: (1)随着植被恢复, 叶片C:N、C:P、N:P显著下降, 而叶片C、N、P含量和土壤C、N含量、C:P、N:P显著增加, 其中LCC植物叶片C、N含量, 土壤C、N含量及其N:P, PLL植物叶片P含量, 土壤C:P显著高于其他3个恢复阶段, 各恢复阶段植物叶片N:P > 20, 植物生长受P限制; 凋落物C、N、P含量及其化学计量比波动较大。(2)凋落物与叶片、土壤的化学计量特征之间的相关关系较弱, 叶片与土壤的化学计量特征之间具有显著相关关系, 其中叶片C、N、P含量与土壤C、N含量、C:N (除叶片C、N含量外)、C:P、N:P呈显著正相关关系; 叶片C:N与土壤C、N含量、C:P、N:P, 叶片C:P与土壤C含量、C:N、C:P, 叶片N:P与土壤C:N呈显著负相关关系。(3)植被恢复过程中, 叶片N、P之间具有显著异速生长关系, 异速生长指数为1.45, 叶片N、P的利用效率下降, 对N、P的再吸收效率增加, LCC叶片N利用效率最低, PLL叶片P利用效率最低而N、P再吸收效率最高。(4)叶片N含量内稳态弱, 而P含量具有较高的内稳态, 在土壤低P限制下植物能保持P平衡。植被恢复显著影响叶片、凋落物、土壤C、N、P含量及其化学计量比, 叶片与土壤之间C、N、P含量及化学计量比呈显著相关关系, 植物通过降低养分利用效率和提高养分再吸收效率适应土壤养分的变化, 叶片-凋落物-土壤系统的N、P循环随着植被恢复逐渐达到“化学计量平衡”。     

外生菌根真菌通过调节离子平衡提高蒙古栎耐盐性

为探究盐胁迫对蒙古栎生长的影响以及外生菌根真菌(ECMF)对蒙古栎离子平衡的调节作用,对蒙古栎幼苗接种4种ECMF(铆钉菇、褐环乳牛肝菌、厚环粘盖牛肝菌和美味牛肝菌)后,以1年生非菌根化与菌根化幼苗为试验材料,进行36 d的NaCl胁迫(0、100、200、300 mmol·L^-1)处理,分析幼苗的菌根特征、生长量、叶伤害症状、叶片电解质渗透率及含水量、根茎叶离子含量的变化特征。结果表明: 4种ECMF均能与蒙古栎建立共生体系,菌根化幼苗的根系较非菌根化幼苗粗壮。盐胁迫下,蒙古栎幼苗的生长受到抑制并出现焦叶症状,其叶片质膜损伤和失水程度随盐胁迫浓度升高而加重。低盐胁迫时(100 mmol·L^-1),蒙古栎优先将Na⁺积累在根和茎中,中高浓度盐胁迫下(200～300 mmol·L^-1),根成为积累Na⁺的首要器官。ECMF通过增加根部的Na⁺水平和减少茎、叶的Na⁺积累,加强对K⁺和Ca²⁺的吸收以提高K⁺/Na⁺和Ca²⁺/Na⁺,进而调节蒙古栎的离子平衡。4种ECMF对蒙古栎盐毒害的缓解作用存在差异,铆钉菇作用效果最好,褐环乳牛肝菌次之,厚环粘盖牛肝菌和美味牛肝菌的作用相对较小。     

Glycinebetaine-induced modulation of antioxidant enzymes activities and ion accumulation in two wheat cultivars differing in salt tolerance

Modulation of water relations, activities of antioxidant enzymes and ion accumulation was assessed in the plants of two wheat cultivars S-24 (salt tolerant) and MH-97 (moderately salt sensitive) subjected to saline conditions and glycinebetaine (GB) applied foliarly. Different levels of GB, i.e., 0 (unsprayed), 50 and 100 mM (in 0.10% Tween-20 solution) were applied to the wheat plants at the vegetative growth stage. Leaf water potential, leaf osmotic potential and turgor potential were decreased due to salt stress. Salt stress increased the Na⁺ and Cl⁻ accumulation coupled with a decrease in K⁺ and Ca²⁺ in the leaves and roots of both cultivars thereby decreasing tissue K⁺/Na⁺ and Ca²⁺/Na⁺ ratios. Furthermore, salt stress decreased the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), whereas it increased the activities of catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD) in both wheat cultivars. However, accumulation of GB in the leaves of both wheat cultivars was consistently increased with an increase in concentration of exogenous GB application under both non-saline and saline conditions. Accumulation of Na⁺ was decreased with an increase in K⁺ accumulation upon a consistent increase in GB accumulation under salt stress conditions thereby resulting in better K⁺/Na⁺ and Ca²⁺/Na⁺ ratios in the leaves and roots. High accumulation of GB and K⁺ mainly contributed to osmotic adjustment, which is one of the factors known to be responsible for improving growth and yield under salt stress. The activities of all antioxidant enzymes, SOD, CAT and POD were enhanced by GB application in cv. MH-97 under saline conditions, whereas all these except SOD were reduced in cv. S-24. It is likely that both applied GB and intrinsic SOD scavenged ROS in the tolerant cultivar thereby resulting into low activities of CAT and POD enzymes under salt stress. In conclusion, the adverse effects of salt stress on wheat can be alleviated by the exogenous application of 100 mM GB by modulating activities of antioxidant enzymes and changes in water relations and ion homeostasis. Furthermore, effectiveness of GB application on regulation of activities of antioxidant enzymes was found to be cultivar-specific.     

盐胁迫下外源褪黑素和Ca2+对甜瓜幼苗的缓解效应

以甜瓜品种‘羊角酥瓜’为试材,利用人工气候室控制环境条件(昼/夜25/18 ℃),研究盐胁迫条件下外源褪黑素(MT)和Ca²⁺对甜瓜幼苗根系和叶片中Cl^-、Na⁺、K⁺、Mg²⁺、Ca²⁺离子含量,Na⁺/K⁺、 Na⁺/Ca²⁺、Na⁺/Mg²⁺值,以及H⁺-ATP酶活性、渗透调节物质积累和细胞膜质过氧化的影响.结果表明: 与对照相比,盐胁迫处理显著抑制甜瓜幼苗生长,增加根系和叶片中Cl^-、Na⁺含量,降低K⁺、Mg²⁺、Ca²⁺含量.盐胁迫下,喷施外源MT或Ca²⁺处理均可以显著降低甜瓜根系和叶片中Cl^-、Na⁺含量,提高K⁺、Mg²⁺、Ca²⁺含量,植株体内Na⁺/K⁺、Na⁺/Ca²⁺和 Na⁺/Mg²⁺值下降;同时也提高了根系和叶片H⁺-ATP酶活性及叶片渗透调节物质的含量,降低盐胁迫对细胞膜的伤害,表现在甜瓜叶片相对电导率和丙二醛含量降低.总之,在盐胁迫条件下,外源MT、Ca²⁺单独和复配处理均可通过提高H⁺-ATP酶活性来降低盐害离子的含量,改善甜瓜幼苗中的离子平衡,同时增加渗透调节物质的含量,降低膜质过氧化水平,从而增强其对盐胁迫的适应性,其中MT和Ca²⁺复配处理时的效果更好.复配外施 MT 和Ca²⁺在诱导甜瓜幼苗提高耐盐方面具有协同增效作用.     

Distribution pattern and influencing factors of soil salinity at Tamarix cones in the Taklimakan Desert

柽柳(Tamarix chinensis)沙包是塔克拉玛干沙漠特殊的生物地貌景观, 对维持区域生态环境的稳定具有极其重要的作用。该研究采用野外调查与室内分析相结合的方法, 选取且末、阿拉尔、策勒、塔中4个典型区域的柽柳沙包为研究对象, 对柽柳沙包0-500 cm土壤垂直剖面进行采样, 测定土壤pH值、枯落物含量、电导率及HCO₃ ^-、Cl ^-、SO₄ ^2-、Ca ²⁺、Mg ²⁺、K ⁺、Na ⁺含量, 分析柽柳沙包中土壤盐分的空间变化规律及其影响因素。结果表明: 1)从且末、阿拉尔、策勒到塔中, 土壤pH值总体呈升高趋势, 土壤电导率及Na ⁺、Ca ²⁺、Mg ²⁺、SO₄ ^2-含量总体呈降低趋势, K ⁺、Cl ^-、HCO₃ ^-含量没有明显的变化规律。2)盐分在4个样区的垂直分布主要表现为: 且末和策勒样区柽柳沙包的土壤盐分呈表层聚集现象; 阿拉尔和塔中样区柽柳沙包的土壤盐分呈深层聚集现象。随着土层深度的增加, 土壤pH值总体呈升高的趋势, 土壤枯落物含量总体呈降低趋势; 土壤电导率在且末和策勒样区总体呈降低趋势, 阿拉尔样区呈先降低后升高再降低的变化趋势, 而塔中样区呈先升高后降低再升高的变化趋势。3)根据相关性分析和主成分分析, 且末样区土壤枯落物含量、SO₄ ^2-、Na ⁺、K ⁺为影响土壤盐分含量的主要因子, 且土壤盐分以硫酸盐为主; 阿拉尔样区影响土壤盐分组成的主要因子为Cl ^-、Na ⁺; 策勒样区为Cl ^-、K ⁺、Na ⁺; 塔中样区为Cl ^-、Na ⁺、Ca ²⁺、SO₄ ^2-, 且土壤盐分均以氯化物为主。综合分析表明, 不同区域柽柳沙包中土壤盐分存在空间变异性, 柽柳沙包土壤盐分的变化与干旱沙漠地区强烈的蒸发作用、地表风蚀强度、地下水埋深、土壤中枯落物及柽柳的生物积盐效应等因素密切相关, 是影响不同区域土壤盐分分布的关键因子。     

盐胁迫下外源褪黑素和Ca2+对甜瓜幼苗的缓解效应

以甜瓜品种‘羊角酥瓜’为试材,利用人工气候室控制环境条件(昼/夜25/18 ℃),研究盐胁迫条件下外源褪黑素(MT)和Ca²⁺对甜瓜幼苗根系和叶片中Cl^-、Na⁺、K⁺、Mg²⁺、Ca²⁺离子含量,Na⁺/K⁺、 Na⁺/Ca²⁺、Na⁺/Mg²⁺值,以及H⁺-ATP酶活性、渗透调节物质积累和细胞膜质过氧化的影响.结果表明: 与对照相比,盐胁迫处理显著抑制甜瓜幼苗生长,增加根系和叶片中Cl^-、Na⁺含量,降低K⁺、Mg²⁺、Ca²⁺含量.盐胁迫下,喷施外源MT或Ca²⁺处理均可以显著降低甜瓜根系和叶片中Cl^-、Na⁺含量,提高K⁺、Mg²⁺、Ca²⁺含量,植株体内Na⁺/K⁺、Na⁺/Ca²⁺和 Na⁺/Mg²⁺值下降;同时也提高了根系和叶片H⁺-ATP酶活性及叶片渗透调节物质的含量,降低盐胁迫对细胞膜的伤害,表现在甜瓜叶片相对电导率和丙二醛含量降低.总之,在盐胁迫条件下,外源MT、Ca²⁺单独和复配处理均可通过提高H⁺-ATP酶活性来降低盐害离子的含量,改善甜瓜幼苗中的离子平衡,同时增加渗透调节物质的含量,降低膜质过氧化水平,从而增强其对盐胁迫的适应性,其中MT和Ca²⁺复配处理时的效果更好.复配外施 MT 和Ca²⁺在诱导甜瓜幼苗提高耐盐方面具有协同增效作用.     

NaCl胁迫对4种豆科树种幼苗生长和K+、Na+含量的影响

以合欢、刺槐、国槐和皂荚4种豆科树种盆栽实生幼苗为试验材料,研究了NaCl胁迫下4个树种幼苗的生长、耐盐临界浓度和Na⁺、K⁺含量的变化,并对其耐盐性进行了比较.结果表明：NaCl胁迫抑制了4个树种幼苗的生长,苗木的干物质积累量减小、根冠比增大,尤其对合欢和皂荚的影响较大;以相对干质量降至对照组50%时的NaCl浓度作为生长临界NaCl浓度(C₅₀)指标,4个树种的耐盐强弱顺序为：刺槐(5.0‰)＞国槐(4.5‰)＞皂荚(3.9‰)＞合欢(3.0‰);随NaCl浓度的增加,各树种幼苗根、茎、叶中Na⁺含量逐渐增加,K⁺含量先增加后减小（合欢根除外）,而K⁺/Na⁺差异较大.相同浓度NaCl胁迫下,幼苗器官的Na⁺分布为根＞茎＞叶,K⁺因树种和NaCl浓度不同而各异,以叶片中较多,K⁺/Na⁺为叶＞茎＞根.NaCl胁迫下,刺槐的K⁺含量和K⁺/Na⁺较高,地上部分Na⁺含量较低,幼苗干物质量大,耐盐性较强;而合欢的K⁺/Na⁺较小,高浓度NaCl胁迫下地上部分的Na⁺含量较高,幼苗干物质量小,耐盐性较差.苗木地上部分对K⁺的积累和根部对Na⁺的滞留是影响豆科树种耐盐性能的主要因素.     

Physiological responses to salt stress in young umbu plants

Soil salinity affects plant growth and development due to harmful ion effects and water stress caused by reduced osmotic potential in the soil solution. In order to evaluate the effects of salt stress in young umbu plants, research was performed in green house conditions at the Laboratory of Plant Physiology at Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Brazil. Growth, stomatal behaviour, water relations, and both inorganic and organic solutes were studied aiming for a better understanding of the responses of umbu plants to increasing salinity. Plants were grown in washed sand with Hoagland and Arnon nutrient solution with 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100 mM NaCl. Growth, leaf water potential, transpiration, and diffusive resistance were evaluated. Na⁺, K⁺, Cl⁻, soluble carbohydrates, and free amino acid contents were measured in several plant organs. Most variables were affected with salinity above 50 mM NaCl showing decreases in: number of leaves, plant height, stems diameter, and dry masses, and increases in root-to-shoot ratio. Reductions in ψ_pd were observed in plants grown under 75 and 100 mM NaCl. All salt levels above zero increased Na⁺ and Cl⁻ contents in leaves. However, K⁺ content was not affected. Na⁺ and Cl⁻ in stems and roots reached saturation in treatments above 50 mM NaCl. Organic solute accumulation in response to salt stress was not observed in umbu plants. These results suggest that umbu plants tolerate salt levels up to 50 mM NaCl without showing significant physio-morphological alterations.     

Seagrass-salinity interactions: Physiological mechanisms used by submersed marine angiosperms for a life at sea

Due to the nature of coastal and estuarine systems, seagrasses must be able to tolerate short-term salinity fluctuations including both hyposaline and hypersaline conditions. Salt tolerance can be achieved, in part, through vacuolar ion sequestering (mostly Na⁺, K⁺, and Cl⁻) and cytosolic osmolyte accumulation (K⁺ and organic osmolytes), with differences in cellular ion levels attributed to selective ion flux and ion partitioning between the cytoplasm and vacuole (with lower cytoplasmic-to-vacuolar ratios favoring higher cellular Na⁺ concentrations). The hydrophilic nature of organic compounds such as organic acids, soluble carbohydrates, and free amino acids allow them to serve as osmoprotectants and low-molecular-weight chaperones which diminishes the inhibitory effects of potentially harmful ions on metabolic processes. Nevertheless, some carbohydrate studies on seagrasses have shown decreased soluble sugar content with increased salinities. During salt stress, carbohydrates are likely converted to other organic compounds that would better facilitate osmotic adjustment in these plants. This is further supported by observed decreases in sucrose-P synthase (a key enzyme involved in sucrose synthesis) activities in seagrass exposed to higher salinities. While modifications in ion flux and organic solute levels often follow changes in environmental salinities, these adjustments are relatively slow (hours to days). Therefore, the initial response to sudden salinity change will include rapid alterations in turgor pressure driven by water flux in the direction of the osmotic gradient. The rate of water movement depends largely on the hydraulic conductivity of the plasmalemma and the elastic properties of the cell wall (bulk elastic modulus; Є). Observations on cell wall elasticity indicate that some seagrasses maintain fairly rigid walls (high Є values), thereby limiting the amount of water influx during hypoosmotic stress. Although high Є would be beneficial to open-water coastal plants living in relatively stable saline environments, in estuaries where salinities fluctuate considerably over shorter intervals, high Є could promote flaccid cells with no turgor pressure during hyperosmotic conditions. Hypo- and hyperosmotic conditions also inhibit photosynthesis in seagrasses. Decreases in photosynthesis have been attributed to declines in chlorophyll content, changes in chloroplast ultrastructure, disruptions of electron flow through photosystems, and inhibitions of key photosynthetic enzymes. The uptake of nutrients can also be strongly influenced by salinity. High affinity Na⁺-dependent nutrient transport systems (for NO₃⁻, H₂PO₄⁻, and HPO₄⁻²) which benefit from the inwardly driving force for Na⁺ have been observed in seagrasses. Nitrate reductase, the key enzyme involved in nitrate reduction/ assimilation, also has elevated activities at higher salinities which would agree with Na⁺-dependent NO₃⁻ transport. While our basic understanding of how seagrasses survive in saline environments is increasing, it still lags well behind marine algae and terrestrial halophytes. It is likely that further investigations will reveal unique physiological adaptations that have not been observed in other plants.     

Characteristics of nitrogen and phosphorus stoichiometry across components of forest ecosystem in Shaanxi Province

Aims Nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) stoichiometry between vegetation, litter, and soil were important for understanding biogeochemical cycles in terrestrial ecosystems, but remain poorly understood. Here, our aims were to study characteristics of N and P stoichiometry for the plant, litter, and soil and the interactions between its components across forest ecosystems in Shaanxi Province.Methods A total of 121 sampling sites, covering the most main forest types in Shaanxi, were established across the whole province in 2012. And N and P concentration of vegetation (tree and understory), litter and soil layers were measured for each site.Important findings 1) There were significant differences in the N and P stoichiometry among the forest ecosystem components (p < 0.05). N and P contents were higher in understory and litter layer, and lower in tree and soil. Whereas the N:P was slightly different, highest in litter and lowest in the soil layer, with little differences among remaining components. The contents of N, P and N:P ranged from 0.72 to11.99 mg·g^-1, 0.47 to 1.07 mg·g^-1, and 1.86 to 14.84, respectively. Within top 1 m soil layer N content and N:P decreased with soil depth (p < 0.05), however the P content did not exhibit significant changes. 2) N and P contents, and N:P of each component were higher in broadleaf forest than in coniferous forest, although the difference is not significant. 3) N was positively correlated with P content except for soil and N:P was negatively correlated with P content, but positively correlated with N content within each component. In addition, there was a significant positive correlation for N and P stoichiometric characteristics between litter layer and tree, herb, soil layer. 4) Although spatial pattern of N and P contents, and N:P differed in relation to longitude, latitude, and elevation for forest ecosystem components, a stable distribution was exhibited in general.     

新疆胀果甘草幼苗耐盐性及对NaCl胁迫的离子响应

以盐碱荒漠草甸药用植物胀果甘草(Glycyrrhiza inflata)为材料, 采用水培法研究了盐处理(50、100、200、300 mmol·L^-1NaCl) 28天后幼苗株高、生物量、含水量、根粗、甘草酸含量和不同器官的离子含量及离子的选择吸收、运输能力, 并对丙二醛、脯氨酸含量进行测定, 以确定其耐盐范围及耐盐方式。结果表明, 低盐浓度对胀果甘草幼苗生长无显著影响, 只有较高盐浓度(≥200 mmol·L^-1 NaCl)使幼苗总生物量、株高、甘草酸含量显著降低; 根据耐盐系数与盐浓度的拟合方程, 确定适宜幼苗生长的盐浓度范围为0-278.17 mmol·L^-1。随盐浓度上升, 植株选择性吸收K⁺、Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺, 而抑制Na⁺进入体内, 幼苗对进入植株体内的Na⁺在不同盐浓度下采取了不同的分配策略, 低盐浓度下(0-100 mmol·L^-1), 植株体内Na⁺主要积累在根中, 避免了叶中Na⁺的过多积累, 其盐适应机制以耐盐方式为主; 高盐浓度下(≥200 mmol·L^-1 NaCl), Na⁺主要积累在下部叶, 并通过叶片脱落的方式带走体内的盐分, 其盐适应机制以避盐方式为主。盐胁迫下, 幼苗能促进K⁺而抑制Na⁺向上部叶的运输, 使上部叶拒Na喜K, 维持了较高的K⁺/Na⁺比值, 有利于幼苗生长; 同时, 地下根系能通过积累Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺和合成脯氨酸、甘草酸, 以提高渗透调节能力, 缓解Na⁺毒害, 使根的生长不受影响, 有利于保证幼苗在盐环境中吸收维持生长的必要养分, 这是胀果甘草幼苗具有较强耐盐性的原因。以上结果说明, 胀果甘草幼苗通过对盐离子的吸收和运输调控、离子区域化和渗透调节, 以耐盐和避盐两种方式适应盐碱荒漠环境。     

野皂荚对NaCl胁迫的生理响应及耐盐性

以盆栽野皂荚2年生实生苗为材料,设置土壤NaCl含量分别为0.053%（CK）、0.15%、0.3%、0.45%和0.6%的盐胁迫处理,研究不同浓度盐处理对苗木生长、细胞膜透性、细胞保护酶活性以及Na⁺和K⁺分布格局的影响,探讨了其耐盐阈值和机理.结果表明：随着NaCl浓度增加,苗木生长量逐渐降低,盐害指数逐渐升高;野皂荚可忍耐的土壤含盐量为0.42%.随着NaCl浓度增加,叶片相对电导率、氧自由基产生速率和丙二醛(MDA)含量均逐渐增大;超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性呈先上升后下降的变化趋势,在土壤含盐量0.3%或0.45%时达到峰值;高盐胁迫下,SOD、POD和CAT活性的增强可及时清除盐胁迫产生的氧自由基,进而缓解或避免膜脂过氧化作用对组织细胞的伤害.盐胁迫下根、茎、叶的Na⁺含量均逐渐增大,且呈现根>叶>茎的分布格局;K⁺含量和K⁺/Na⁺呈下降趋势,呈现叶>根>茎的分布格局;K⁺-Na⁺选择性运输系数(S_K⁺·Na⁺)随着土壤含盐量的增加逐渐升高,且叶S_K⁺·Na⁺高于茎S_K⁺·Na⁺.野皂荚耐盐机制是根系拒盐和叶片耐盐;盐胁迫下,根系Na⁺累积能力增强可控制Na⁺向地上运输以避免盐害发生,叶片K⁺选择性吸收和累积能力的显著提高可忍耐和补偿Na⁺对组织的伤害.