两种草蛉对取食棉花的扶桑绵粉蚧的嗅觉反应（英文）

捕食性的普通草蛉Chrysoperla sp.（carnea group） 和安平草蛉Mallada desjardinsi（Navas）（脉翅目:草蛉科）的寄主-生境定位取决于其觅食行为以及对各阶段释放的植物气味的行为反应.本研究调查了这两种交配的草蛉成虫以及取食棉花的扶桑绵粉蚧Phenacoccus solenopsis的反应,以便了解它们之间的三重营养关系.结果表明：草蛉雄虫和雌虫均能感受到棉花植株释放的绿叶挥发物;植株的各个阶段均可使捕食性昆虫和绵粉蚧定位.在受绵粉蚧为害的棉叶上饱和烃含量高,说明草蛉成虫的反应更为强烈;在植株受为害期和开花期释放捕食性昆虫,可提高田间捕食性昆虫的作用.这些结果提示有效的生物防治取决于捕食性昆虫在植株上的天然定殖能力以及对害虫的吞食能力.     

Effect of an entomopathogen on adaptation of Heliothis virescens populations to transgenic host plants

The role of an entomopathogen in evolution of herbivore adaptation to partially resistant host plants was examined using a tritrophic system in the laboratory. We hypothesized that a pathogen should interact with herbivore behavior to accelerate herbivore adaptation to toxic plants: individuals not adapted to toxin tend to move more on toxic plants, and therefore are more likely to encounter a lethal dose of pathogen, further increasing the probability that they will be eliminated by selection. Heliothis virescens (F.) (Noctuidae) was selected for adaptation to transgenic tobacco containing a sublethal concentration of Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner toxin under two treatment regimes: larvae placed on plants treated with infective conidia of the entomopathogenic fungus, Nomuraea rileyi (Farlow) Samson, and larvae placed on plants without fungus.Selection was initiated with a genetically heterogeneous strain created by crossing two laboratory strains of H. virescens, one not adapted to B. thuringiensis toxin, and one highly adapted (>1000-fold) to toxin. This cross was performed four times to create four independent populations. Selection was initiated with F2 offspring from each cross and continued for 8–10 consecutive generations. Adaptation to toxin within each treatment population was quantified every generation by measuring survival and growth of larvae on artificial diet containing a low concentration of B. thuringiensis toxin.In three of four replicates, H. virescens populations exposed to N. rileyi adapted to B. thuringiensis toxin more quickly than populations not exposed. These results supported our hypothesis that the pathogen should accelerate adaptation to toxic plants. However, this hypothesis was contradicted by the result in one replicate, in which the population not exposed to fungus adapted to toxic plants faster. This opposite result could not be explained, but it suggests that there may be substantial variation in herbivore evolution in tritrophic systems.H. virescens populations selected in the presence of fungus and in the absence of fungus did not differ in feeding or in mortality when placed on leaf disks treated with conidia. Thus, populations exposed to N. rileyi on plants for 7–8 generations displayed neither physiological nor behavioral adaptation to N. rileyi.     

In situ modification of herbivore-induced plant odors: a novel approach to study the attractiveness of volatile organic compounds to parasitic wasps

Many parasitic wasps (parasitoids) exploit volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted by herbivore-infested plants in order to locate their hosts, but it remains largely unknown which specific compounds within the volatile blends elicit the attractiveness to parasitoids. One way of studying the importance of specific VOCs is to test the attractiveness of odor blends from which certain compounds have been emitted. We used this approach by testing the attraction of naive and experienced females of the two parasitoids Cotesia marginiventris and Microplitis rufiventris to partially altered volatile blends of maize seedlings (Zea mays var. Delprim) infested with Spodoptera littoralis larvae. Adsorbing filter tubes containing carbotrap-C or silica were installed in a four-arm olfactometer between the odor source vessels and the arms of the olfactometer. The blends breaking through were tested for chemical composition and attractiveness to the wasps. Carbotrap-C adsorbed most of the sesquiterpenes, but the breakthrough blend remained attractive to naive C. marginiventris females. Silica adsorbed only some of the more polar VOCs, but this essentially eliminated all attractiveness to naive C. marginiventris, implying that among the adsorbed compounds there are some that play key roles in the attraction. Unlike C. marginiventris, M. rufiventris was still attracted to the latter blend, showing that parasitoids with a comparable biology may employ different strategies in their use of plant-provided cues to locate hosts. Results from similar experiments with modified odor blends of caterpillar-infested cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) indicate that key VOCs in different plant species vary greatly in quality and/or quantity. Finally, experienced wasps were more strongly attracted to a specific blend after they perceived the blend while ovipositing in a host. Considering the high number of distinct adsorbing materials available today, this in situ modification of complex volatile blends provides a new and promising approach pinpointing on key attractants within these blends. Advantages and disadvantages compared to other approaches are discussed.     

Fitness-related traits in a parasitoid fly are mediated by effects of plants on its host

Plants can affect parasitoids directly, by reducing or enhancing their ability to locate hosts, or indirectly by affecting the fitness of herbivores and thus of parasitoids. Tritrophic interactions between three host plants (cucumber, tomato, sweet pepper), a polyphagous herbivore Trichoplusia ni and a generalist parasitoid Compsilura concinnata were assessed. Plants had a strong effect on T. ni larval survival, as well as on C. concinnata fitness-related traits: cucumber-fed hosts yielded parasitoids with shorter larval development time and females had heavier pupal weights than parasitoids from host larvae that were fed tomato. Furthermore, C. concinnata was more efficient at finding cucumber-fed than tomato-fed T. ni . These results suggest that C. concinnata has different efficiency and potential as a biocontrol agent on the different crops. This highlights the importance of assessing tritrophic interactions in systems where an inundative biological control agent may be released against generalist targets on more than one crop plant.     

寄主植物-甜菜夜蛾-寄生蜂三级营养关系的研究进展

综述了近年来甜菜夜蛾Spodoptera exigua (Hübner)、寄主植物和寄生蜂互作关系方面的研究进展。介绍了甜菜夜蛾取食诱导的植物抗虫性产生的原因和机制;阐述了诱导植物产生抗性的甜菜夜蛾激发子volicitin的合成途径和功能,以及虫害诱导的植物挥发物和蛋白酶抑制剂对甜菜夜蛾及其寄生蜂的生态学功能;展望了植物诱导抗虫性在甜菜夜蛾的生物防治和新型抗虫品种开发等领域的应用前景。     

Olfactory response of Anagrus,nigriventrls (HYM.: Mymaridae): Effects of host plant chemical cues mediated by rearing and oviposition experience

The egg parasitoid Anagrus nigriventris Girault is an important natural enemy of the beet leafhopper, Circulifer tenellus (Baker) which has a broad host range that includes cultivated sugar beets and the weed, Russian thistle. When parasitoids were reared on leafhopper eggs deposited in sugar beets, females were attracted to sugar beet volatiles and preferred them over a blank control and over Russian thistle volatiles in Y- tube olfactometer tests. No preference was detected for either plant by female wasps that were reared on Russian thistle. Wasps reared on Russian thistle and allowed an oviposition experience on sugar beet showed a strong attraction to sugar beet volatiles; however, wasps reared on sugar beets and allowed oviposition experience on Russian thistle demonstrated no preference between the two plants. The implications of parasitoid response towards plant volatiles and their importance in biological control are discussed.     

Functional response of Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) to Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae): Effect of prey and predator stages

Abstract Understanding predator–prey interactions has a pivotal role in biological control programs. This study evaluated the functional response of three larval instars of the green lacewing, Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens), preying upon eggs and first instar larvae of the cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera Hübner. The first and second instar larvae of C. carnea exhibited type II functional responses against both prey stages. However, the third instar larvae of C. carnea showed a type II functional response to the first instar larvae of H. armigera, but a type III functional response to the eggs. For the first instar larvae of C. carnea, the attack rate on H. armigera eggs was significantly higher than that on the larvae, whereas the attack rate of the second instar C. carnea on H. armigera larvae was significantly higher than that on the eggs. For the third instar larvae of C. carnea, the attack rate on the larvae was 1.015 ± 0.278/h, and the attack coefficient on the eggs was 0.036 ± 0.005. The handling times of the third instar larvae on larvae and eggs were 0.087 ± 0.009 and 0.071 ± 0.001 h, respectively. The highest predation rate was found for the third instar larvae of C. carnea on H. armigera eggs. Results of this study revealed that the larvae of C. carnea, especially the third instar, had a good predation potential in controlling H. armigera eggs and larvae. However, for a comprehensive estimation of the bio‐control abilities of C. carnea toward H. armigera, further field‐based studies are needed.     

Suppression of aphids on strawberry by augmentative releases of larvae of the lacewing Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens)

In laboratory feeding experiments, larvae of Chrysoperla carnea consumed up to 790 Chaetosiphon fragaefolii during their development. In gauzehouse experiments, releases of C. carnea larvae significantly reduced numbers of C. fragaefolii on potted strawberry plants. In open field experiments numbers of C. fragaefolii were significantly reduced at release rates of eight chrysopid larvae per plant, but a release experiment on larger strawberry plants grown under protection did not give a significant reduction in aphid numbers, even at a release rate of 25 larvae per plant.     

Effect of food plant switching by a herbivore on its parasitoid: Cotesia melanoscela development in Lymantria dispar exposed to reciprocal dietary crosses

1. Host plant switching by dispersing early instar lepidopterans could have implications for parasitoid performance, but this possibility has not been evaluated thoroughly. 2. The relative growth rates of Lymantria dispar parasitized by Cotesia melanoscela, and the weight of larvae at the time of parasitoid emergence, were affected most by the second larval food plant consumed. 3. The relative growth rates, pupal weights, weight of larva at the time of parasitoid emergence, and development times of L. dispar were affected significantly by the second larval food plant consumed. 4. Development time and size of Cotesia melanoscela were affected most by the second larval food plant consumed. 5. Parasitoid performance was affected most by the larval host’s relative growth rate and the final weight of the host larva at the time of parasitoid emergence. 6. Host plant switching affected the weight of L. dispar larvae at the time of parasitoid emergence, but the effect of switching per se was not a significant factor in C. melanoscela size or development. 7. Lymantria dispar larvae that fed on Populus as their second host outperformed larvae that fed ultimately on Acer. 8. Parasitoids yielded from L. dispar larvae that fed ultimately on Populus outperformed parasitoids yielded from larvae that fed ultimately on Acer. 9. Per cent mortality of L. dispar due to parasitism and percentage adult C. melanoscela emergence were highest in parasitized larvae fed Populus, poor in hosts fed Acer, and intermediate in switching larvae.     

Ingestion of spinosad bait GF-120 and resulting impact on adult Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae)

The spinosad bait spray GF-120 Naturalyte F® (Dow AgroSciences LLC, Indianapolis, IN, USA) is widely used in commercial olives in California. Because of concern about its non-target effects on beneficial insects, we studied its impact on feeding behavior, mortality, and reproductive parameters of adult green lacewings, Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens), under laboratory conditions. Male and female feeding rate and quantity, and subsequent mortality, were compared over a 5-day period following a 24-h exposure to honey, GF-120, or the bait component (without spinosad) in two-choice and no-choice assays. All treatments were ingested equally when offered alone. Spinosad did not impart repellency or preference to GF-120 relative to the bait. Honey was preferred in choice tests with GF-120 or bait. Significant mortality occurred when GF-120 was offered alone, but was not significant when it was offered in choice with honey or bait. In a separate assay of female longevity and reproduction, mortality rate as a function of time was similar in all treatments, except for some significantly earlier mortality due to GF-120 compared with honey. GF-120 ingestion significantly reduced fecundity compared with bait during the first week after treatment. Egg hatch was not significantly affected. The preference of adult C. carnea for food should ameliorate the potential negative effect of GF-120 on adult C. carnea mortality in the field. The laboratory study finds that GF-120 is a potentially safer choice for C. carnea than an aqueous suspension of spinosad, and provides no new evidence for definitive risk to field populations.     

球孢白僵菌对桃蚜及其两种捕食性天敌的影响

从自然感病的温室桃蚜上分离到一株球孢白僵菌Bb21,测定了该菌株对桃蚜的致病性及其对两种捕食性天敌的影响.结果表明:Bb21菌株对桃蚜的致病力强,LD5o为97孢子·mm-2,95％置信区间为45～191孢子·mm-2;对草蛉2龄幼虫有较弱的致病性,LD50为1089孢子·mm-2,是桃蚜的11.2倍;对异色瓢虫致病性极小,高浓度处理(5×108孢子·mL-1)的平均感染率仅为l3％.该菌株低浓度处理对两种捕食性天敌的发育历期和生殖力均无显著影响,但高浓度处理(5×108孢子·mL-1)使异色瓢虫的幼虫期平均缩短1.4d,羽化率降低33％,产卵量减少14％,使普通草蛉的幼虫期平均缩短0.7d,羽化率降低24％,产卵量减少11％.该菌株对桃蚜的半致死剂量远低于对两种捕食性天敌的半致死剂量,并且在防治桃蚜使用浓度下对两种捕食性天敌成虫羽化率和繁殖力的影响极小,可作为温室桃蚜的生物控制因子在有害生物综合治理中应用.     

Performance of the predator Delphastus pusillus on Bemisia resistant and susceptible tomato lines

Host plant resistance and biological control are often assumed to act additively to suppress populations of agricultural pests. Using tomato trichome based resistance to the whitefly Bemisia argentifolii, we tested this additivity assumption with Delphastus pusillus, a coccinelid predator of Bemisia. Various life history traits of D. pusillus were measured on the tomato cultivar Alta, which possessed foliage with 3-fold greater trichome densities than the second cultivar VF145B7879. Beetles housed on VF145B7879 exhibited significantly greater lifetime fecundities and walking speeds than beetles housed on Alta. No cultivar-specific differences were observed in D. pusillus longevities or handling times. Combining these observations with previously published reports of reduced B. argentifolii population growth rates on Alta compared to VF145B7879, we tested the hypothesis that increased levels of whitefly biological control could be obtained on VF145B7879 by comparison to Alta through releases of D. pusillus. Analyses of results obtained from replicated population trials detected significant reductions in whitefly populations due to D. pusillus releases, but they did not detect a significant influence of tomato cultivar on the ability of D. pusillus to suppress whitefly populations. Significantly longer beetle residence times on Alta than on VF145B7879 may have compensated for the significantly slower walking speeds and reduced lifetime fecundities observed on Alta and produced a neutral effect of foliar trichome densities on B. argentifolii biological control.