中国脊椎动物新(亚)种统计及分析

采用网上检索和手工查阅的办法统计了中国近35年来脊椎动物新(亚)种发现的情况.结果表明:35年来共发现了811个脊椎动物新(亚)种,20世纪80年代发现的新(亚)种数量最多,越低等的类群发现的新(亚)种数量越多,其中鱼纲的动物占了一半以上,在高等脊椎动物中发现的主要是一些亚种,新(亚)种的模式标本产地多在比较偏远的地方.最后,对统计结果进行了分析.     

云南沾益中泥盆世小肢鱼(Microbrachius)一新种

本文记述胴甲鱼类(Antiarchi)小肢鱼(Microbrachius)的一新种——中华小肢鱼(M.sinensis sp.nov.),发现于云南沾益中泥盆世曲靖组上部,这是小肢鱼化石在中国及亚洲_的初次发现,具有重要的生物地层和生物地理学意义。     

关于细胞的无丝分裂的探索

一、发现及分裂过程无丝分裂(amitosis)亦称为直接分裂.是雷克(Remak)在1841年鸡胚的血细胞中首先见到的;后来又有人也在哺乳类胚胎的血细胞中发现了.无丝分裂是细胞分裂三种方式中最早发现的一种最简单的分裂方式. 其无丝分裂的分裂方式也是多种多样的.为此,下面就列举三种分裂方式.第一种是“二分裂式”,这种分裂方式也是无丝分裂中最常见的一种分裂方式:分裂中即是核仁先     

链霉菌的可转座因子

可转座因子是细菌遗传分析和分子操作十分有用的工具 ,它包括插入序列、转座子和转座噬菌体。细菌的可转座因子多数来自于革兰氏阴性菌 ,少数来自于革兰氏阳性菌。链霉菌是一类重要的革兰氏阳性菌 ,近年来 ,已发现了几种链霉菌的可转座因子 ,并对部分可转座因子的转座特征作了详细的研究。最早发现的链霉菌可转座因子是天蓝色链霉菌 (Ｓ .ｃｏｅｌｉｃｏｌｏｒ)Ａ3( 2 )中 1 6ｋｂ的插入片断ＩＳ1 1 0 [1 ] ,后来在白色链霉菌 (Ｓ .ａｌｂｕｓ)中发现了ＩＳ1 1 2 [2 ] ,在带棒链霉菌 (Ｓ .ｃｌａｖｕｌｉｇｅｒｕｓ)中发现了ＩＳ1 1 6[3] ,…     

加州Santa Monica海湾鳍足类的生态学

研究了加州Santa Monica海湾鳍足类的生态学.从1997-2007年乘船调查了277次,发现海狮(Zalophus californianus)是最常见的动物(89%,见到的次数为1393次),其次是港海豹(Phoca vitulina richardsi,8%,n=131)和北象海豹(Mirounga angustirostris,1%,n=15).在29%的遇见次数(观察到瓶海豚205次)中,发现海狮(偶尔也发现港海豹)与瓶鼻海豚集群(Tursiops truncatus);短喙真海豚(Delphinus delphis)与长喙真海豚(D.capensis)在53% 的遇见次数(遇见真海豚次数n=155)中,发现短喙真海豚(Delphinus delphis)与长喙真海豚(D.capensis)集群;一般在沿岸水域(离岸边距离<500 m)见到海狮和港海豹,但在整个海湾也能见到,表现出这两个物种对海底峡谷的偏爱.北象海豹仅见于近海,主要在海底峡谷附近. 经常看到海狮、港海豹和北象海豹游动(50%,n=728)、进行热调节(14%,n=205)、以及取食(3.2%,n=47),但几乎见不到有社会性活动(0.21%,n=3).     

世界最早的鸟化石

据印度新德里最近(1979年4月)报道,在印度南部安德拉邦(Andhra)发现了一件世界最古老的鸟类化石。这条消息是印度(南部)地质调查所的领导斯沃密纳思(J.Swaminath)提供的。他说,该标本发现于阿迪拉巴德(Adilabad)的科塔(Kota)岩层中,时代为早侏罗世,距今一亿八千万年。此前,我们所知的最早鸟类是发现于德意志联邦共和国巴伐利亚省索伦霍芬印板石灰岩中的始祖     

先天性甲状腺功能减退症伴发育不全患儿FOXE1基因突变的初步研究

目的：研究先天性甲状腺功能减退症(CH)伴甲状腺发育不全患儿转录因子2( FOXE )的基因突变。方法：选取90 例CH伴甲 状腺发育不全患儿及90 例正常儿童作为对照,提取外周静脉血基因组DNA,采用PCR扩增与直接测序技术,对基因外 显子进行突变筛查。结果：分别在1 例先天性甲状腺功能减退症伴甲状腺发育不全患者外显子测序中发现一杂合错义变体c. A3401G (p.K1134R),在1 例患者中发现1 个已知的单核苷酸多态性(single nucleotide polymorphisms,SNP)位点(rs755282859, c. 483G>C),在正常对照组中未发现以上变化。结论：在先天性甲状腺功能减退症(CH) 伴甲状腺发育不全患儿中发现新的关于FOXE1 杂合错义变体。     

云南澄广花应该作为极小种群植物加强保护

正云南澄广花(Orophea yunnanensis)是一个极度孤立的物种,其近缘种为产于印度的单花澄广花(O.uniflora Hook.f.et Thoms.)(李秉滔,1976)。根据标本记载,由侯宽昭先生于1940年4月1日采自云南省江川县(今澄江县)禄充笔架山,编号74518。自发现近76年以来再没有在笔架山周边地区发现过,是一个典型的狭域物种。我们在进行云南种子植物区划研究中,发现它显示了该区域与热带亚洲区域久远的地质联系。李秉滔先生和其外国同行在Flora of     

磷脂酶Dδ对拟南芥叶片衰老过程中内源ROS和激素含量的影响

活性氧(ROS)和植物激素是植物衰老过程中重要的内在或者外在的调控因子.我们发现,相对于离体诱导的衰老过程,在脱落酸(ABA)和乙烯(ethylene)促进的衰老过程中有较多的活性氧积累;在对拟南芥磷脂酶Dδ (PLDδ)缺失型突变体的研究中发现,与野生型相比,突变体在衰老过程中产生较少的活性氧.我们比较了上述两种基因型的离体叶片在离体、ABA和ethylene三种衰老处理下内源的ABA、茉莉酸甲酯(MeJA)、玉米素核苷(Zeatin Riboside,ZR)和吲哚乙酸(IAA)的含量变化,发现每一种激素对上述三种衰老处理的响应模式都很相似.在离体诱导的衰老中,两种基因型拟南芥的内源激素含量没有差异;而在ABA促进的衰老过程中,PLDδ缺失型突变体叶片中的MeJA的含量较低,ZR和IAA含量较高;在乙烯促进的衰老过程中,突变体中的ABA和MeJA的含量较低,ZR和IAA含量较高.上述内源激素的这种变化可能有助于延缓突变体的衰老.     

一种分离鉴别白色念珠菌的专一性培养基

白色念珠菌(Candida albicans)是引起人体真菌感染的常见病原酵母菌之一,它还是艾滋病患者的初期指示菌。快速、准确地鉴定白色念珠菌在临床医学上具有很重要的意义。作者在研究中发现,在YM固体培养基(YM_(agar)Difco)中加入0.1% Aniline Blue(C.I.42755,     

内蒙古晚始新世兔形类

记述了采自内蒙古二连浩特、额尔登敖包、扎木敖包和豪斯布尔都等地上始新统的兔形类化石:Desmatolagus vetustus、Gobiolagus tolmachovi和Leporidae indet.。对前两种以前未知的部分作了补充描述。着重讨论了额尔登敖包地点的“下白层”的归属和时代,认为它属乌兰戈楚组,时代为晚始新世。     

云南路南中始新世雷兽化石

雷兽是一类生活在古近纪始新世的奇蹄类哺乳动物,化石主要发现在古北区的亚洲和北美。我国雷兽化石丰富,尤以在内蒙古地区发现居多。1943年Granger和Qegory根据在内蒙古找到的数量可观的完好材料(包括37个头骨和70件下颌骨在内的141件标本),对我国的雷兽化石做了较为全面和系统的整理和研究,划分出3个亚科、14个属和     

内蒙古呼和勃尔和陡坎晚始新世伊尔丁曼哈层及其哺乳动物群

<正> 呼和勃尔和陡坎,位于二连浩特市西南40余公里,在苏尼特右旗额仁诺尔公社所在地——毛登正东20余公里,即美国自然历史博物馆中亚考察团所谓“马捷茨营地”(CampMargetts)之所在地区(见 Radinsky,1964)。过去在此地区发现的早第三纪化石哺乳类,屡有报道,唯所记述之化石均注以“伊尔丁曼哈组(或层)”,莫一例外。1975—1977年,中国科学院古脊椎动物与古人类研究所、内蒙古区测队以及内蒙古     

内蒙古脑木根地区渐新世啮齿类及相关地层问题

描述了脑木根敖包顶部岩层中所产的啮齿类化石：阿尔泰查干鼠(Tsaganomys altaicus)和中间圆柱鼠(Cyclomylus intermedius)。脑木根敖包顶部地层最初被归人巴润索组。研究表明该层共含5种哺乳动物化石(Tsaganomys altaicus、Cyclomylus intermedius、Paracerotherium tran-souralicum、Ardynia kaxachstanensis和Etelodn gobiensis），其时代为早渐新世晚期。巴润索组的层型是巴润索平台顶部的砂砾岩，其时代为晚始新世。脑木根敖包顶部岩层不应归人巴润索组，而与额尔登敖包顶部的上脑岗代组在岩性上接近，时代相同，因此应归人上脑岗代组。     

Eocene ctenodactyloid rodent assemblages and diversification from Erden Obo,Nei Mongol,China

New ctenodactyloid occurrences (Yuomys magnus sp. nov., Gobiomys neimongolensis and Gobiomys exiguus) from the ‘Lower Red’ to the ‘Upper Red’ beds of the Erden Obo section in Nei Mongol, China are reported. Here, we present an updated review of the ctenodactyloid rodents from the Erden Obo section. We have recognised eight species and one indeterminate species belonging to six genera: Advenimus, Chenomys, Gobiomys, Tamquammys, Simplicimys, and Yuomys. The ctenodactyloids show an initial burst in diversification in the upper part of the ‘Basal Red’ of the early Eocene. A maximum richness peak is present at the lower part of the ‘Basal White’ which falls near the boundary of early and middle Eocene. Gobiomys, the only surviving genus from the ‘Middle Red’ to the ‘Upper Red’ beds, shows that the diversity of ctenodactyloids declined rapidly after late middle Eocene. Based on the study of the abundant ctenodactyloid rodents, we recognise some evolutionary tendencies among Eocene ctenodactyloids.

http://www.zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:33D2442E-DA27-494A-80CB-2DB9DA9E4E1A     

新疆阿尔泰地区中中新世肉食类动物

新疆阿尔泰地区中中新世“哈拉玛盖”层中产丰富的古哺乳动物。本文介绍的是其中的肉食类标本。共两种动物。     

基于牧户尺度的草原火灾风险评价——以东乌旗汗敖包嘎查为例

草原火灾给牧区人民生命财产及牧区生境带来了严重的威胁。以牧区村落汗敖包嘎查为例，从牧户微观尺度出发，基于实地调查获取的牧民社会经济数据，并结合气象和遥感数据，运用自然灾害风险指数法、主成分分析法和加权综合法构建了汗敖包嘎查草原火灾风险评价指标体系，获取了汗敖包嘎查草原火灾风险分布图。结果表明：汗敖包嘎查草原火灾风险从中部地区向四周递减，西北部地区风险高于东部、南部地区，中、高风险区占研究区总面积的49.85%。研究结果从微观尺度为草原火灾风险评价提供了新的视角和参考。     

Material exchange and food web of seagrass beds in the Sylt-Rømø Bight: how significant are community changes at the ecosystem level?

Material exchange, biodiversity and trophic transfer within the food web were investigated in two different types of intertidal seagrass beds: a sheltered, dense Zostera marina bed and a more exposed, sparse Z. noltii bed, in the Northern Wadden Sea. Both types of Zostera beds show a seasonal development of above-ground biomass, and therefore measurements were carried out during the vegetation period in summer. The exchange of particles and nutrients between seagrass beds and the overlying water was measured directly using an in situ flume. Particle sedimentation [carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) constituents] from the water column prevailed in dense seagrass beds. In the sheltered, dense seagrass bed, a net particle uptake was found even on windy days (7–8 Beaufort). Dissolved inorganic N and orthophosphate were mainly taken up by the dense seagrass bed. At times of strong winds, nutrients were released from the benthic community to tidal waters. In a budget calculation of total N and total P, the dense seagrass beds were characterised as a material sink. The seagrass beds with sparse Z. noltii were a source of particles even during calm weather. The uptake of dissolved inorganic N in the sparse seagrass bed was low but significant, while the uptake of inorganic phosphate and silicate by seagrasses and their epiphytes was exceeded by release processes from the sediment into the overlying water. Estimates at the ecosystem level showed that material fluxes of seagrass beds in the Sylt-Rømø Bight are dominated by the dense type of Zostera beds. Therefore, seagrass beds act as a sink for particles and for dissolved inorganic nutrients. During storms, seagrass beds are distinct sources for inorganic nutrients. The total intertidal area of the Sylt-Rømø Bight could be described as a sink for particles and a source for dissolved nutrients. This balance of the material budget was estimated by either including or excluding seagrass beds. Including the subtidal part, the function of the ecosystem as a source for particles increased, supposing that all seagrass beds were lost from the area. During the vegetation period, seagrass beds act as a storage compartment for material accumulated in the living biomass of the community. There was great biodiversity among the plant and animal groups found in intertidal seagrass beds of the Sylt-Rømø Bay, representing 50–86% of the total number of species investigated, depending on the particular group. Since most species are not exclusively seagrass residents, the loss of intertidal seagrass beds would be of minor importance for biodiversity at the ecosystem level. Food web structure in seagrass beds is different from other intertidal communities. Primary production and detritus input is high, but secondary production is similar to that of unvegetated areas, although the relative importance of the trophic guilds is different. The loss of seagrass beds leads to profound alterations in the food web of the total ecosystem. Historical as well as recent changes in material fluxes and energy flow due to man-made alterations to the ecosystem are discussed.     

Sleeping site selection by savanna chimpanzees in Ugalla,Tanzania

We examined sleeping site selection by chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) in the Ugalla savanna woodland area, western Tanzania, from 1994 to 2012. We established 488 km of line transects and recorded 379 chimpanzee beds within 30 m perpendicular to the transects. Comparisons between 60 × 60 m² quadrats containing new and recent beds and the remaining quadrats without beds along the transects indicated that evergreen forests accounted for disproportionately more area in quadrats with beds than in those without beds during both the dry and rainy seasons. In Ugalla, chimpanzees coexist with lions (Panthera leo) and leopards (Panthera pardus). They may sleep in forests to reduce predation risk by these carnivores, as trees are dense and the canopy is high and closed. The angle of slope was steeper in quadrats containing beds than in those without beds during the dry season, whereas the angle was less steep in quadrats with beds than in those without beds during the rainy season. Additionally, fewer beds were found further from forests. The distance between beds and forests during the dry season was shorter than that during the rainy season. Chimpanzees may sleep in or near forests and on slopes because of water pools in the valley forests along the slopes during the dry season. Quadrats with beds were at slightly higher altitude than those without beds during the rainy season; however, the difference was not significant during the dry season. The number of beds found in or close to feeding trees was not related to the fruiting period. Sleeping site selection by chimpanzees may be affected by predation pressure and water availability in the savanna woodland area.     

New dipodid rodents from the Late Eocene of Erden Obo (Nei Mongol,China)

New dipodid occurrences (Heosminthus nomogenesis sp. nov., Sinosminthus sp., Allosminthus cf. A. majusculus, Allosminthus ernos and Allosminthus cf. A. diconjugatus) are reported from the ‘Upper Red’ beds of the Erden Obo section in Nei Mongol, China. Heosminthus nomogenesis is similar to Heosminthus primiveris from the Caijiachong Formation, and it is more primitive than Heosminthus chimidae of the Mongolian biozone A. Allosminthus cf. A. majusculus has a more variable mesolophid and metalophid in m1-2. Based on the dipodid assemblage, the age of the ‘Upper Red’ of the Erden Obo section is late Eocene and correlative to the Ergilian. Based on the comparison of their morphological characters, we recognize some differences between the stem dipodoids and muroids.