水稻螟虫神经肽PBAN及其受体序列的生物信息学分析

【目的】性信息素合成激活肽(PBAN)是控制昆虫产生性信息素的激素,本文旨在分析水稻螟虫神经肽PBAN及其受体的序列。【方法】通过t Blastn同源检索从水稻螟虫基因组和转录组数据库中鉴定水稻螟虫PBAN神经肽及其受体序列,在此基础上进行序列比对及系统发生分析。【结果】发现二化螟Chilo suppressalis、三化螟Tryporyza incertulas和大螟Sesamia inferens的PBAN成熟肽序列均含有33个氨基酸残基,其C端五肽序列完全相同,3种水稻螟虫PBAN多肽相似度为54.55%~63.64%;发现二化螟PBAN受体3个异构体全长氨基酸序列(PBANR-A、PBANR-B和PBANR-C),均含有7个跨膜区域。【结论】进化树分析发现不同昆虫PBAN神经肽及其受体存在一定的保守性和多样性,并且在进化树上的位置几乎与昆虫系统发育分类一致,推测PBAN神经肽和PBAN受体在昆虫系统进化过程中可能存在协同进化现象。本研究为水稻螟虫PBAN神经肽及其受体的结构和功能分析提供基础。     

棉铃虫普通气味受体基因HarmOR9和HarmOR29的克隆和组织表达分析

【目的】对棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera 2个普通气味受体基因的cDNA全长进行分析,明确这两个普通气味受体基因在不同组织中的表达分布,为进一步的功能研究奠定基础。【方法】利用PCR结合RACE技术克隆棉铃虫两条普通气味受体基因的cDNA全长;利用不同的生物信息学软件对序列进行结构预测、序列比对和进化树分析;利用半定量RT-PCR检测其在棉铃虫成虫不同组织中的表达。【结果】获得两条棉铃虫气味受体基因的全长序列,并命名为HarmOR9和HarmOR29（GenBank登录号分别为KJ188252和KJ188253）。序列分析显示,HarmOR9全长1 206 bp,编码401个氨基酸;HarmOR29全长1 188 bp,编码395个氨基酸。选择已报道的鳞翅目昆虫烟青虫Heliothis assulta、家蚕Bombyx mori、烟芽夜蛾Heliothis virescens和棉铃虫的气味受体与本实验克隆得到的两个气味受体基因的编码产物进行序列比对和进化树分析,结果显示这两个气味受体与性信息素受体区别明显,并与其他普通气味受体聚类在一起。半定量RT-PCR的结果显示HarmOR9与HarmOR29都主要在触角中高表达且无雌雄间差异,HarmOR29在其他组织中均不表达;而HarmOR9在雄虫下唇须中有微量表达,在其他组织中均不表达。【结论】本研究从棉铃虫中克隆得到2个气味受体基因HarmOR9和HarmOR29的cDNA全长,其编码产物具有气味受体的典型特征并且属于普通气味受体。明确了这两个气味受体基因都在棉铃虫成虫的触角中高表达,且无雌雄差异,推测其可能参与了棉铃虫普通气味的识别过程。     

溶藻弧菌质粒pVAE259全序列测定与分子生物学特征分析

【目的】获得溶藻弧菌环状质粒pVAE259全序列,分析其分子生物学特征并探索该质粒可能具备的功能。【方法】使用酶切、克隆测序的方法获得pVAE259的全序列,利用软件分析DNA序列和可能的编码蛋白,推测质粒的生物学信息。【结果】pVAE259为闭合环状质粒,全长6,075 bp,GC含量为42.16%。在NCBI中比对发现pVAE259与Vibriosp.41隐蔽性质粒pPS41具有较高的相似性。我们在序列中找到一个oriT位点,另外全序列的4118-5494 bp推测为质粒复制区域。pVAE259中存在7个氨基酸序列长度大于100的开放式阅读框(ORF):ORF1-ORF7。其中ORF1编码蛋白属于释放酶超级家族(Relaxase Super-family)蛋白,在NCBI数据库中它与大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)的MobA-like蛋白最相似;ORF2编码蛋白属于复制酶超级家族(Replicase Super-family),它与嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌(Stenotrophomonas maltophilia)的复制蛋白RepA最相似;ORF5与伸长盐单胞菌(Halomonas elongata)质粒pHE1的转移蛋白MobC相似。【结论】根据上述结果及相关文献分析,pVAE259可能是具有转移能力的质粒,该质粒是否影响宿主菌的表型性状还不清楚。     

一株人感染高致病性禽流感(H5N1)病毒基因组分子特征分析

【背景】H5N1禽流感病毒可以感染人类导致重症呼吸道感染,致死率高。【目的】研究我中心确认的一例人感染高致病性禽流感H5N1病毒A/Nanjing/1/2015的可能起源及基因组分子特征。【方法】对病人痰液样本中的H5N1病毒进行全基因组测序,使用CLC Genomics Workbench 9.0对序列进行拼接,使用BLAST和MEGA 5.22软件进行同源性比对和各片段分子特征分析。【结果】该株禽流感病毒属于H5亚型的2.3.2.1c家系,其8个片段均与江浙地区禽类中分离的病毒高度同源,未发现有明显的重配。分子特征显示,该病毒血凝素(Hemagglutinin,HA)蛋白裂解位点为PQRERRRR/G,受体结合位点呈现禽类受体特点,但出现D94N、S133A和T188I氨基酸置换增强了病毒对人类受体的亲和性。神经氨酸酶(Neuraminidase,NA)蛋白颈部在49-68位缺失20个氨基酸,非结构蛋白1 (Non-structure protein,NS1)存在P42S置换和80-84位氨基酸的缺失。其他蛋白中也存在多个增强病毒致病力和对人类细胞亲和力的氨基酸突变。对耐药位点分析发现存在对奥司他韦的耐药突变H_274Y,病毒对金刚烷胺仍旧敏感。【结论】人感染高致病性禽流感H5N1病毒A/Nanjing/1/2015属于2.3.2.1c家系,禽类来源,关键位点较保守,但仍出现了多个氨基酸的进化与变异使其更利于感染人类。H5N1禽流感病毒进化活跃,持续动态监测不能放松。     

小菜蛾普通气味受体基因PxylOR9的鉴定及功能研究

【目的】克隆小菜蛾Plutella xylostella一普通气味受体基因,明确其在不同组织中的表达分布,并鉴定其功能,为了解小菜蛾对寄主植物的识别机制提供理论基础。【方法】在小菜蛾成虫触角转录组测序和分析的基础上,通过PCR技术克隆得到一气味受体基因的全长序列,利用半定量RT-PCR研究其在雌雄蛾不同组织中的表达,并通过爪蟾卵母细胞体外表达结合双电极电压钳技术测试该受体对59种植物挥发物刺激的反应。【结果】在前期研究中,通过转录组测序和生物信息学分析,预测获得了多条小菜蛾气味受体基因序列。本研究中,我们克隆得到了其中一小菜蛾气味受体基因Pxyl OR9的c DNA全长序列(Gen Bank登录号:KP757898)。Pxyl OR9包括6个跨膜结构域,N末端位于胞内,符合昆虫气味受体的典型特征。与其他鳞翅目昆虫气味受体构建的进化树分析结果显示,Pxyl OR9与性信息素受体具有明显的分离,并与普通气味受体聚集在一起。半定量RT-PCR结果显示,Pxyl OR9仅在雌雄触角中表达且无雌雄差异。双电极电压钳记录结果显示,在测试的植物挥发物中Pxyl OR9只对植物挥发物!-紫罗兰酮的刺激具有反应。【结论】本研究从小菜蛾中克隆得到Pxyl OR9的全长序列,其编码产物具有气味受体的典型特征并且属于普通气味受体。该基因在仅在小菜蛾成虫触角中高表达。体外功能研究证明Pxyl OR9对植物挥发物!-紫罗兰酮具有特异反应,推测其参与了小菜蛾对植物的识别。     

猪苓菌丝形成菌核的MAPK基因克隆及表达分析

【目的】克隆药用真菌猪苓MAPK基因并进行生物信息学分析及表达模式研究。【方法】利用5′-RACE-PCR技术从猪苓菌丝中克隆得到MAPK基因全长,利用生物信息学软件推测蛋白的理化性质、结构域;DNA Star对氨基酸进行多序列比对;用MEGA 5.0做进化关系分析;借助实时定量PCR检测基因表达模式。【结果】猪苓MAPK基因的全长cDNA为1 293 bp,其中编码区占1 161 bp,共编码386个氨基酸,推测分子量为43.872 kD,理论等电点为6.68。猪苓的MAPK有MAPK中ERK1/2类型的保守区。系统进化树结果显示猪苓MAPK蛋白属于担子菌类群。实时荧光定量PCR分析结果表明猪苓菌核形成初期,菌核中的MAPK表达量显著高于菌丝组织,随着菌核的快速生长而减少。【结论】猪苓MAPK基因PuMAPK的分子特征为进一步研究其在猪苓菌丝形成菌核过程中的作用奠定基础。     

飞蝗载脂蛋白受体基因LmLPR的表达及功能分析

【目的】载脂蛋白受体(Lipophorin receptor,LPR)在昆虫体内脂类物质的转运中发挥着重要的作用。基于飞蝗转录组数据库获得飞蝗载脂蛋白受体基因LmLPR,分析其基因特性和表达特征,并通过RNA干扰(RNA interference,RNAi)技术对其生物学功能进行分析,探究LmLPR在飞蝗脂类物质转运中的作用。【方法】基于课题组飞蝗转录组数据库,获得载脂蛋白受体基因,结合飞蝗基因组数据库,获得其全长开放阅读框(ORF)序列,克隆验证后对其编码蛋白序列特性进行分析;利用GENEDOC软件将该蛋白氨基酸序列与其他物种LPR氨基酸序列进行多序列比对,并使用MEGA5.1软件中的Neighbor-Joining方法,将该序列与其它物种的同源序列进行聚类分析;通过RT-qPCR方法对其在5龄第2天飞蝗不同组织部位和不同发育天数表皮中的表达特性进行分析;通过RNAi技术及伊红染色方法对其生物学功能进行分析。【结果】通过克隆和序列分析获得两种飞蝗LPR基因,即长型(LmLPR-L)和短型(LmLPR-S),序列特征分析发现LmLPR-L和LmLPR-S均有1个信号肽,4个表皮生长因子结构域,5个低密度脂蛋白受体YWTD结构域,以及1个跨膜域。不同于LmLPR-L,LmLPR-S在N端比LmLPR-L多一个低密度脂蛋白受体结构域(LmLPR-L含有6个,LmLPR-S含有7个),而在C端缺失38个氨基酸序列。系统进化树分析显示LmLPR-L和LmLPR-S与蜚蠊目德国小蠊BlattellagermanicaBgLPR-L和BgLPR-S聚为一支。RT-qPCR结果显示LmLPR-S在卵巢中高表达,在其他组织部位的表达量较低,而LmLPR-L在翅芽和卵巢中均高表达,在其他组织部位的表达量较低;时期表达显示LmLPR-S和LmLPR-L在蜕皮后表达量均呈现先升高后降低的趋势,分别在第2天和第3天的表达量最高。在4龄期通过RNAi抑制LmLPR的表达后,发现飞蝗能够正常蜕皮,伊红染色结果显示表皮通透性没有显著改变。【结论】飞蝗载脂蛋白受体基因LmLPR主要在翅芽和卵巢中高表达,其下调表达后不影响若虫的正常生长发育以及表皮的通透性。研究结果为深入探究载脂蛋白受体在昆虫表皮脂类物质转运过程中的作用机制提供了基础。     

重庆中华蜜蜂囊状幼虫病病毒多聚蛋白基因分子特性分析

【目的】分析地处中国南方的重庆地区中华蜜蜂 Apis cerana cerana（简称“中蜂”）囊状幼虫病病毒（sacbrood virus, SBV）（AcSBV-S.Chn-CQ）的遗传特性。【方法】采用RT-PCR法对采自重庆23个区县的阳性中蜂幼虫进行SBV多聚蛋白基因扩增、序列测定和序列分析,采用邻接法（neighbor-joining method）基于基因组和基因组片段SB11-SB12构建系统进化树,使用RDP3检测SBV的基因重组。【结果】AcSBV-S.Chn-CQ与中国南方中蜂SBV（AcSBV-S.Chn）其他分离株、越南北部东方蜜蜂 A. cerana SBV（AcSBV-N.Vie）、越南北部西方蜜蜂 A. mellifera SBV（AmSBV-N.Vie）、韩国东方蜜蜂SBV（AcSBV-S.Kor）的同源性较高。AcSBV-S.Chn-CQ在结构蛋白编码区域存在连续51个核苷酸缺失,在非结构蛋白编码区域有3个不连续的核苷酸缺失,与AcSBV-N.Vie, AmSBV-N.Vie和AcSBV-S.Kor核苷酸缺失相同。AcSBV-S.Chn-CQ与AcSBV-S.Chn-FZ, AcSBV-N.Vie, AmSBV-N.Vie和AcSBV-S.Kor在亚洲基因型中形成一亚型,亚型内检测到重组事件。【结论】推测AcSBV-S.Chn-CQ与SBV-N.Vie和AcSBV-S.Kor可能来自一个共同祖先。     

产高活性抗凝溶栓双活性蛋白的短小芽孢杆菌的筛选及鉴定

【目的】筛选可产生抗血栓活性物质的细菌。【方法】利用VY/4平板、酪蛋白平板从水样、土样、兔粪、羊粪、朽木等20多个样品中筛选目的菌株;利用纤维蛋白平板和纤维蛋白试管检测抗血栓活性;利用形态学特征、理化性质、16S rRNA序列同源性鉴定目的菌株。【结果】得到5株可产生抗血栓活性物质的细菌,重点研究了菌株LDS33,发现其分泌的胞外蛋白在纤维蛋白平板上和纤维蛋白试管中均显示出强烈的溶栓活性,通过试管法发现此蛋白质同时具有较强的抗凝活性。结合形态学、理化性质、16S rDNA序列及进化树分析,发现该菌株属于硬壁菌门芽孢杆菌目芽孢杆菌科芽孢杆菌属的短小芽孢杆菌,将其命名为Bacillus pumilus LDS.33。【结论】短小芽孢杆菌LDS33可产生高活性的抗凝溶栓双活性蛋白。     

产高活性抗凝溶栓双活性蛋白的短小芽孢杆菌的筛选及鉴定

摘要:【目的】筛选可产生抗血栓活性物质的细菌。【方法】利用VY/4平板、酪蛋白平板从水样、土样、兔粪、羊粪、朽木等20多个样品中筛选目的菌株;利用纤维蛋白平板和纤维蛋白试管检测抗血栓活性;利用形态学特征、理化性质、16S rRNA序列同源性鉴定目的菌株。【结果】得到5株可产生抗血栓活性物质的细菌,重点研究了菌株LDS33,发现其分泌的胞外蛋白在纤维蛋白平板上和纤维蛋白试管中均显示出强烈的溶栓活性,通过试管法发现此蛋白质同时具有较强的抗凝活性。结合形态学、理化性质、16S rDNA序列及进化树分析,发现该菌株属于硬壁菌门芽孢杆菌目芽孢杆菌科芽孢杆菌属的短小芽孢杆菌,将其命名为Bacillus pumilus LDS.33。【结论】短小芽孢杆菌LDS33可产生高活性的抗凝溶栓双活性蛋白。     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.     

Composition and diversity of bird communities in Swedish farmland–forest mosaic landscapes

CapsuleThe amount of forest (at local and landscape scales) and occurrence of residual habitats at the local scale are shown to be the major factors influencing bird community composition in farmland–forest landscapes in central Sweden.

Aims To investigate the importance of local habitat and landscape structure for breeding birds in farmland–forest landscapes in central Sweden.

Methods Breeding birds were censused at 292 points. A detailed habitat mapping was made within 300 m of the points. Within a 300–600 m radius only two major habitats (forests and arable fields) were identified.

Results Cluster analyses of bird communities identified three site types that also differed in habitat composition: (i) partially forested sites in forested landscapes; (ii) heterogeneous sites with residual habitats in mosaic landscapes; and (iii) field-dominated farmland sites in open landscapes. A total of 19 of 25 farmland bird species (restricted to farmland or using both farmland and forest) had the highest abundance in farmland sites with mosaics of forest and farmland, while only six farmland species had the highest abundance in field-dominated sites. The bird community changed from being dominated by farmland species to being dominated by forest species (common in forest landscapes without farmland) at small proportions (10–20%) of forest at the local scale. A major difference in habitat composition between heterogeneous and field-dominated sites was the occurrence of different residual habitats (e.g. shrubby areas and seminatural grasslands). These habitats seemed to influence bird community composition more than land-use, despite covering <10% of the area. Seminatural grasslands were important for bird community composition and species-richness, but grazing seemed to be less important. Among different land-use types, cereal crops were the least preferred fields. Set-asides with tall vegetation and short rotation coppices were positively associated with species-richness of farmland birds.

Conclusion In general, the composition of the landscape was important for bird community composition, although amount and distribution of forests, occurrence of residual habitats and land-use of fields at the local scale had the strongest influence on bird community composition. The possible implications of these patterns for managing farmland–forest landscapes are discussed.     

Chemical constituents from the fruits of Rhus typhina L. and their chemotaxonomic significance

This work describes the isolation and characterization of twenty-nine compounds from the fruits of Rhus typhina L., including eleven flavonoids (1–11), eleven phenols (12–22), two pentacyclic triterpenes (23–24), two organic acids (25–26), one lumichrome (27), one courmarin (28) and one pyrimidine (29) on the basis of their spectroscopic data. Compounds apigenin (1), daidzein (4), orobol (5), 3′, 5, 5′, 7-tetrahydroxyflavanone (6), naringenin (7), butein (8), (-)-catechin (9), quercetin-3-O-α-L-(3″-O-galloyl)-rhamnoside (11), 2-hydroxybenzoic acid (13), 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde (14), vanillin (15), methyl 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate (16), 3,5-dihydroxybenzamide (18), tyrosol (19), caffeic acid (20), 3-(2,4,6-trihydroxyphenyl)-1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-propan-1-one (21), phlorizin (22), friedelin (23), oleanolic acid (24), 4,4-dimethyl-heptanedioic acid (25), anthranilic acid (26), lumichrome (27), scoparone (28) and uracil (29) have not been recorded before in this plant. This is the first report on the occurrence of compounds 4–7, 9, 11, 13–14, 16, 18–21, 25–29 from the genus Rhus. Moreover, the chemotaxonomic significance of these isolated compounds was also summarized.