细叶百合LpPEX7基因克隆及盐胁迫下的表达特性分析

从细叶百合的鳞茎中克隆出过氧化物酶体生物合成蛋白基因（LpPEX7）,该基因ORF全长957 bp,编码318个氨基酸。LpPEX7蛋白序列包含6个WD40保守结构域,通过同源蛋白序列比对和进化树分析,发现LpPEX7与其他植物的PEX7蛋白具有较高的同源性。LpPEX7基因在细叶百合种子,叶片和鳞茎中的表达量比较高,在根和花中表达量比较低,在H₂O₂,NaCl,NaHCO₃不同逆境处理条件下,LpPEX7基因的表达量都发生了改变。在盐碱和氧化胁迫处理下,LpPEX7过表达拟南芥株系种子的萌发要早于野生型种子的萌发,这些研究结果表明LpPEX7基因与盐碱、氧化逆境有一定的应答关系,为细叶百合的耐盐碱性分子机理研究提供一个非常重要的候选基因。     

过量表达谷胱甘肽转移酶基因对转基因拟南芥抗旱能力的影响

盐地碱蓬谷胱甘肽转移酶基因（OST）在拟南芥中过量表达后,在干旱胁迫下,转基因拟南芥植株的干重比野生型植株高,其总谷胱甘肽含量和谷胱甘肽库的氧化水平都比野生型植株的高,而丙二醛含量则比野生型的低。这些显示转基因拟南芥的抗干旱胁迫能力有所增强。     

木薯MeMYC2.2基因耐低温功能研究

MYC2（MYeloCytomatosis）转录因子是植物应对逆境胁迫过程中茉莉酸信号传导相关的核心转录因子。本研究旨在初步分析木薯MeMYC2.2基因在低温胁迫响应中的功能。利用生物信息学分析木薯MeMYC2.1和MeMYC2.2基因的结构及其编码蛋白的理化性质;通过定量PCR分析了上述2个基因在木薯组培苗叶片中对低温胁迫的响应;通过转基因拟南芥研究MeMYC2.2的抗冻功能。木薯组培苗叶片中2个MeMYC2基因的表达均在低温胁迫早期被诱导,其中,与MeMYC2.1相比,MeMYC2.2差异表达更显著。MeMYC2.2蛋白主要定位于细胞核中,且在酵母中具有明显转录自激活功能,表明该蛋白具有转录因子特性。与野生型相比,过表达MeMYC2.2的转基因拟南芥抗冻能力显著提高。在低温处理下,CBF3基因在转基因拟南芥中的表达量要明显高于其在野生型的表达量,但另外3个CBF基因在转基因拟南芥中的表达量明显下降。木薯MeMYC2.2的表达受低温和茉莉酸调控,可以提高植物的抗冻性,且可能影响CBF基因对低温的响应。本研究为进一步利用MeMYC2基因改良木薯的低温耐受性奠定了理论基础。     

异源表达CkLEA1基因增强了拟南芥对非生物胁迫的耐受性

植物在生长过程中会受到各种非生物胁迫的伤害,导致生长发育和产量受到严重影响,胚胎晚期丰富蛋白（late embryogenesis abundant proteins,LEA蛋白）在植物抵抗非生物胁迫过程中起着重要的保护作用。在前期的研究基础上,将受多种胁迫诱导的柠条锦鸡儿CkLEA1（GenBank登录号KC309408）基因转入野生型拟南芥,通过实时荧光定量PCR从7株T₃代纯合体中筛选出3个转基因株系做进一步研究。种子萌发率实验发现,在200 mmol/L NaCl和400 mmol/L甘露醇处理下,转基因株系萌发率均高于野生型拟南芥。干旱处理2周大的幼苗后,转基因株系明显比野生型更抗旱,存活率高于野生型,并且失水率低于野生型。同时,转基因株系积累了较少的丙二醛（MDA）,超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性和谷胱甘肽（GSH）含量也高于野生型。这些结果表明,柠条锦鸡儿CkLEA1基因在种子萌发阶段提高了拟南芥对盐和渗透胁迫的耐受性,并且提高了转基因拟南芥幼苗生长阶段对干旱胁迫的抵抗能力。     

陆地棉GhPYR1基因的克隆和功能分析

植物激素脱落酸(Abscisic acid,ABA)在植物应对干旱、盐碱等逆境胁迫以及植物种子萌发、根伸长、芽休眠等阶段发挥重要作用。PYR/PYL/RCAR蛋白家族是ABA受体,与ABA结合后能够启动ABA信号传导通路,诱导ABA应答基因的表达。利用电子克隆和RT-PCR技术从陆地棉中克隆了Gh PYR1基因,其编码的Gh PYR1蛋白与拟南芥中At PYR1蛋白相似度为73%。将Gh PYR1蛋白序列与拟南芥14个PYR/PYL/RCAR家族成员蛋白序列进行比对并构建进化树,发现它与拟南芥PYR/PYL/RCAR蛋白亚家族III亲缘关系最近。过表达Gh PYR1基因的T3代拟南芥在外源ABA处理下,其种子萌发和初期根生长均滞后于野生型,表现出对ABA更加敏感;高盐和干旱胁迫对转基因种子的萌发抑制更强烈,但苗期胁迫处理下转基因拟南芥的长势却明显优于野生型;同时在外源ABA诱导条件下ABA应答基因RD29A、RAB18的表达量较野生型有明显提高。以上结果说明Gh PYR1基因编码的蛋白是ABA的受体,过表达该基因能够提高植物对ABA的敏感性和增强应对逆境胁迫的能力。     

AtERF49在拟南芥应答盐碱胁迫中的作用

盐碱胁迫是造成作物减产的主要逆境因素之一。植物AP2/ERF（APELATA2/ethylene response factors）转录因子在植物生长发育及其响应非生物逆境胁迫过程中发挥重要作用。探究AtERF49在拟南芥中对盐碱胁迫的应答,为深入解析AtERF49参与植物对盐碱胁迫的分子机理奠定基础。选取拟南芥野生型Col-0、过表达AtERF49转基因拟南芥和CRISPR/Cas9突变体erf49为试验材料,用150 mmol/L混合盐碱（摩尔比NaHCO₃∶Na₂CO₃=9∶1）溶液进行处理,使用荧光定量PCR技术对该基因的基本特性、盐碱胁迫及光合响应基因表达模式等进行分析。结果表明,盐碱胁迫处理后,突变体erf49叶片萎蔫并发生白化,而过表达AtERF49植株叶片稍有变黄。此外,在盐碱胁迫条件下,过量表达AtERF49上调盐碱胁迫响应基因（RD29A和RAB18）以及光合响应基因rbcL的表达。拟南芥叶片叶绿素荧光参数测定结果表明,过表达AtERF49植株的光系统Ⅱ实际量子产能Y（Ⅱ）、光化学淬灭系数（qP）显著高于Col-0,光损伤程度（NO）和非光化学淬灭系数（qN）显著低于Col-0,而突变体erf49与之相反。因此,AtERF49通过调控下游盐碱胁迫响应基因的表达以及植物的光合作用效率,改变参与植物对盐碱胁迫的应答。     

拟南芥非生物胁迫应答基因表达的调节子研究概况

分子生物学研究表明,植物中由诸如干旱、高盐和低温等环境胁迫因子诱导的几个基因具有多种功能。大多数干旱应答基因是由植物激素脱落酸（ABA）诱导的,但也有少数基因例外。对模式植物拟南芥基因表达中的干旱应答基因的分析表明,至少存在4个独立调节系统（调节子）。对典型胁迫诱导表达的一些基因中启动子的顺势作用元件和影响这些基因表达的转录子也已进行了分析。已经分离出与脱水效应元件/C重复序列（DRE/CRT）顺势作用元件结合的转录因子,并命名为DRE结合蛋白1/C重复序列结合因子（DREB1/CBF）和DRE结合蛋白2（DREB2）。在转基因拟南芥植株中,DREB1/CBF过量表达可增加其抗寒、抗旱和抗盐碱的能力。DREB1/CBF基因已成功地在许多不同作物中得到应用,从而提高作物对非生物胁迫的耐受性。与胁迫反应相关的其他转录因子的研究也正在取得进展。     

干旱胁迫下拟南芥磷脂酶Dδ与一氧化氮在种子萌发中的信号关系

以拟南芥野生型（WT）、一氧化氮合酶（NOS）缺失型突变体（noa1）、硝酸还原酶（NR）缺失型突变体（nia1,nia2）及磷脂酶Dδ（PLDδ）缺失型突变体（pldδ）幼苗为材料,研究了0.3 mol·L^-1甘露醇模拟干旱胁迫响应过程中PLDδ和一氧化氮（NO）之间的信号转导关系。结果显示：干旱胁迫下NO含量,PLD和NR活性及基因相对表达量显著升高,pldδ和nia2较其他突变体对干旱胁迫更敏感;外源添加NO供体硝普钠（SNP）可以提高干旱胁迫下WT,nia2和pldδ的种子萌发,而外源添加磷脂酸（PA）可以促进WT和pldδ的种子萌发,但不能促进nia2的种子萌发;PA可以促进干旱胁迫下WT和pldδ的NO产生,但不能促进nia2中NO的产生。表明：干旱胁迫下PLDδ/PA位于NO信号的上游,且PLDδ/PA主要通过NR2途径产生的NO促进干旱胁迫下拟南芥的种子萌发。     

过量表达棉花CBF2基因提高转基因拟南芥抗旱耐盐能力

CBF/DREB是一类植物中特有的转录因子,在植物抵抗逆境胁迫过程中发挥重要功能。本研究从陆地棉(Gossypium hirsutum L.)Coker 312中克隆获得1个棉花CBF/DREB基因,命名为Gh CBF2,该基因编码一个由216个氨基酸组成的CBF蛋白。序列分析结果显示,Gh CBF2与其他植物的CBF蛋白类似,含有AP2转录因子典型的保守结构域。干旱或高盐胁迫处理明显增加了Gh CBF2基因的表达量。亚细胞定位分析结果发现Gh CBF2定位在细胞核中。将Gh CBF2基因构建到由35S启动子调控的植物表达载体p MD上并转化拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana L.),结果表明,在干旱和盐胁迫条件下,过量表达Gh CBF2基因拟南芥的成活率显著高于野生型,并且游离脯氨酸和可溶性糖含量也高于野生型,说明转Gh CBF2基因提高了拟南芥的耐盐抗旱能力。采用实时荧光定量PCR方法分析胁迫相关标记基因COR15A、RD29A和ERD6的表达情况,结果显示转基因株系中的表达量显著高于野生型,说明Gh CBF2参与调控拟南芥干旱和盐胁迫相关基因的表达。     

胡杨PeECT8基因的克隆及功能分析

ECT基因家族已在拟南芥中被发现并报道,然而它们是否参与植物在逆境胁迫下的响应过程却鲜有报道。为研究胡杨PeECT8基因的功能,从胡杨叶片cDNA中克隆出PeECT8基因,构建CaMV 35S::Pe ECT8植物表达载体,利用花序浸染法转化拟南芥,经GUS组织化学染色和PCR检测,获得转基因植株,进而测定不同浓度盐(Na Cl)和甘露醇胁迫下转基因拟南芥种子的萌发率、生长势和根长。测序结果表明,该基因编码区长度为1821 bp,可编码606个氨基酸。蛋白序列比对发现,PeECT8基因与毛果杨PtrECT8同源基因所编码的氨基酸一致性达93.42%,PeECT8蛋白包含一个YT521-B-like保守结构域。相比于野生型,过量表达PeECT8的拟南芥在不同浓度NaCl胁迫下萌发率降低,在D-甘露醇胁迫下萌发率没有明显变化。在NaCl和D-甘露醇胁迫下,转基因拟南芥根的伸长长度小于野生型。这表明PeECT8基因在盐胁迫和渗透胁迫下发挥负调控的作用。     

35S::GmPM30在拟南芥的根系生长中表现为对ABA的敏感性降低(英文)

LEA protein,late-embryogenesis-abundant protein,is importantin response to thesalt and drought stresses in plants.Here,weidentified a cDNA full length of LEA from soybean and found that LEA enhance the ability of anti-salinity in transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana.The expression of GmPM30 increases highly under salinity,cold or ABA treatment,and enhances by certain degree under drought stress.The germination rates,primary root lengths and survival rate of GmPM30 over-expression lines are obviously higher than that of the wild-type after suffering the salinity stress.Our studies displays that GmPM30-ox apparently enhances the tolerance to salinity in Arabidopsis thaliana.     

Important roles of drought- and cold-inducible genes for galactinol synthase in stress tolerance in Arabidopsis thaliana

Raffinose family oligosaccharides (RFO) accumulating during seed development are thought to play a role in the desiccation tolerance of seeds. However, the functions of RFO in desiccation tolerance have not been elucidated. Here we examine the functions of RFO in Arabidopsis thaliana plants under drought- and cold-stress conditions, based on the analyses of function and expression of genes involved in RFO biosynthesis. Sugar analysis showed that drought-, high salinity- and cold-treated Arabidopsis plants accumulate a large amount of raffinose and galactinol, but not stachyose. Raffinose and galactinol were not detected in unstressed plants. This suggests that raffinose and galactinol are involved in tolerance to drought, high salinity and cold stresses. Galactinol synthase (GolS) catalyses the first step in the biosynthesis of RFO from UDP-galactose. We identified three stress-responsive GolS genes (AtGolS1, 2 and 3) among seven Arabidopsis GolS genes. AtGolS1 and 2 were induced by drought and high-salinity stresses, but not by cold stress. By contrast, AtGolS3 was induced by cold stress but not by drought or salt stress. All the GST fusion proteins of GST-AtGolS1, 2 and 3 expressed in Escherichia coli had galactinol synthase activities. Overexpression of AtGolS2 in transgenic Arabidopsis caused an increase in endogenous galactinol and raffinose, and showed reduced transpiration from leaves to improve drought tolerance. These results show that stress-inducible galactinol synthase plays a key role in the accumulation of galactinol and raffinose under abiotic stress conditions, and that galactinol and raffinose may function as osmoprotectants in drought-stress tolerance of plants.     

Arabidopsis CBF3/DREB1A and ABF3 in transgenic rice increased tolerance to abiotic stress without stunting growth

Rice (Oryza sativa), a monocotyledonous plant that does not cold acclimate, has evolved differently from Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), which cold acclimates. To understand the stress response of rice in comparison with that of Arabidopsis, we developed transgenic rice plants that constitutively expressed CBF3/DREB1A (CBF3) and ABF3, Arabidopsis genes that function in abscisic acid-independent and abscisic acid-dependent stress-response pathways, respectively. CBF3 in transgenic rice elevated tolerance to drought and high salinity, and produced relatively low levels of tolerance to low-temperature exposure. These data were in direct contrast to CBF3 in Arabidopsis, which is known to function primarily to enhance freezing tolerance. ABF3 in transgenic rice increased tolerance to drought stress alone. By using the 60 K Rice Whole Genome Microarray and RNA gel-blot analyses, we identified 12 and 7 target genes that were activated in transgenic rice plants by CBF3 and ABF3, respectively, which appear to render the corresponding plants acclimated for stress conditions. The target genes together with 13 and 27 additional genes are induced further upon exposure to drought stress, consequently making the transgenic plants more tolerant to stress conditions. Interestingly, our transgenic plants exhibited neither growth inhibition nor visible phenotypic alterations despite constitutive expression of the CBF3 or ABF3, unlike the results previously obtained from Arabidopsis where transgenic plants were stunted.     

A cytosolic class I small heat shock protein, RcHSP17.8, of Rosa chinensis confers resistance to a variety of stresses to Escherichia coli, yeast and Arabidopsis thaliana

Among the heat shock proteins (HSPs) of higher plants, those belonging to the small HSP (sHSP) family remain the least characterized in functional terms. To improve our understanding of sHSPs, we have characterized RcHSP17.8 from Rosa chinensis . Sequence alignments and phylogenetic analysis reveal this to be a cytosolic class I sHSP. RcHSP17.8 expression in R. chinensis was induced by heat, cold, salt, drought, osmotic and oxidative stresses. Recombinant RcHSP17.8 was overexpressed in Escherichia coli and yeast to study its possible function under stress conditions. The recombinant E. coli and yeast cells that accumulated RcHSP17.8 showed improved viability under thermal, salt and oxidative stress conditions compared with control cultures. We also produced transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana that constitutively expressed RcHSP17.8. These plants exhibited increased tolerance to heat, salt, osmotic and drought stresses. These results suggest that R. chinensis cytosolic class I sHSP (RcHSP17.8) has the ability to confer stress resistance not only to E. coli and yeast but also to plants grown under a wide variety of unfavorable environmental conditions.     

Expression of Bacillus subtilis proBA genes and reduction of feedback inhibition of proline synthesis increases proline production and confers osmotolerance in transgenic Arabidopsis

Proline accumulation has been shown to correlate with tolerance to drought and salt stresses in plants. We attempt to introduce the wild-type, mutant, and fusion proBA genes derived from Bacillus subtilis into Arabidopsis thaliana under the control of a strong promoter cauliflower mosaic virus 35S (CaMV35S). The transgenic plants produced higher level of free proline than control and the overproduction of proline resulted in the increased tolerance to osmotic stress in transgenic plants. Besides, the mutation in proBA genes, which were proved to lead gamma-glutamyl kinase (gamma-GK) reduces sensitivity to the end-product inhibition and the fusion of proB and proA also result in increasing proline production and confer osmotolerance in transgenic lines.