TRPC3/6/7通道在氧糖剥夺星形胶质细胞凋亡中的作用

目的研究TRPC3/6/7在氧糖剥夺/复氧(oxygen glucose deprivation/reoxygenation, OGD/R)后对星形胶质细胞凋亡的影响及其可能机制。方法将体外培养星形胶质细胞分为空白对照组、野生型(wild type, WT)OGD/R组、TRPC3/6/7基因敲除OGD/R组,通过Western blot检测星形胶质细胞OGD/R后Bcl-2、Bax的变化,通过钙信号荧光测量技术检测星形胶质细胞OGD/R下的钙内流,通过流式细胞术对3组细胞进行凋亡率检测和分析。结果 TRPC3/6/7基因敲除鼠星形胶质细胞OGD/R后Bcl-2水平较野生型OGD/R组明显增高,Bax水平较野生型OGD/R组明显降低;钙影像结果显示,TRPC3/6/7基因敲除的星形胶质细胞经OGD/R处理后,Tg刺激引起的钙内流较野生型OGD/R组明显降低;TRPC3/6/7基因敲除鼠星形胶质细胞OGD/R后凋亡率较野生型OGD/R组明显降低。结论 TRPC3/6/7基因敲除可抑制OGD/R后星形胶质细胞凋亡的发生,并且能够抑制钙超载引起的脑缺血再灌注损伤,降低Ca~(2+)稳态失衡在脑缺血再灌注脑损伤中的作用。     

13-甲基十四烷酸对大鼠脑皮层星形胶质细胞氧反常的影响

目的研究13-甲基十四烷酸(13-methyltetradecanoic Acid,13-MTD)对大鼠脑皮质星形胶质细胞氧反常的保护作用。方法传代培养新生SD乳鼠大脑皮质星形胶质原代细胞,以氧糖剥夺/再复氧糖(OGD/R)方法复制氧反常模型,OGD 10 h/R 24 h,于再复氧糖即刻分别给予13-MTD 20,40,80μg/m L(M20,M40,M80)干预,倒置显微镜动态观察星形胶质细胞形态,细胞免疫化学鉴定角质纤维酸性蛋白(glial fibrillary acidic protein,GFAP),MTT法检测线粒体活性,免疫组化法检测星形胶质细胞的水通道蛋白4(aquaporin 4,AQP4)蛋白表达。结果OGD 10 h/R 24 h损伤后,体外培养的SD乳鼠脑皮质星形胶质细胞出现明显损伤,线粒体活性显著下降(P0.01),星形胶质细胞膜AQP4蛋白表达量明显增加(P0.01);与模型组比较,13-MTD 20,40,80μg/m L可减少损伤,使线粒体活性上升、AQP4蛋白表达减少,以80μg/m L效果最好(P0.01)。结论 13-MTD可通过降低AQP4的表达,提高线粒体活性,减轻细胞水肿,进而保护氧反常诱导的星形胶质细胞损伤。     

KCa3.1通道参与调控星形胶质细胞糖氧剥夺诱导的内质网应激

目的:研究KCa3.1在糖氧剥夺诱导的原代星形胶质细胞内质网应激(ERS)中的调控作用。方法:通过构建原代星形胶质细胞糖氧剥夺(OGD)模型,应用cck-8法、免疫荧光技术、western blotting等分子生物学技术研究KCa3.1在OGD引起的原代星形胶质细胞内质网应激中的作用。结果:OGD 4 h处理后星形胶质细胞内KCa3.1的表达明显上调。OGD处理后星形胶质细胞的细胞活力显著性降低,且具有时间依赖性。给予KCa3.1通道抑制剂TRAM-34可提高OGD 4 h处理后星形胶质细胞的细胞活力,并具有剂量依赖性。OGD处理0.5 h、1 h、3 h、4 h、6 h后,原代星形胶质细胞内ERS信号通路被激活,GRP78、p-eIF-2α的表达显著性上调。给予KCa3.1通道抑制剂TRAM-34后,OGD引起的星形胶质细胞内GRP78、p-eIF-2α的上调幅度显著性降低。结论:KCa3.1通道参与了星形胶质细胞内OGD引起的内质网应激通路的激活。     

Ephrin-A3逆向通路对海马星形胶质细胞谷氨酸摄取能力的影响

目的观察EphA4介导的ephrin-A3逆向通路激活对星形胶质细胞谷氨酸摄取能力的影响。方法采用原代培养的大鼠海马星形胶质细胞,使用免疫荧光双标法定位ephrin-A3在海马星形胶质细胞上的表达,Western blot法观察糖氧剥夺(oxygen-glucose deprivation,OGD)后星形胶质细胞ephrin-A3表达水平的变化,随后实验分为三组:空白对照组(不含星形胶质细胞),药物对照组(加入IgG-Fc)和EphA4组(加入ephrin-A3逆向通路激动剂预聚集化的EphA4-Fc),分别在正常及缺血条件下的特定时间点以谷氨酸浓度测定试剂盒检测不同干预组星形胶质细胞谷氨酸摄取能力的变化。结果 ephrin-A3高表达于海马星形胶质细胞,并在缺血后出现蛋白表达水平一过性上调。与对照组相比,EphA4干预组星形胶质细胞谷氨酸摄取能力较对照组明显下降。结论 Ephrin-A3高表达于海马星形胶质细胞并参与调节星形胶质细胞谷氨酸摄取能力。     

Nrf2对缺氧/复氧诱导的SH-SY5Y细胞线粒体分裂的影响

目的:通过体外模拟脑缺血再灌注损伤的细胞模型,探究核转录相关因子2(nuclear factor erythroid-2 related factor 2,Nrf2)与线粒体分裂是否存在调控关系。方法:通过三气培养箱和无糖培养基模拟氧糖剥夺/复氧(Oxygen and glucose deprivation/reperfusion,OGD/R)的条件,将OGD4 h、6h、8h和10h与R0h、6h、12h、18h、24h多个时间点组合,通过CCK8试剂盒(Cell Counting Kit-8,CCK8)检测细胞的存活率,最终以细胞凋亡明显但仍有半数存活的OGD4 h/恢复R18 h为条件建立细胞OGD/R模型;用Nrf2激动剂叔丁基对苯二酚(Tert-butylhydroquinone,t BHQ)和抑制剂鸦胆子苦醇(Brusatol,Bru)对细胞进行干预处理;蛋白免疫印迹(Western blot,WB)法检测Nrf2、动力相关蛋白1(Dynamin-related protein 1,Drp1)的表达量;制备细胞沉淀的切片,通过电镜观察细胞内线粒体的形态。结果:OGD/R+t BHQ组Nrf2蛋白的表达明显高于OGD/R组,且OGD/R+t BHQ组Drp1蛋白的表达则低于OGD/R组(P0.05),而OGD/R+Bru组Nrf2蛋白的表达低于OGD/R组,且OGD/R+Bru组Drp1蛋白的表达高于OGD/R组(P0.05);电镜观察结果显示OGD/R+t BHQ组线粒体分裂的程度和比例较OGD/R组有所减少,而在OGD/R+Bru组有增多(P0.05)。结论:Nrf2对线粒体分裂有负向调控作用,可能机制是经由Drp1蛋白发挥作用。     

脑缺血再灌注小鼠M1极化的小胶质细胞分泌的可溶性Robo4对血脑屏障完整性的破坏作用

本文旨在研究缺血再灌注过程中小胶质细胞的极化对血脑屏障的调控作用和机制。构建脑缺血再灌注的小鼠模型后,小鼠外周血中IL-6、TNF-α表达明显升高,脑组织中IL-6和iNOS mRNA表达增加,iNOS的蛋白表达水平增加,小胶质细胞呈现出明显的M1极化趋势。在体外对脑小胶质细胞Bv-2进行糖氧剥夺后复氧复糖(oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation, OGD/R)处理,在细胞培养上清中检测到TNF-α、IL-6表达明显上升,细胞内IL-6、iNOS和CD86 mRNA表达增加,IL-6和i NOS蛋白表达增加。RNAseq检测结果显示,诱导M1极化的Bv-2细胞和OGD/R处理的Bv-2细胞中Robo4 (roundabout guidance receptor4)的表达都显著增加。进一步研究发现M1极化的Bv-2细胞和OGD/R处理的Bv-2细胞外泌可溶性Robo4蛋白(soluble roundabout guidance receptor 4, sRobo4)也显著增加,并且Robo4重组蛋白、M1极化Bv-2细胞培养上清或OGD/R处理的...     

神经元-小胶质细胞EphA4/ephrin通路调控小胶质细胞介导的缺血后炎性损伤

目的观察神经元-小胶质细胞间EphA4/ephrin信号通路在脑缺血后的炎性损伤中的作用及机制。方法建立神经元-小胶质细胞混合培养体系和糖氧剥夺再复氧(oxygen-glucose deprivation and reperfusion, OGD/R)模型,使用预聚集化的EphA4-Fc激动小胶质细胞ephrin配体,检测OGD/R后的细胞凋亡、小胶质细胞增殖和亚型极化以及小胶质细胞功能改变。结果 EphA4受体高表达于原代神经元,与对照组相比,预聚集化EphA4-Fc干预加重OGD/R导致的细胞凋亡,促进小胶质细胞增殖以及向M1型(促炎型)极化(炎症表型)。结论神经元-小胶质细胞间EphA4/ephrin信号通路通过调控小胶质细胞亚型极化参与脑缺血后的炎性损伤的过程。     

二十二碳六烯酸对氧糖剥夺环境下大鼠脑星形胶质细胞凋亡及血管生成因子分泌的影响

摘要 目的：评价二十二碳六烯酸(Docosahexaenoic Acid,DHA)预处理对氧糖剥夺环境下(Oxygen and glucose deprivation,OGD)大鼠脑星形胶质细胞凋亡及血管生成因子分泌的影响。方法：大鼠脑星形胶质细胞传代培养,第3~4代用于实验。采用随机数字法将培养的细胞分为6组：正常对照组、OGD组、OGD+10 μMDHA组、OGD+40 μMDHA组、OGD+10 μMDHA+GW9662组、OGD+40 μMDHA+GW9662组。在所有缺氧模型组(除正常对照组外)先用无糖、无血清的DMEM液置换原培液;其次在OGD+10 μMDHA、OGD+40 μMDHA、OGD+10 μMDHA+GW9662、OGD+40 μMDHA+GW9662组加入相应浓度的DHA,同时在OGD+10 μMDHA+GW9662组和OGD+40μMDHA+GW9662组加入5 μM GW9662(过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体PPARγ的抑制剂)。预处理完成后,正常对照组和其余各组分别在5% CO₂:95%空气和94％N₂:5％ CO₂:1％O₂条件下培养24 h。采用流式细胞技术检测细胞凋亡率,酶联免疫吸附剂测定（Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay,ELISA）检测培养上清液中的促血管生成素1（Angiopoietin-1,Ang1）、促血管生成素2（Angiopoietin2,Ang2）、血管内皮生长因子（vascular endothelial growth factor,VEGF）的分泌量,Western blotting法检测Bax、Bcl-2、caspase-3的表达。结果：与正常对照组比较,其余组细胞凋亡率、Bax、Caspase-3表达水平明显增加(P＜0.01),而Bcl-2、Bcl-2/Bax表达明显降低(P＜0.01)。与OGD组比较,OGD+10 μMDHA组和OGD+40 μMDHA组细胞凋亡率、Bax、Caspase-3表达水平明显降低(P＜0.01),而Bcl-2、Bcl-2/Bax表达明显增加(P＜0.01);Ang1分泌量明显增加(P＜0.01),而Ang2和VEGF分泌量明显降低(P＜0.01);上述各指标的差异在OGD+40 μMDHA组里更加显著(P＜0.01)。与OGD组比较,OGD+10 μMDHA+GW9662和OGD+40 μMDHA+GW9662组各个观察指标均无明显差异(P＞0.05)。相关性统计分析结果显示细胞凋亡率与Ang1水平呈显著负相关(P<0.01),与Ang2和VEGF的水平呈显著正相关(P<0.01)。结论：二十二碳六烯酸(DHA)预处理能够减少大鼠脑星形胶质细胞在氧糖剥夺(OGD)环境下的凋亡,其机制与增加Ang1分泌,减少Ang2和VEGF分泌,进而调控Ang/Tie2信号通路相关。     

4-苯基丁酸钠通过抑制内质网应激减轻皮层神经元氧糖剥夺/再灌注损伤

4-苯基丁酸钠（4-phenylbutyric acid,4-PBA）是协助内质网中蛋白质转录后修饰和折叠的分子伴侣,故可减轻非折叠蛋白反应（unfolded protein response,UPR）及其介导的细胞凋亡。既往研究表明,4-PBA可以减轻脑组织的缺血性损伤,但采用原代皮层神经元构建氧糖剥夺/再灌注（oxygen glucose deprivation/reoxygenation, OGD/R）损伤模型,来研究4-PBA对神经元损伤的保护作用及其机制尚未见报道。本文采用原代培养的皮层神经元OGD/R损伤模型,同时给予4-PBA处理,探讨4-PBA对OGD/R诱导的神经元内质网应激（endoplasmic reticulum stress,ERS）的作用及其机制。分别采用MTT、LDH和Hoechst 33342染色法检测神经元存活率、细胞膜完整性和细胞凋亡情况。Western印迹检测ERS标志物葡萄糖调节蛋白78 (glucose regulated protein 78,GRP78),以及肌醇必需酶1（inositol requiring enzyme 1, IRE1）通路相关蛋白质的表达。Western印迹结果显示,在OGD/R后0～48 h,GRP78的表达较对照组明显升高。MTT、LDH漏出率和Hoechst 33342染色法检测显示,4-PBA显著改善OGD/R所导致的神经元存活率下降、LDH漏出率升高和细胞凋亡增加,且具有明显的剂量依赖性。通过Western印迹检测发现,4-PBA显著逆转OGD/R所致GRP78蛋白表达水平的上调。此外,对肌醇必需酶1通路相关蛋白质的检测显示,4-PBA下调氧糖剥夺/再灌注组神经元p IRE1和p JNK的表达,增加抗凋亡蛋白Bcl 2表达。上述研究结果表明,4-PBA在氧糖剥夺/再灌注情况下对神经元具有保护作用,该保护作用可能是通过抑制肌醇必需酶1信号通路介导的非折叠蛋白反应和内质网应激实现的。     

白藜芦醇对氧糖剥夺/再灌注损伤的PC12细胞的保护作用及其作用机制

目的:探讨白藜芦醇对氧糖剥夺/再灌注(OGD/R)损伤的PC12细胞的保护作用及其机制。方法:体外培养PC12细胞,分为对照组,白藜芦醇组,OGD/R组及OGD/R+白藜芦醇组。以改良的噻唑蓝法测定细胞活性,采用Annexin V-FITC/PI双染法检测细胞的凋亡率,用双氢罗丹明(DHR)检测细胞内活性氧簇(ROS)的水平,采用蛋白印迹法(western blot)分析SIRT1的蛋白表达情况。结果:与对照组相比,经过OGD/R损伤后,细胞活力显著降低。而在OGD/R的同时给予10μmol/L的白藜芦醇处理,可以明显提高细胞活力。流式细胞仪检测发现,10μmol/L的白藜芦醇可以显著地减少OGD/R引起的细胞凋亡,抑制细胞内的ROS产生。western blot的结果提示,与对照组比较,白藜芦醇可提高SIRT1的蛋白表达水平。结论:白藜芦醇可以通过抑制ROS的产生和上调SIRT1的表达等机制而发挥其对抗氧糖剥夺/再灌注损伤的神经保护性作用。     

MicroRNA‐135a alleviates oxygen‐glucose deprivation and reoxygenation‐induced injury in neurons through regulation of GSK‐3β/Nrf2 signaling

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have been suggested as pivotal regulators in the pathological process of cerebral ischemia and reperfusion injury. In this study, we aimed to investigate the role of miR‐135a in regulating neuronal survival in cerebral ischemia and reperfusion injury using an in vitro cellular model induced by oxygen‐glucose deprivation and reoxygenation (OGD/R). Our results showed that miR‐135a expression was significantly decreased in neurons with OGD/R treatment. Overexpression of miR‐135a significantly alleviated OGD/R‐induced cell injury and oxidative stress, whereas inhibition of miR‐135a showed the opposite effects. Glycogen synthase kinase‐3β (GSK‐3β) was identified as a potential target gene of miR‐135a. miR‐135a was found to inhibit GSK‐3β expression, but promote the expression of nuclear factor erythroid 2‐related factor 2 (Nrf2) and downstream signaling. However, overexpression of GSK‐3β significantly reversed miR‐135a‐induced neuroprotective effect. Overall, our results suggest that miR‐135a protects neurons against OGD/R‐induced injury through downregulation of GSK‐3β and upregulation of Nrf2 signaling.     

CaMKII Activates ASK1 to Induce Apoptosis of Spinal Astrocytes Under Oxygen–Glucose Deprivation

Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) is a ubiquitous, structurally complex multifunctional protein serine/threonine kinase that plays an important role in cell apoptosis via linking the ER stress and mitochondrial apoptosis pathways. Recently, CaMKII has been correlated with apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1) activity and the ASK1-dependent apoptosis pathway through the direct phosphorylation of Thr845 of ASK1. The specific role of CaMKII in hypoxia–reoxygenation (H/R)-induced spinal astrocyte apoptosis, however, remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the effects of CaMKIIγ (an isoform of CaMKII) on spinal astrocyte apoptosis using an in vitro oxygen–glucose deprivation (OGD/R) model which mimics hypoxic/ischemic conditions in vivo. OGD/R increased cell death and the activation of CaMKII. Deletion of CaMKIIγ results in the reduced activation of CaMKII and apoptosis in astrocytes under OGD/R conditions. Notably, the deletion of CaMKIIγ induced ASK1 phosphorylation at Thr845 in astrocytes. The activation of JNK and p38 and the downstream effect of ASK1 were also reduced. These data suggest that CaMKIIγ is required for the CaMKII-dependent regulation of ASK1, affecting the apoptosis of a biologically important cell type under spinal cord injury.     

Cell Death Pathways in Astrocytes with a Modified Model of Oxygen-Glucose Deprivation

Traditional oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) models do not produce sufficiently stable and continuous deprivation to induce cell death in the ischemic core. Therefore, we modified the OGD model to mimic the observed damage in the ischemic core following stroke and utilized this new model to study cell death pathways in astrocytes. The PO₂ and pH levels in the astrocyte culture medium were compared between a physical OGD group, a chemical OGD group and a mixed OGD group. The mixed OGD group was able to maintain anaerobic conditions in astrocyte culture medium for 6 h, while the physical and the chemical groups failed to maintain such conditions. Astrocyte viability decreased and LDH release into in the medium increased as a function of exposure to OGD. Compared to the control group, the expression of active caspase-3 in the mixed OGD group increased within 2 h after OGD, but decreased after 2 h of OGD. Additionally, porimin mRNA levels did not significantly increase during the first 2 h of OGD, while bcl-2 mRNA levels decreased at 1 h. However, both porimin and bcl-2 mRNA levels increased after 2 h of OGD; interestingly, they both suddenly decreased at 4 h of OGD. Taken together, these results indicate that apoptosis and oncosis are the two cell death pathways responsible for astrocyte death in the ischemic core. However, the main death pathway varies depending on the OGD period.     

白藜芦醇对氧糖剥夺／再灌注损伤的PCI2细胞的保护作用及其作用机制

目的：探讨白藜芦醇对氧糖剥夺／再灌注（OGD／R）损伤的PCI2细胞的保护作用及其机制。方法：体外培养PCI2细胞,分为对照组,白藜芦醇组,OGD／R组及OGD／R＋白藜芦醇组。以改良的噻唑蓝法测定细胞活性,采用AnnexinV—FITC／PI双染法检测细胞的凋亡率,用双氯罗丹明（DHR）检测细胞内活性氧簇（Ros）的水平,采用蛋白印迹法（westemblot）分析SIRTl的蛋白表达情况。结果：与对照组相比,经过OGD／R损伤后,细胞活力显著降低。而在OGD／R的同时给予10μmol／L的白藜芦醇处理。可以明显提高细胞活力。流式细胞仪检测发现,10μmol／L的白藜芦醇可以显著地减少OGD／R引起的细胞凋亡,抑制细胞内的ROS产生。westemblot的结果提示,与对照组比较,白藜芦醇可提高SIRTl的蛋白表达水平。结论：白藜芦醇可以通过抑制ROS的产生和上调SIRTl的表达等机制而发挥其对抗氧糖剥夺／再灌注损伤的神经保护性作用。     

高通量测序技术分析急性髓系白血病血浆外泌体微RNA表达谱差异

急性髓系白血病（acute myeloid leukemia,AML）是一类造血干细胞的恶性克隆性疾病,目前的诊断方法不利于疾病的早期发现,且诊断结果重复性较差。已有大量研究显示,细胞外microRNA（miRNA或miR）富集在外泌体（exosome）中,且受其表面膜的保护而具有很好的稳定性,是理想的分子标志物。目前,多种实体肿瘤均已检测到肿瘤特异性外泌体miRNA(exosomal miRNA)。然而,在AML患者中未见此外泌体miRNA报道。本研究探讨急性髓系白血病血浆外泌体miRNA表达谱差异及新miRNA序列。采用solexa高通量测序技术对7例AML患者（AML组）及7例健康对照者（对照组）血浆外泌体miRNAs进行测序,利用Mireap预测软件进行新miRNAs分析,通过edger差异分析软件筛选组间差异miRNA,获得211个已知的差异表达miRNAs以及2个新miRNAs,选择4个差异表达的miRNAs：miR-155-5p、miR-335-5p、miR-451a及xxx-m0038 5p（新miRNA）,在两组（各23例）的血浆外泌体样本中,进行实时荧光定量PCR（qRT-PCR）验证,验证结果与测序结果一致。对差异表达的外泌体miRNA进行靶基因预测及其GO（Gene Ontology）和信号通路富集分析,发现靶基因聚集的生物学功能多数参与生物进展过程的调控。靶基因主要富集在FoxO、MAPK、Hippo信号通路以及HTLV-I感染等。结果显示,AML患者与健康对照者的血浆外泌体miRNA存在着差异性表达。差异性表达的miRNA特异性很高,对进一步阐明AML白血病发生与发展的分子机制、研发新的无创诊断方法、新的诊断标记物和有效治疗AML的方法具有十分重要和深远的意义。     

Cover Image,Volume 234, Number 8, August 2019

KCNQ/M potassium channels play a vital role in neuronal excitability; however, it is required to explore their pharmacological modulation on N-Methyl- d -aspartic acid receptors (NMDARs)-mediated glutamatergic transmission of neurons upon ischemic insults. In the current study, both presynaptic glutamatergic release and activities of NMDARs were measured by NMDAR-induced miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents (mEPSCs) in cultured cortical neurons of C57 mice undergoing oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD) or OGD/reperfusion (OGD/R). The KCNQ/M-channel opener, retigabine (RTG), suppressed the overactivation of postsynaptic NMDARs induced by OGD and then NO transient; RTG also decreased OGD-induced neuronal death measured with MTT assay, suggesting the beneficial role of KCNQ/M-channels for the neurons exposed to ischemic insults. However, when the neurons exposed to the subsequent reperfusion, KCNQ/M-channels played a differential role from its protective effect. OGD/R increased presynaptic glutamatergic release, which was further augmented by RTG or decreased by KCNQ/M-channel blocker, XE991. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) were produced partly in a NO-dependent manner. In addition, XE991 decreased neuronal injuries upon reperfusion measured with DCF and PI staining. Meanwhile, the addition of RTG upon OGD or XE991 upon reperfusion can reverse OGD or OGD/R-reduced mitochondrial membrane potential. Our present study indicates the dual role of KCNQ/M-channels in OGD and OGD/R, which will decide the fate of neurons. Provided that activation of KCNQ/M-channels has differential effects on neuronal injuries during OGD or OGD/R, we propose that therapy targeting KCNQ/M-channels may be effective for ischemic injuries but the proper timing is so crucial for the corresponding treatment.     

Combination therapy with bone marrow stromal cells and FK506 enhanced amelioration of ischemic brain damage in rats

AimsWe previously reported that cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 2 (CysLT₂) mediates ischemic astrocyte injury, and leukotriene D₄-activated CysLT₂ receptor up-regulates the water channel aquaporin 4 (AQP4). Here we investigated the mechanism underlying CysLT₂ receptor-mediated ischemic astrocyte injury induced by 4-h oxygen-glucose deprivation and 24-h recovery (OGD/R).Main methodsPrimary cultures of rat astrocytes were treated by OGD/R to construct the cell injury model. AQP4 expression was inhibited by small interfering RNA (siRNA). The expressions of AQP4 and CysLTs receptors, and the MAPK signaling pathway were determined.Key findingsOGD/R induced astrocyte injury, and increased expression of the CysLT₂ (but not CysLT₁) receptor and AQP4. OGD/R-induced cell injury and AQP4 up-regulation were inhibited by a CysLT₂ receptor antagonist (Bay cysLT2) and a non-selective CysLT receptor antagonist (Bay u9773), but not by a CysLT₁ receptor antagonist (montelukast). Knockdown of AQP4 by siRNA attenuated OGD/R injury. Furthermore, OGD/R increased phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and p38, whose inhibitors relieved the cell injury and AQP4 up-regulation.SignificanceThe CysLT₂ receptor mediates AQP4 up-regulation in astrocytes, and up-regulated AQP4 leads to OGD/R-induced injury, which results from activation of the ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK pathways.     

miR-1298表达对PC-12细胞糖氧剥夺/复氧损伤的影响及其机制研究

摘要 目的：通过体外细胞培养探讨miR-1298对缺血缺氧性神经损伤的调节作用。方法：首先通过细胞活性检测和乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）细胞毒性法确定大鼠PC-12细胞糖氧剥夺/复氧（OGD/R）的造模效果,同时采用实时荧光定量PCR（RT-qPCR）检测细胞miR-1298的表达差异。体外转染miR-1298mimic、mimic NC、miR-1298 inhibitor和inhibitor NC至大鼠PC-12细胞系,检测mimic、mimic NC、inhibitor、inhibitor NC的转染效率。经过OGD/R处理后将细胞分为Control组、OGD/R组、mimic组、mimicNC组、inhibitor组和inhibitorNC组。流式细胞术检测各组PC-12细胞凋亡的情况,免疫印迹试验（Western blot）检测各组PC-12细胞凋亡相关蛋白B淋巴细胞瘤-2基因（BCL-2）和Bcl-2相关的x基因（Bax）表达的情况。结果：PC12细胞经过OGD/R处理后,其细胞存活率与Control组比明显下降且LDH漏出率明显上升（均P<0.05）;模型细胞中miR-1298相对表达量明显低于Control组（P<0.05）。转染24小时后mimic组细胞中miR-1298的相对表达量明显高于mimicNC组（P<0.05）;mimic组细胞凋亡率低于mimicNC组,而inhibitor组细胞凋亡率高于inhibitor NC组（均P<0.05）;mimic组的BCL-2表达量较mimicNC组升高,而BAX表达量下降,inhibitor组与inhibitorNC组相比,BCL-2表达量下降,而BAX表达量上升,差异均有统计学意义（均P<0.05）。结论：miR-1298通过抑制细胞凋亡减轻PC-12细胞OGD/R的损伤。     

δ-联蛋白通过AKT信号通路调控OGD/R后的炎症反应

δ-联蛋白(delta-catenin)作为高表达于神经系统的黏附蛋白质,在神经系统的功能发挥中有着至关重要的作用,但其在缺血缺氧性脑病中的研究尚未见报道。本文通过体外培养原代皮层神经元,构建氧糖剥夺/再灌注（oxygen-glucose deprivation/reperfusion, OGD/R）模型。用Western 印迹、LDH等方法显示,与对照组相比,δ-联蛋白在OGD/R模型后的不同时间点（0、4、12、24 和48 h）表达呈先降低后升高的趋势。在12 h表达量最低（0.48±0.08 vs 1.53±0.18,P<0.05）,在48 h表达升高到对照组水平（1.35±0.15 vs 1.53±0.18,P>0.05）。用siRNA慢病毒干扰δ-联蛋白表达后,ELISA结果显示,和对照组相比,OGD/R后,IL-1β和IL-18升高（24.80±1.64 vs 12.75±0.87,28.12±2.69 vs 12.99±1.24,P<0.05）,但在干扰δ-联蛋白表达后,和OGD组相比,IL-1β和IL-18释放降低（12.81±0.78 vs 24.80±1.64,14.27±1.37 vs 28.12±2.69,P<0.05）。Western 印迹结果显示,AKT信号通路磷酸化位点Ser 473活化增高（1.08±0.04 vs 0.85±0.06,P<0.05）,但Thr 308位点活化无改变（1.17±0.06 vs 1.11±0.08,P>0.05）。在siRNA慢病毒干扰并且联合使用AKT信号通路抑制剂GSK 690693后,和OGD+siRNA组相比,IL-1β和IL-18释放增高（24.58±0.99 vs 12.81±0.78,31.62±2.23 vs 14.27±1.37,P<0.05）。上述结果显示,δ 联蛋白通过AKT信号通路调控OGD/R后的炎症反应,这可作为δ-联蛋白功能研究的新的实验依据。