东北边境地区鼠体外寄生蜱螨的种类组成研究

采用笼日法捕鼠,收集鼠体外寄生蜱螨,研究我国东北边境地区鼠体外寄生蜱、革螨和恙螨的种类组成.结果表明,在东北边境6市县9种鼠体采获寄生蜱螨16 565只,计16属39种,其中蜱类3属4种,革螨8属20种,恙螨5属15种.优势种群:全沟硬蜱(75.6%);耶氏历螨(25.5%),厩真历螨(21.1%);波氏新恙螨(35.0%),高丽新恙螨(22.7%).不同鼠体寄生蜱、革螨、恙螨的主要种类组成有所不同.     

辽宁革螨的生态地理分布

辽宁省已知的革螨46种,分属于5科19属.本文依据四个不同地理景观区内革螨的优势种、常见种和罕见种,对其生态地理分布作了讨论.(1)辽西低山丘陵及沿海平原区:本区共有革螨20种,其中仓鼠真厉螨、格氏血厉螨为优势种;塔山巨刺螨、长毛鞘厉螨为罕见种.(2)辽东山地及半岛丘陵区:本区共有革螨22种.半岛丘陵革螨优势种为仓鼠真厉螨、格氏血厉螨;辽东山地革螨优势种为耶氏厉螨与东方真厉螨.本区罕见种为赛氏血革螨、达呼尔血革螨、大连肪刺螨、三角血厉螨等.(3)辽河平原区:本区共有革螨20种.优势种为耶氏厉螨与厩真厉螨;乌苏里土厉螨为罕见种.(4)努鲁儿虎山脉北麓黄土丘陵台地及西辽河沙地区:本区共有革螨26种.优势种为东北血革螨、仓鼠真厉螨及格氏血厉螨.巨腹赫刺螨、鼬赫刺螨、拟小赫刺螨、半漠血厉螨、乌苏地厉螨、北野血革螨、楠本血革螨等为罕见种.     

云南省厉螨科一新属新种（蜱螨亚纲：革螨股）

在云南陇川县的蟋蟀Gryllus sp.体上采得一种革螨,系厉螨科Ltelapidae Berlese中未曾描述过的种类,并为之建立新属,订名为滇厉螨属Dianolaelaps gen.nov.,属模标本为蟋蟀滇厉螨Dianolaelaps gryllus sp.nov.。新属的主要鉴别特征是:雌螨螯钳动趾端部分三叉;颚角内侧有沟漕并具齿突;口下片末端,在颚角与下咽间有长圆形结构,其内缘并具透明的尖齿列;涎针有膜状结构包绕;足Ⅰ—Ⅲ基节各具一棘,各基节远端侧具细小毛列。     

湖北西部山地革螨及恙螨名录

自1989年以来,先后从湖北西部山地6个不同海拔、12个不同类型生境捕获的啮齿、食虫等小型哺乳动物体外采集到一大批革螨、恙螨和吸虱标本,经初步整理,鉴定有革螨l1科32属73种、恙螨有3亚科11属41种和亚种、吸虱3种,其中有中国新纪录1种,籁氏巨刺螨Macronyssus leucippe（Domrow）和湖北新纪录41种。     

宁夏中气门螨小志（蜱螨亚纲，中气门目）

本文报道宁夏中气门螨22科61属238种。其中厉螨科15属63种,寄螨科9属38种,血革螨科2属24种,赫刺螨科1属21种,裂胸螨科6属18种,巨螯螨科2属14种,6科共记录35属178种,占其种类的74．79％,是宁夏中气门螨的主要构成者。     

云南省短尾鼩体表螨类感染及相关生态分析

根据2001至2015年对云南省30个县(市)的现场调查,本文对短尾鼩(Anourosorex squamipes)体表螨类(革螨和恙螨)的感染状况和相关生态规律进行了初步分析。常规统计短尾鼩体表螨类的构成比(C_r)、感染率(P_M)、平均多度(M_A)和感染度(M_I)。用Jaccard相似性系数(J)比较螨类物种相似度。用Margalef指数(M_f)测定螨类物种丰富度,同时计算螨类科属级物种多样性(D_F、D_G、D_(G-F))。用聚块指数(m*/m)和负二项分布的K参数(k)测定优势螨种的空间分布型。用协调系数(V)测定革螨和恙螨两大类群之间的协调关系。在所调查的30个县市中,从10个县市累积捕获到348只短尾鼩,采集到螨类15541只,分类鉴定为10科24属103种,恙螨物种丰富度(M_f)高于革螨,但革螨科属物种多样性各指标(D_G=2.80,D_F=2.32,D__(G-F)=0.17)均高于恙螨的相应指标(D_G=1.43,D_F=1.26,D_(G-F)=0.12)。短尾鼩体表螨类感染普遍,总感染率(P_M=80.75%)、总平均多度(M_A=44.66螨/鼩)和总感染度(M_I=55.31螨/鼩)均较高,革螨的这三项指标明显高于恙螨(P_M:χ~2=182.580,P 0.001;M_A:Z=-12.495,P 0.001;M_I:Z=-0.371,P 0.05)。两大螨类之间呈较低程度正协调(V=0.18,P 0.001)。短尾鼩地厉螨(Dipolaelaps anourosorecis)是短尾鼩体表的优势革螨(C_r=92.79%),密点纤恙螨(Leptotrombidium densipunctatum)是优势恙螨(C_r=23.10%),两种优势螨种在短尾鼩不同个体间呈聚集分布(m*/m 1,k 0)。不同性别和不同年龄短尾鼩体表螨类感染存在差异,螨类更倾向于感染雌性和成年短尾鼩。雌雄短尾鼩体表恙螨种类相似度较低(J=0.31),革螨种类相似度相对较高(J=0.65)。不同年龄短尾鼩体表恙螨种类相似度很低(J=0.17),革螨种类相似度也较低(J=0.28)。结果表明,云南省短尾鼩体表螨类感染普遍,感染程度重,螨类物种多样性很高。密点纤恙螨是优势恙螨,短尾鼩地厉螨是优势革螨,两种优势螨种均呈聚集分布。不同性别和不同年龄短尾鼩体表螨类感染存在性别偏倚和年龄偏倚。     

蜱螨亚纲二新种及一新亚种（蜱螨亚纲：恙螨科，血革螨科）

记述采自湖北省大巴山东部神农架林区纤恙螨属Leptotrombidum Nagayo et al.1新种,大巴山纤恙螨L.(L.)dabashanense Liu et Ma,sp.nov.及一新亚种,哈氏纤恙螨巴蜀亚种L.(L.)halidasys bashwense Liu,Ma et Hu,ssp.nov.和血革螨属Haemogamasus Berlese,1889 1新种,三峡血革螨H.sanxiaensis Liu et Ma,sp.nov.,并依体多毛呈三叉在血革螨属建立一新种团即三叉毛种团trifurcisetus-group。模式标本存放湖北省医学科学院寄生虫病研究所媒介昆虫研究室。     

蜱螨亚纲二新种及-新亚种1)(蜱螨亚纲:恙螨科,血革螨科)

记述采自湖北省大巴山东部神农架林区纤恙螨属Leptotrombidium Nagayo et al.1新种,大巴山纤恙螨L.(L.)dabashanense Liu et Ma,sp.nov.及一新亚种,哈氏纤恙螨巴蜀亚种L.(L.)halidasys bashuense Liu,Ma et Hu,ssp.nov.和血革螨属Haemogamasus Berlese,1889 1新种,三峡血革螨H.sanxiaensis Liu et Ma,sp.nov.,并依体毛多呈三叉在血革螨属建立一新种团即三叉毛种团trifurcisetus-group.模式标本存放湖北省医学科学院寄生虫病研究所媒介昆虫研究室.     

中国裸厉螨属1新种和1新记录（蜱螨亚纲：中气门目：厉螨科）

记述裸厉螨属1新种：古蔺裸厉螨Gymnolaelaps gulinensis sp．nov．和1新记录：奥地利裸厉螨Gymnolaelaps austrgacus（Sellnick,1935）。     

中国云南西部小哺乳动物革螨的性比及年龄结构(英文)

1990～ 1 996年对中国云南西部 1 3个县进行了调查 ,从所捕获的 38种、30 2 3只小哺乳动物体表采集到革螨 70种、7485只。绝大多数革螨的雌性个体比例 ( 80 %～ 1 0 0 % )高于其雄性个体比例 (P <0 .0 1 ) ,唯贡山血革螨Haemogamasusgongshanensis和格氏血厉螨Haemolaelapsglasgowi例外。贡山血革螨的雄性个体比例高于其雌性个体比例 (P <0 .0 1 ) ,格氏血厉螨的雌雄比例接近 (P >0 .0 5)。在现场采集中 ,绝大多数革螨种类未见幼虫阶段。除柏氏禽刺螨Ornithonyssusbacoti及格氏血厉螨Haemolaelapsglasgowi的若虫比例 (分别为 62 .84%和 49.48% )较高外 ,绝大多数革螨的未成熟期 (主要是前若虫和后若虫 )比例( 0～ 1 2 .84% )明显低于成虫期比例 (P <0 .0 1 )。采自小哺乳动物体表革螨雌雄性比的不同可能与雌雄螨的吸血习性及孤雌生殖有关。绝大多数革螨在其宿主体表缺乏幼虫阶段以及若虫比例很低提示 :这些革螨的幼虫或若虫阶段可能不取食或不吸血 ,主要生活在宿主的窝巢内。另一种可能原因是某些革螨的雌螨可能直接产前若虫或后若虫 ,因此难以从宿主体表发现幼虫。     

Characteristics of zonal distribution of the gamasid mites connected with small mammals and their nests in Western Siberia

Analysis of long-term data on the fauna, landscape distribution, and structure of communities of the gamasid mites (Acari:Parasitiformes:Mesostigmata) connected with small mammals and their nests in the plain part of Western Siberia is carried out. By now, presence of 249 gamasid mite species is established in the territory under study, including 193 free-living and 56 parasitic species. Gamasid mites are represented by the maximal number of species on small mammals and in thers nests in northern forest-steppe (102 and 105 species respectively). Nine parasitic species from two ecological groups (epizoic and nidicolous) were found in all landscape zones of the West Siberian Plain, namely: 1) epizoic species Laelaps clethrionomydis Lange, 1955, Laelaps hilaris C. L. Koch, 1836, and Hyperlaelaps arvalis Zachvatkin, 1948 (obligatory non-exclusive hematophagous); 2) nidicolous species Androlaelaps casalis Berlese, 1887 (obligatory non-exclusive hematophagous), Eulaelaps stabularis C. L. Koch, 1836, Haemogamasus nidiformnes Bregetova, 1955 (facultative hematophagous), Haemnogamnasus ambulans Thorell, 1872 (obligatory non-exclusive hematophagous), Hirstionyssus isabellinus Oudemans, 1913, and Hirstionyssus eusoricis Bregetova, 1956 (obligatory exclusive hematophagous). Last three species demonstrate the mixed type of parasitism. The population of gamasid mites on small mammals is most specific in tundra, southern forest-steppe and steppe; the fauna of gamasid mites in nests is most specific in southern forest-steppe and steppe.     

Spatial differentiation of ectoparasites on small mammals

Different ectoparasitic species occur on different areas on the small mammal host: chiggers in the ear muzzle, ticks on the ears and other parts of the head, fleas and lice on the back and most gamasid mites on the posterior part of the host body.
The distribution might be affected by (1) the mechanical interference of the host. Thus attached species such as ticks and chiggers occur in areas where direct predation is limited and small and/or very mobile species are found on other parts of the body. (2) interaction between parasitic species. In areas where species meet, there might be a segregation in time or in space. Species such as Laelaps agilis (C. L. Koch) and Haemogamasus nidi Michael are most frequently found within a restricted area on the host, but differ in their seasonal occurrence. In other combinations of species, such as in fleas, there are marked differentiations in body areas used. These differentiations may be evolutionary fixed or manifested at first when species meet. (3) Abundance, where an increasing abundance enlarge the habitat used.     

Parasite fauna of the water vole (Arvicola terrestris) and its nests in the south of Western Siberia

Fauna of parasitic and free-living arthropods associated the water vole Arvicola terestris and its nests in various landscape zones and subzones of the south of Western Siberia has been studied. Total abundance of gamasid mites and ticks (Gamasoidea, Ixodidae), fleas and nidicolous arthropods in nests is high, and the set of nidicolous and parasite species is quite diverse, but everywhere the parasite fauna is characterized by a small amount of species reaching a high abundance: Laelaps muris on the voles, Haemogamasus ambulans in nests, Ixodes apronophorus and Megpbotris walkeri both on the voles and nests. Parasitic arthropods living on the voles or in their nests are characterized by higher and stables indices of infection, while these parameters for free-living arthropods were variable. The list of mesostigmatic mites parasitizing the water vole and its nests in the south of Western Siberia (Adamovich, Krylov, 2001) has been considerably supplemented. In total, the fauna of parsitiform mites (Acari: Mesostigmata and Ixodiddes) and fleas (Siphonaptera) associated with the water vole in the south of Western Siberia is represented by 97 arthropod species of 19 families, including 74 species of mesostigmatic mites (Gamasoidea), 6 species of ticks (Ixodidae) and 17 species of fleas.     

中国北方15种革螨的季节数量变动

作者曾在吉林省西部草原和甘肃省甘南高原调查了革螨的季节数量变动,本文报道的１５种革螨指数均为夏季最高,春,秋二季较低。     

青藏高原北部革螨的数量和寄主关系

根据在青藏高原北部采得的革螨资料,利用聚类分析方法,对革螨进行了分类。给出了革螨与寄主种数的关系方程。其与寄主关系,５５．４％为单寄主;东北血革螨是多种寄主的优势螨种。     

吉林省西部草原革螨数量聚类和寄主关系

根据在吉林省西部草原地区采得的革螨资料,利用聚类分析,对革螨进行了分类,给出了革螨与寄主种数的关系方程。其与寄主关系,25．6%为单寄主。格氏血厉螨和东北血革螨是多寄主的优势螨种。     

Gamasid mites (Gamasoidea) of the Taimyr Peninsula]

1591 specimen of small mammals, 467 nests of those, 250 birds and 38 nests had been investigated in 1972--1977. 19 182 specimens of gamasoid mites of 41 taxon had been found. Morphological and ecological adaptations of two mass species, Haemogamasus ambulans and Hinstionyssus isabellinus had been studied.     

Loss of larval parasitism in parasitengonine mites

Larval Parasitengona are typically parasites, yet at least 29 species of water mites and one species of Trombidiidae forgo larval feeding and any association with a host. Species with non-feeding larvae are isolated cases within species groups or genera where the remaining species have parasitic larvae. Species without larval parasitism occur in at least 14 genera, eight families and four superfamilies of water mites; the loss of larval parasitism is presumably polyphyletic, having occurred at least 21 times. Lineages of water mites with non-feeding larvae frequently exist in parallel with almost identical populations or species that have parasitic larvae. Thus, there is tremendous potential for studies comparing the relative merits of the two life history strategies. Comparisons indicate that adults from lineages with non-parasitic larvae produce smaller numbers of larger eggs; the extra nutrition included in larger eggs permits the larvae to forgo feeding. Non-feeding larvae frequently have wider dorsal plates but reduced leg length, setal length and sclerotization when compared to parasitic larvae from sister lineages. The adults of lineages with non-feeding larvae are frequently smaller in comparison to adults of sister lineages with parasitic larvae. There is no apparent pattern in relation to habitat: lineages lacking larval parasitism occur in streams, temporary ponds and the littoral and planktonic regions of permanent lakes. © Rapid Science Ltd. 1998     

SEX RATIO AND AGE STRUCTURE OF GAMASID MITES FROM SMALL MAMMALS IN WESTERN YUNNAN,CHINA*

Abstract A total of 70 species of gamasid mites (7485 individuals) were collected from the body surface of 38 species of small mammals (3023 individuals) during an investigation of 13 counties of western Yunnan, China, from 1990 to 1996. Most species of gamasid mites have more females (80% 100%) than males (P <0.01). Exceptions are Haemogamasus gongshanensis where males outnumber females (P < 0.01) and Haemolaelaps glasgowi where there are similar numbers of males and females (P > 0.05). No larva was found in most of the mite species. The proportion of individuals at the immature stages (mainly protonymphs and deutonymphs) in most mite species is small (0–12.84%) compared to the adults (P < 0.01). Exceptions are Ornithonyssus bacoti and Haemolaelaps glasgowi where 62.84% and 49.48% respectively are nymphs. The biased sex ratios may reflect the probable different bloodsucking preferences and parthenogenesis of the gamasid mites. The absence of larvae and a low proportion of nymph stages in most mite species probably reflect that the larvae or nymphs of most mite species are non‐feeding or non‐blood sucking and are in their hosts' nests. Another possibility is that some species directly produce protonymphs or even deutonymphs without eggs and larvae which makes it difficult to find the larval stage.