土壤温度和湿度对外来种蚯蚓Pontoscolex corethrurus 产茧和幼蚓孵化的影响

通过采用主处理为土壤温度,副处理为土壤湿度的裂区区组实验设计,在室内微生态条件下控制土壤温度和湿度培养蚯蚓,探讨了3种土壤温、湿度对热带外来种蚯蚓Pontoscolex corethrurus成蚓产茧和蚓茧孵化的影响。研究结果表明,P. corethrurus成蚓在20—30℃土壤温度范围、25%—35%土壤湿度环境中均可持续产茧和孵化幼蚓,培养时间、土壤温湿度对蚯蚓的产茧和孵化呈现显著影响。20%土壤湿度下成蚓休眠或死亡。35%土壤湿度下呈现最大蚓茧产量和幼蚓孵化量。在较好（35%）土壤湿度下产茧数表现为高温好于低温,反之亦然;在适宜（25%—35%）土壤湿度下幼蚓孵化率随温度升高而增加,但呈现高、低温的限制作用,即25℃土壤温度和35%土壤湿度时出现最高幼蚓孵化率。在适宜的土壤温湿度范围内,湿度较温度对蚯蚓繁殖具有更显著的控制作用,温度的影响在一定程度上可通过土壤湿度加以调节。     

大气CO2升高和蚯蚓活动对土壤C、N的影响

以加倍CO2浓度（750μmol/mol）处理和正常CO2浓度（370μmol/mol）生长下的棉花凋落叶为试验材料,以威廉腔蚓Metaphire guillemi（Michaelsen,1895）和不同的CO2浓度（750μmol/mol和370μmol/mol）为作用因子,分析了蚯蚓、CO2浓度通过叶片分解对土壤C、N含量的影响。结果表明：接种蚯蚓和加入凋落叶的联合作用对有机C有显著提高作用。接种蚯蚓对土壤全N含量影响不显著,但CO2浓度升高和蚯蚓联合作用对土壤全N含量有显著影响。CO2、叶片、蚯蚓3因子联合作用对土壤C、N含量有显著提高作用,且与蚯蚓和叶片联合作用对土壤C、N含量的影响相比,其效果更显著。结果显示,CO2浓度的升高通过改变植物凋落物C含量及其营养成分,影响了其潜在的降解有效性,同时大气CO2浓度的升高影响凋落物在蚯蚓体内降解过程,从而对凋落物的有效降解产生显著影响,最终改变土壤C、N含量。     

土壤温度和湿度对外来种蚯蚓Pontoscolex corethrurus 产茧和幼蚓孵化的影响

通过采用主处理为土壤温度,副处理为土壤湿度的裂区区组实验设计,在室内微生态条件下控制土壤温度和湿度培养蚯蚓,探讨了3种土壤温、湿度对热带外来种蚯蚓Pontoscolex corethrurus成蚓产茧和蚓茧孵化的影响。研究结果表明,P.corethrurus成蚓在20—30℃土壤温度范围、25%—35%土壤湿度环境中均可持续产茧和孵化幼蚓,培养时间、土壤温湿度对蚯蚓的产茧和孵化呈现显著影响。20%土壤湿度下成蚓休眠或死亡。35%土壤湿度下呈现最大蚓茧产量和幼蚓孵化量。在较好(35%)土壤湿度下产茧数表现为高温好于低温,反之亦然;在适宜(25%—35%)土壤湿度下幼蚓孵化率随温度升高而增加,但呈现高、低温的限制作用,即25℃土壤温度和35%土壤湿度时出现最高幼蚓孵化率。在适宜的土壤温湿度范围内,湿度较温度对蚯蚓繁殖具有更显著的控制作用,温度的影响在一定程度上可通过土壤湿度加以调节。     

八角下脚料、甘蔗滤泥、桐麸联合堆肥的腐熟度指标研究

测定八角下脚料与甘蔗滤泥、桐麸联合堆肥过程中温度、C/N比、种子发芽指数(GI)等腐熟度指标,研究各项指标在堆肥进程中的变化情况。结果表明:GI可作为八角下脚料与甘蔗滤泥、桐麸联合堆肥评价堆肥腐熟度的主要评价指标。在起始C/N比为31.45条件下进行八角提油下脚料、甘蔗滤泥、桐麸的联合高温好氧堆肥,堆制21 d和26 d时,三种腐熟度指标未全部显示堆肥腐熟;堆制31 d时,C/N比为18.55,T值为0.59(小于0.6),发芽指数GI为93.7%(大于80%)。从温度、发芽指数和C/N比三个指标均可认为堆肥已达到腐熟。     

阿苯哒唑对蚯蚓的生态毒理效应

采用人工污染土壤法测定了不同浓度阿苯哒唑对蚯蚓生长、生存、繁殖以及超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、谷胱甘肽-硫转移酶（GST-S）、乙酰胆碱酯酶（AchE）活性的影响.结果表明:低浓度阿苯哒唑（5 mg·kg^-1）对蚯蚓的繁殖有显著的抑制作用（P<0.05）;当阿苯哒唑含量达到7 mg·kg^-1时,将明显影响蚯蚓的生长和生存（P<0.05）;当其含量达到10 mg·kg^-1时,蚯蚓的死亡率为53%.阿苯哒唑浓度与蚯蚓的生长、繁殖间存在明显的剂-效关系.阿苯哒唑染毒21 d后,对蚯蚓SOD、GST-S的活性有明显影响,药物浓度与效应间没有明显的剂-效关系,对AchE活性没有表现出明显的影响.阿苯哒唑对土壤动物显示毒性作用,具有潜在的生态风险.     

一株新的拟盘多毛孢菌液体培养特性研究

对影响红豆杉内生真菌拟盘多毛孢属菌株H619生长的11个发酵因素进行试验。结果表明该菌适宜生长的C源、N源、C/N、pH值、Ca~(2 )和Mg~(2 )浓度分别约为蔗糖、玉米粉、25:1～35:1、7～8、1.5‰、0.07‰;最优培养条件约为装料比50 mL/250 mL、接种量10%、转速176 r/min,温度25℃,发酵周期7 d。探讨了各因素影响菌丝生长的显著性,为后续研究提供了实验依据。     

C/N驱动优势细菌菌群变化影响堆肥碳氮损失和腐殖质合成

为了探明C/N如何驱动堆肥过程中优势细菌菌群的变化而影响碳氮损失和腐殖质合成,设置3个C/N处理(20∶1、25∶1和30∶1),以羊粪和玉米秸秆为原料进行堆肥试验。结果表明: 与20∶1处理相比,30∶1和25∶1处理堆肥的碳、氮损失分别降低了33.5%、18.9%和23.6%、10.8%。优势细菌菌群、碳氮损失及有机碳组分的冗余分析表明,高C/N提高了堆肥中固氮细菌的种类和丰度,降低了反硝化细菌的种类和丰度,减少了堆肥过程中的碳氮损失;高C/N促进了木质纤维素类降解菌的生长繁殖,促进了富里酸和胡敏素降解而合成更多胡敏酸,提高了堆肥腐殖化程度。可见,C/N可通过影响堆肥中关键优势细菌菌群而影响堆肥过程和堆肥质量,调节堆肥原料C/N可以调控堆肥中碳氮损失和腐殖质的合成,从而提高堆肥质量并减少堆肥的二次环境污染。     

碳氮比对模拟水稻秸秆田间厌氧发酵系统甲烷生产和秸秆降解的影响

利用自制的厌氧发酵装置模拟田间厌氧发酵产生物甲烷的条件,通过添加不同量的尿素,研究C/N对水稻秸秆厌氧发酵产生物甲烷和秸秆降解的影响。设置了C/N为15∶1、20∶1、25∶1、30∶1和对照(53∶1)等五个处理,测定各处理的产气量、甲烷含量和秸秆木质纤维素含量。结果表明C/N对厌氧发酵产气进程有一定影响,峰值出现的时间、峰值的大小在不同处理之间均有差异:以C/N为25∶1的处理峰值出现的最早,较对照早5 d出现;以C/N为20∶1的峰值最高,较对照提高了27. 55%。C/N对厌氧发酵累积产气量和累积甲烷产量有显著影响,以C/N为20∶1的处理累积产气量(4 235. 00 mL)和累积甲烷产量(1526. 34mL)最高,相比对照组的累积产气量和累积甲烷产量分别提高了30. 78%和51. 31%。C/N对水稻秸秆降解也有显著影响。以20∶1和25∶1处理对秸秆降解的效果最好,其中20∶1处理的总降解率、纤维素降解率和半纤维素降解率分别达到了51. 33%、55. 31%和53. 05%,25∶1处理分别为50. 00%、53. 08%和49. 42%。上述结果表明通过添加尿素调节C/N能够提高水稻秸秆厌氧发酵的产生物甲烷效率和促进秸秆降解,以C/N为(20～25)∶1处理的促进效果最好。     

黄土高原退耕还草地C、N、P生态化学计量特征对植物多样性的影响

为探讨退耕还草地生态化学计量特征随恢复年限的变化以及其对植物多样性的影响,选取黄土高原不同恢复年限退耕还草地为研究对象,分别为农田（对照）、恢复8 a、15 a、25 a和35 a,测定了植物地上部分和土壤C、N、P含量,并分析了其C：N：P化学计量特征与植物多样性之间的关系。结果表明：（1）总体上,随着恢复年限的增加,植物地上部分C、N、P含量呈现增长趋势,而其C：N、C：P以及N：P呈现降低趋势,其中C含量在恢复35 a时达到最大值（434.95 g/kg）;N含量在农田阶段最高（2.29 g/kg）,P含量在恢复25 a时达到最高（1.23 g/kg）。（2）土壤C、N、P含量及N：P随恢复年限的增加总体上呈现增加趋势,C：N呈现降低趋势,而C：P基本保持不变;土壤C、N、P含量的最大值均出现在恢复35 a,其值分别为10.94 g/kg、0.07 g/kg、0.06 g/kg。（3）随着植物地上部分C含量和C：N的增加,Shannon-Weiner指数降低;植物地上部分C含量和土壤P含量是影响Simpson指数的主要因子,其与植物地上部分C含量负相关,而与土壤P含量显著正相关;Pielou均匀度指数与土壤N含量、N：P、C：P以及植物地上部分C含量等因子正相关;Margalef指数与植物地上部分N含量、P含量等因子正相关。研究表明草地恢复中植物和土壤C：N：P化学计量特征对植物多样性具有重要的影响。     

低温条件下外源生理活性物质对棉铃发育的影响

和4月20日（正常播期）、6月15日（晚播）两个播期条件下．对棉花1～4果枝1、2果节棉铃及其对位果枝叶于花后15d和30d涂抹外源生理活性物质：6％蔗糖和0．6％符氨酰胺混合溶液（C＋N）、2％蔗糖和0．2％谷氨酰胺混合溶液（1／3C＋1／3N）及12%蔗精和1．2％谷氨酰胺混合溶液（2C＋2N）．各浓度处理的C／N比值相同。统计正常播期铃龄50d和纤维加厚发育期（铃龄25～50d）日均温分别为28．5℃、28．1℃．晚播铃龄50d和纤维加厚发育期日均温分刖为22．9℃、21．4℃（超过了相应的临界温度21℃和18℃）。试验结果表明．晚播条件下,花后15dC＋N处理以及花后30d 2C＋2N处理促进了氮和可溶性糖的运转．均使铃重增加最大,分别达0．40g和0．58g。3种浓度外源生理活性物质均增加了纤维素的累积量．且于花后30d促进了螺旋角（φ）和取向分布角（ψ）的优化．提高了纤维比强度．其中以2C＋2N处理提高纤维比强度幅度最大．达1．45cN／tex。花后15d以1／3C＋1／3N处理对提高纤维比强度最有利．达2．10cN／tex。     

Effect of low initial C/N ratio on aerobic composting of swine manure with rice straw

Two pilot composting experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of low initial C/N ratio on the composting of swine manure with rice straw by measuring physical and chemical parameters. The results showed that the thermophilic duration of bin 1 and bin 2 was long enough to satisfy the sanitary standard, and swine manure could reach maturity. Bin 1 containing larger amount of swine manure and less amount of rice straw showed a higher nitrogen loss (8%), shorter thermophilic phase, and longer maturity time (about 2 weeks) than bin 2. However, economical analysis showed a lower initial C/N ratio (20) could reduce 172 kg rice straw per ton fresh swine manure than a higher C/N ratio (25), and more swine manure could also be treated. Therefore, a low initial C/N ratio (20) could be suggested in the composting of swine manure with rice straw.     

Effect of bioaugmentation and nitrogen supplementation on composting of paddy straw

A composting experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of a hyperlignocellulolytic fungal consortium and different nitrogen amendments on paddy straw composting in terms of changes in physicochemical and biological parameters. A fungal consortium comprising four lignocellulolytic mesophilic fungal cultures was used as inoculum for bioaugmentation of paddy straw in perforated pits. The comparative effect of farmyard manure (FYM), soybean trash, poultry litter and urea on the composting process was evaluated at monthly intervals in terms of physicochemical (pH, EC, available P, C:N ratio and humus content) and biological (enzymatic and microbial activity) parameters. The compost prepared from bioaugmented paddy straw composting mixture, with poultry manure as nitrogen supplement attained desirable C:N ratio in 1 month and displayed least phytotoxicity levels along with higher production of β-1,4-Exoglucanase. The combined activity of the autochthonous composting microbiota as well as the externally applied fungal inoculum accelerated the composting process of paddy straw. Supplementation of paddy straw with poultry manure in 8:1 ratio was identified as the best treatment to hasten the composting process. This study highlights the importance of application of fungal inoculum and an appropriate N-amendment such as poultry manure for preparation of compost using a substrate having high C:N ratio, such as paddy straw.     

Vermicomposting of mixed solid textile mill sludge and cow dung with the epigeic earthworm Eisenia foetida

This paper reports the results of a study of vermicomposting with Eisenia foetida of solid textile mill sludge mixed with cow dung in different ratios in a 90 days composting experiment. Vermicomposting resulted in significant reduction in C:N ratio and increase in TKN. Total K and Ca were lower in the final cast than the initial feed mixture. Microbial activity measured as dehydrogenase activity increased up to 75 days and decreased on further incubation. Total P was higher in the final product than the initial feed mixture. Total heavy metal contents were lower in the final product than initial feed mixture. Solid textile mill sludge can be potentially useful as raw substrate in vermicomposting if mixed with up to 30% cow dung (on dry weight basis). The growth and cocoon production of the worm species in different feed mixtures were also investigated.     

Composting of the solid fraction of olive mill wastewater with olive leaves: organic matter degradation and biological activity

The flocculated solid fraction of olive mill wastewaters, obtained from two different olive oil extraction systems (FOMW1 and FOMW2) was composted, with olive leaves (OL) as bulking agent, by the static pile system (Rutgers). The dynamic of organic matter (OM) degradation during composting and its relationship with the basal respiration and fluorescein diacetate (FDA) hydrolytic activity, as indicators of biological activity, were studied. Two mixtures were prepared: C1, from 65% FOMW1 plus 35% OL; and C2, from 74% FOMW2 plus 25% OL and 1% urea. The biooxidative phase of composting in C1, which had a high initial C/N ratio, was long, leading to a high OM degradation, mainly of the lignocellulosic compounds. The water-soluble organic carbon content, C/N ratio and the urea supplied as a N source for the C2 compost make this mixture more adequate for composting, as it had a shorter composting time than C1, and developed a microbial population with a high metabolic activity. The results for basal respiration in C1 and C2 were correlated at a high probability level with those of FDA hydrolysis, and both parameters can be used for establishing the degree of biological stability of the composting material.     

Profiling of bacterial community in a full-scale aerobic composting plant

Changes in temperature, pH, moisture, C/N ratio, and bacterial community were monitored in Istanbul full-scale composting plant. C/N ratio steadily decreased during composting and final mature compost products had a C/N ratio of less than 20. During the composting process, temperature was mostly above 55 °C and decreased to mesophilic conditions in the matured stages. Different types of bacteria were dominant in every stage of composting and bacterial diversity changed mainly by temperature. Bacillus species were dominant in early stages of composting while Acinetobacter and Sphingobacterium strains were detected in thermophilic and maturing stages. Bacteria were mainly active in the degradation of cellulose and toxic organics while some strains had denitrification ability. Generally, thermophilic stages were more rich in bacterial diversity than mesophilic and hyperthermophilic conditions significantly changed the bacterial community.     

Co-composting of filter cake and bagasse; by-products from a sugar mill

Thailand has nearly 2 million tonnes of filter cake waste containing 1.8% total N from the sugar cane industry to dispose of annually. Compost studies were conducted to determine how rapidly this material can be converted to a stable product that may be useful in crop production, and to characterize the N transformations. Two kinds of sugar mill by-products were composted, filter cake and filter cake mixed with bagasse, at a 2:1 ratio to reduce the C:N ratio in an attempt to reduce N loss during composting. Materials were mixed manually at 3-5 day intervals during the composting process. Both composts were analyzed at least weekly to measure temperature, pH, NH4+, NO3-, total N content, C loss, and germination index. For both mixtures, the thermophilic stage lasted 15-20 days and was higher than ambient for nearly 80 days. The degradation of organic matter (OM) was rapid in both mixtures to approximately 40 days, after which it began to stabilize. Both mixtures achieved maturity at approximately 90 days as indicated by a stable C/N, low NH4+/NO3-, lack of heat production and a germination index higher than 80%. Mixing filter cake with bagasse helped conserve N during composting. Because N was in excess, approximately 12-15% was lost from the composts. Mixing more bagasse with the filter cake may result in further reduction in N losses. Both composts have potential for use in crop production.     

Composting of poultry manure and wheat straw in a closed reactor: optimum mixture ratio and evolution of parameters

The main objectives of this work were to investigate the evolution of some principal physico-chemical properties (temperature, carbon dioxide, oxygen, ammonia, pH, electrical conductivity, organic matter) and microbial population (mesophilic and thermophilic bacteria and fungi) during composting poultry manure with wheat straw in a reactor system, and to evaluate the optimum mixture ratio for organic substrate production. The experiments were carried out in four small laboratory reactors (1 l) and one large reactor (32 l) under adiabatic conditions over 14 days. During the process the highest temperature was 64.6°C, pH varied between 7.40 and 8.85, electrical conductivity varied between 3.50 and 4.31 dS m⁻¹ and the highest value of organic matter (dry weight) degradation was 47.6%. Mesophilic bacteria and fungi predominated in the beginning, and started the degradation with generation of metabolic heat. By increasing the temperature in reactors, the number of thermophilic microorganisms also increased, which resulted in faster degradation of substrate. The application of a closed reactor showed a rapid degradation of manure/straw mixture as well as a good control of the emissions of air polluting gases into atmosphere. The results showed that the ratio of manure to straw 5.25:1 (dry weight) was better for composting process than the other mixture ratios.     

Recycling of organic wastes by employing Eisenia fetida

This paper reports the recycling of nutrients by vermicomposting of cow dung (CD), poultry droppings (PD) and food industry sludge (FIS) employing earthworms (Eisenia fetida). A total of six vermicomposting units were established and dynamics of chemical and biological parameters has been studied for 13 weeks. The waste mixture containing 50% CD+25% PD+25% FIS had better fertilizer value among studied waste combinations. At the end of experiment, vermicomposts showed decrease in pH and organic C, but increase in EC, total Kjeldhal N, total available P and total K contents. The C:N ratio of final vermicomposts also reduced to 10.7-12.7 from 22.8 to 56 in different waste combinations. The earthworms have good biomass gain and cocoon production in all vermicomposting units but CD alone and 50% CD+25% PD+25% FIS were better than other studied combinations.     

Comparative studies on biomass production, life cycles and composting efficiency of Eisenia fetida (Savigny) and Lampito mauritii (Kinberg)

Comparative studies were performed to evaluate composting potential, biomass growth and biology of a non-native (Eisenia fetida) and an endemic (Lampito mauritii) species of earthworm in the semiarid environment of Jodhpur district of Rajasthan in India. Earthworms were reared in a mixed bedding material comprised of biogas slurry, cowdung, wheat straw, leaflitter, sawdust and kitchen waste. The percentage of organic carbon of the culture bedding material declined upto 105 days with E. fetida and 120 with L. mauritii. The percentage of nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium increased as a function of the vermicomposting period. In contrast, C/N and C/P ratios decreased day by day. Both species were effective for decomposition and mineralization of mixed bedding in the semiarid environment. A comparative assessment of biomass growth of E. fetida and L. mauritii was done under controlled laboratory conditions. The optimum temperature, moisture content and pH for E. fetida were 25 degrees C, 70% and 6.5, respectively. However, the optimum temperature, moisture content and pH for growth and development of L. mauritii were 30 degrees C, 60% and 7.5, respectively. The biology and reproductive rates of both species were also studied in the laboratory using mixed bedding. Cocoon production was higher for E. fetida than L. mauritii. The net reproductive rate was 9 per month in the case of E. fetida and 1 per month for L. mauritii. Fertilized eggs of E. fetida and L. mauritii developed into adults within 4 and 5 1/4 months, respectively. These observations indicate E. fetida may be a more efficient breeder than L. mauritii in the desert region of Rajasthan.     

Vermiconversion of industrial sludge for recycling the nutrients

The aim of the present study was to investigate the transformation of sugar mill sludge (PM) amended with biogas plant slurry (BPS) into vermicompost employing an epigeic earthworm Eisenia fetida. To achieve the objectives experiments were conducted for 13 weeks under controlled environmental conditions. In all the waste mixtures, a decrease in pH, TOC, TK and C:N ratio, but increase in TKN and TP was recorded. Maximum worm biomass and growth rate was attained in 20% PM containing waste mixture. It was inferred from the study that addition of 30-50% of PM with BPS had no adverse effect on the fertilizer value of the vermicompost as well as growth of E. fetida. The results indicated that vermicomposting can be an alternate technology for the management and nutrient recovery from press mud if mixed with bulking agent in appropriate quantities.