钙调神经磷酸酶在胍变性过程中活力及构象变化的比较

钙调神经磷酸酶（ＣａＮ）在盐酸胍溶液中的内源荧光、远紫外ＣＤ谱及剩余活力的变化提示：ＣａＮ的酶活力在胍浓度为０．５ｍｏｌ／Ｌ左右可完全丧失,同时伴有内源荧光强度的下降,３３３ｎｍ最大发射峰的红移（提示了色氨酸和酪氨酸残基的暴露）。比较不同胍浓度下牛脑ＣａＮ的失活与整体构象变化,表明酶的失活先于整体构象变化。在０．６ｍｏｌ／Ｌ胍溶液中,内源荧光变化的动力学过程只能测出一相,而酶失活的动力学过程为快、慢两相,快相动力学速度常数比整体构象变化速度常数大１－２个数量级,慢相失活速度常数与整体构象变化速度常数相近。提示低浓度胍可引起该酶的完全失活,活性部位的空间构象比整个酶分子的构象更易受到变性剂的扰乱。     

3-磷酸甘油醛脱氢酶胍变性时的活力及构象变化

酵母3-磷酸甘油醛脱氢酶在盐酸胍溶液中的内源荧光及剩余活力的变化结果提示:apo酶及holo酶的活力在胍浓度为0.5M左右可完全丧失.同时伴有内源荧光强度的下降,光谱宽度的增加和335nm最大发射峰的红移(提示了色氨酸残基的暴露).与已经报导的肌肉酶(内源荧光强度在胍浓度为0.4—1.2M范围相对稳定)不同,酵母酶内源荧光在此浓度范围内表现为逐渐降低.在0.7M胍溶液中,内源荧光变化动力学过程只能测出一相,而酶失活动力学过程为快慢两相,快相动力学速度常数至少大于内源荧光降低速度常数三个数量级以上.以上结果提示:低浓度胍可引起该酶的完全失活,活性部位的空间构象比酶分子的构象更易受到变性剂的扰乱;有一个色氨酸残基位于或靠近酶的活性部位.     

糖基化3－磷酸甘油醛脱氢酶的含糖量及其构象变化

通过对ＧＡＰＤＨ及ｇＧＡＰＤＨ含糖量、ＣＤ、荧光及ＤＴＮＢ的修饰表明：用间氨基苯硼酸琼脂糖（ｍ－ＡＰＢＡ－ＳｅｐｈａｒｏｓｅＣＬ６Ｂ）亲和层析法分离的兔肌ｇＧＡＰＤＨ每分子含有１．８９个糖基。ｇＧＡＰＤＨ及ＧＡＰＤＨ的远紫外ＣＤ谱差别较小,但近紫外差别较明显。两者内源荧光在不同浓度的ＧｕＨＣｌ溶液中的变化亦有一定差异。ＤＴＮＢ对酶活性部位巯基的修饰表明,ｇＧＡＰＤＨ的ＤＴＮＢ修饰的快相一级动力学常数大于ＧＡＰＤＨ动力学常数一个数量级。以上结果提示：糖基化导致酶分子及活性部位的空间结构改变,糖基化位点可能发生在酶活性部位附近。     

糖基化3－磷酸甘油醛脱氢酶的含糖量及其构象变化

通过对ＧＡＰＤＨ及ｇＧＡＰＤＨ含糖量、ＣＤ、荧光及ＤＴＮＢ的修饰表明：用间氨基苯硼酸琼脂糖（ｍ－ＡＰＢＡ－ＳｅｐｈａｒｏｓｅＣＬ６Ｂ）亲和层析法分离的兔肌ｇＧＡＰＤＨ每分子含有１．８９个糖基。ｇＧＡＰＤＨ及ＧＡＰＤＨ的远紫外ＣＤ谱差别较小,但近紫外差别较明显。两者内源荧光在不同浓度的ＧｕＨＣｌ溶液中的变化亦有一定差异。ＤＴＮＢ对酶活性部位巯基的修饰表明,ｇＧＡＰＤＨ的ＤＴＮＢ修饰的快相一级动力学常数大于ＧＡＰＤＨ动力学常数一个数量级。以上结果提示：糖基化导致酶分子及活性部位的空间结构改变,糖基化位点可能发生在酶活性部位附近。     

猪心乳酸脱氢酶(H_4)在盐酸胍变性过程中失活与内源荧光变化速度的比较

本文比较了大然乳酸脱氢酶和硫酸铵稳定的乳酸脱氢酶在盐酸胍性过程式中失活与内源荧光的变化速度.酶失活表现为三相反应,即极快相,其速度常数用停流装置也无法测定;快相和慢相,1M胍变性时,此二相的一级反应速度常数分别为2.7×10~(-3)秒~(-1)和4.17×10~(-4)秒~(-1).在2M硫酸铵存在条件下,用2M胍更性时,快相和慢相的一极反应速度常数分别为6.16×10~(-3)秒~(-1)和1.88×10~(-3)秒~(-1).内源荧光强度的变化表现为二相反应,即极快相,相当酶失活的极快相,但变化幅度远小于酶失活的变化幅度;快相,相当于酶失活的快相,其速度常数为失活速度常数的1/3倍.上述结果表明,类似肌酸激酶,乳酸脱氢酶的失活速度快于酶分子整体构象的变化,相对于整个酶分子来说,活性中心的构象变化对变性剂更加敏感.     

猪心乳酸脱氢酶(H_4)在盐酸胍变性过程中失活与内源荧光变化速度的比较

本文比较了大然乳酸脱氢酶和硫酸铵稳定的乳酸脱氢酶在盐酸胍性过程式中失活与内源荧光的变化速度.酶失活表现为三相反应,即极快相,其速度常数用停流装置也无法测定;快相和慢相,1M胍变性时,此二相的一级反应速度常数分别为2.7×10~(-3)秒~(-1)和4.17×10~(-4)秒~(-1).在2M硫酸铵存在条件下,用2M胍更性时,快相和慢相的一极反应速度常数分别为6.16×10~(-3)秒~(-1)和1.88×10~(-3)秒~(-1).内源荧光强度的变化表现为二相反应,即极快相,相当酶失活的极快相,但变化幅度远小于酶失活的变化幅度;快相,相当于酶失活的快相,其速度常数为失活速度常数的1/3倍.上述结果表明,类似肌酸激酶,乳酸脱氢酶的失活速度快于酶分子整体构象的变化,相对于整个酶分子来说,活性中心的构象变化对变性剂更加敏感.     

人肌肌酸激酶胍变性时的失活与构象变化的比较研究

应用二阶导数光谱、紫外差吸收光谱和荧光光谱等监测手段,研究了人肌肌酸激酶在盐酸胍溶液中的构象变化。二阶导数光谱结果表明,若以6M盐酸胍中肌酸激酶酪氨酸残基的暴露程度为100％,则天然酶酪氨酸残基的暴露程度只有2％。而紫外差吸收光谱和荧光光谱的变化与兔肌肌酸激酶的结果相似。比较不同胍浓度下人肌肌酸激酶的失活与构象变化,表明酶的失活先于构象变化。同时还测定了不同浓度胍溶液中人肌酶的失活与构象变化的速度常数。结果表明以几种方法测定的构象变化均为单相的一级过程,而酶的失活却呈现了由快慢两相组成的一级反应过程。比较同浓度胍溶液中的失活速度与构象变化速度,发现酶失活的快相反应速度常数比构象变化的速度常数大1—2个数量级,慢相速度常数与构象变化速度常数相近。上述结果进一步支持了酶的活性部位构象柔性的观点。     

酵母羧甲基化及光照甘油醛-3-磷酸脱氢酶在碘化钾溶液中荧光发色团的形成

CM-GAPDH在碘化钾溶液中,NAD~+的存在下,形成发射波长为383nm的荧光物。对照的NAD~+与碘化钾溶液混合不产生荧光物。全位及半位修饰光照酶的内源荧光在碘化钾溶液中的变化与天然酶的有明显不同。两者在碘化钾中都形成383nm的荧光,但全位修饰光照酶形成383nm荧光的最适碘化钾浓度为1.0M;半位修饰的为0.8M。以上结果暗示:383nm荧光物的形成需要GAPDH和NAD~+同时存在,并且与活性部位巯基修饰的多少有关,该荧光物可能位于GAPDH的活性部位。     

酵母羧甲基化及光照甘油醛-3-磷酸脱氢酶在碘化钾溶液中荧光发色团的形成

CM-GAPDH在碘化钾溶液中,NAD~+的存在下,形成发射波长为383nm的荧光物。对照的NAD~+与碘化钾溶液混合不产生荧光物。全位及半位修饰光照酶的内源荧光在碘化钾溶液中的变化与天然酶的有明显不同。两者在碘化钾中都形成383nm的荧光,但全位修饰光照酶形成383nm荧光的最适碘化钾浓度为1.0M;半位修饰的为0.8M。以上结果暗示:383nm荧光物的形成需要GAPDH和NAD~+同时存在,并且与活性部位巯基修饰的多少有关,该荧光物可能位于GAPDH的活性部位。     

鸡肝二氢叶酸还原酶在盐酸胍溶液中构象的序变与激活

用蛋白质内源荧光、疏水荧光探针TNS及蛋白酶K限制性酶解等方法研究了二氢叶酸还原酶在盐酸胍变性过程中的构象变化及动力学,并与活力变化进行了比较.TNS可以监测到与激活同步的构象变化;盐酸胍浓度大于0.75mol/L时,二氢叶酸还原酶被蛋白酶K水解速度增大;当盐酸胍浓度大于1.2mol/L时,才能监测到酶分子整体构象的变化.以上结果表明二氢叶酸还原酶在盐酸胍溶液中的变性并不符合标准的二态模型,而是先经历构象逐步松散的序变过程,然后发生协同的构象伸展.二氢叶酸还原酶在低浓度盐酸胍溶液中的激活是由于酶活性部位构象的微小变化引起的.酶活性部位构象的变化虽然降低了酶与废物的结合能力,但加快了酶促反应限速步骤,即底物解离速度而使酶活力升高.     

Conformational and activity changes during guanidine denaturation of D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase

Changes in intrinsic protein fluorescence of lobster muscle D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate: NAD+ oxidoreductase (phosphorylating), EC 1.2.1.12) have been compared with inactivation of the enzyme during denaturation in guanidine solutions. The holoenzyme is completely inactivated at guanidine concentrations less than 0.5 M and this is accompanied by a red shift of the emission maximum at 335 nm and a marked decrease in intensity of the intrinsic fluorescence. At 0.5 M guanidine, the inactivation is a slow process, with a first-order rate constant of 2.4 X 10(-3) s-1. A further red shift in the emission maximum and a decrease in intensity occur at guanidine concentrations higher than 1.5 M. The emission peak at 410 nm of the fluorescent NAD derivative introduced at the active site of this enzyme (Tsou, C.L. et al. (1983) Biochem. Soc. Trans. 11, 425-429) shows both a red shift and a marked decrease in intensity at the same guanidine concentration required to bring about the inactivation and the initial changes in the intrinsic fluorescence of the holoenzyme. It appears that treatment by low guanidine concentrations leads to both complete inactivation and perturbation of the active site conformation and that a tryptophan residue is situated at or near the active site.     

Comparison of inactivation and unfolding of green crab (Scylla serrata) alkaline phosphatase during denaturation by guanidinium chloride

Green crab (Scylla serrata) alkaline phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.1) is a metalloenzyme, each active site in which contains a tight cluster of two zinc ions and one magnesium ion. Unfolding and inactivation of the enzyme during denaturation in guanidinium chloride (GuHCl) solutions of different concentrations have been compared. The kinetic theory of the substrate reaction during irreversible inhibition of enzyme activity previously described by Tsou [(1988),Adv. Enzymol. Related Areas Mol. Biol. 61, 381–436] has been applied to a study on the kinetics of the course of inactivation of the enzyme during denaturation by GuHCl. The rate constants of unfolding and inactivation have been determined. The results show that inactivation occurs before noticeable conformational change can be detected. It is suggested that the active site of green crab alkaline phosphatase containing multiple metal ions is also situated in a limited region of the enzyme molecule that is more fragile to denaturants than the protein as a whole.     

High concentrations of D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase stabilize the enzyme against denaturation by low concentrations of GuHCl

It is known that denaturation of D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH, EC 1.2.1.12) in low concentrations of GuHCl, around 0.5 M, at 25 degrees C, leads first to a burst phase drop of activity, followed by slow unfolding with further loss of enzyme activity and aggregation. However, GAPDH at higher concentrations does not increase the aggregation in the slow phase as would be expected but decreases both the inactivation and aggregation of the enzyme instead. It seems that GAPDH at high concentrations protects the enzyme against GuHCl-denaturation. This protection is not a general effect of GuHCl binding by increased protein concentration but specific for GAPDH, as either bovine serum albumin or alpha-lactalbumin does not show any protection at similar concentrations. It is proposed that dissociation of tetrameric GAPDH into dimers in the early phase of denaturation in dilute GuHCl is reversible and further unfolding of the dimer to an aggregation prone species is irreversible and rate-limiting for the unfolding process. High concentrations of the enzyme shift the equilibrium towards the tetramer thus decrease the aggregation of GAPDH in dilute GuHCl.     

Inactivation Kinetics of Guanidinium Chloride on <Emphasis Type="Italic">Penaeus vannamei</Emphasis>β - <Emphasis Type="Italic">N</Emphasis>-Acetyl-D-Glucosaminidase and the Relationship of Enzyme Activity and its Conformation

The effects of guanidinium chloride (GuHCl) on the activity of Penaeus vannamei β-N-acetyl-d-glucosaminidase (NAGase) have been studied. The results show that GuHCl, at appropriate concentrations, can lead to reversible inactivation of the enzyme, and the IC₅₀ is estimated to be 0.6 M. Changes of activity and conformation of the enzyme in different concentrations of GuHCl have been studied by measuring the fluorescence spectra and its relative activity after denaturation. The fluorescence intensity of the enzyme decreases distinctly with increasing GuHCl concentrations, and the emission peaks appear red-shifted (from 339.4 to 360 nm). Changes in the conformation and catalytic activity of the enzyme are compared. The extent of inactivation is greater than that of conformational changes, indicating that the active site of the enzyme is more flexible than the whole enzyme molecule. The kinetics of inactivation has been studied using the kinetic method of the substrate reaction. The rate constants of inactivation have been determined. The value of k₊₀ is larger than that of k₊₀^′ which suggests that the enzyme is protected by substrate to a certain extent during guanidine denaturation.     

活性部位的柔性

比较酶在变性过程中构象和活力变化,发现在活性完全丧失时尚无可察 觉的整体构象变化。排除变性剂抑制和寡聚酶解聚等可能性之后,提出了酶活性部位柔性假说。随后用多种实验方法直接证实了活性部位的构象变化先于分子整体构象变化,并与活性丧失同步,根据催化过程中活性部位构旬变化,以及限制活性部位构象变化对酶活性的影响,提出了酶活性部位柔性为酶充分表现其催化活性所必需的设想。