鸡嗉子榕蜂群落中雌蜂触角感器及适生意义

[目的]感知化学信息是榕小蜂群落组成和功能分化的基础,以触角为代表的感觉器官,恰能反映其寄主识别和繁殖中所承受的进化压力和适应形态.本文旨在对当前唯一以"专有信息通道"为基础形成的鸡嗉子榕Ficus semicordata榕蜂群落中雌蜂触角感器进行系统研究,探讨感器的形态分化及生态适应性.[方法]采用扫描电镜技术观察5种鸡嗉子榕小蜂雌蜂的触角及其感器,确定了 5种雌蜂触角感器的类型、形态、数量和分布,分析了多孔板形感器的比表面积与挥发物释放量之间的相关性.[结果]5种雌蜂触角均呈膝状,由柄节、梗节和数量不等的鞭亚节形成的鞭节组成,传粉榕小蜂和非传粉榕小蜂触角的主要差别在于第1鞭亚节处着生的脊骨突和梗节背面的角锥形感器.触角上共发现7类10种感器,分别为毛形感器、刺形感器(类型1、类型2和类型3)、锥形感器(类型1和类型2)、栓锥型乳突状感器、腔锥形感器、多孔板形感器和角锥形感器,其中腔锥形感器和角锥形感器仅见于传粉榕小蜂触角上,毛形感器和刺形感器1数量最多,分布最广泛;锥形感器和栓锥型乳突状感器常见于鞭节中上部;多孔板形感器分布于触角的索节和棒节处,交替环状排列,且随榕小蜂产卵时序后延,多孔板形感器感知指数呈递减趋势,并与不同发育期榕果的挥发物释放量呈显著正相关关系.[结论]不同功能物种的榕小蜂触角及其感器有明显的生态适应性,特别是增加多孔板形感器数量和长度来提高对气味物质的感知,利于解释榕蜂群落内的信息调控与稳定共存.     

佩妃延腹榕小蜂雌蜂触角感器的扫描电镜观察

佩妃延腹榕小蜂是一种与鸡嗉子传粉榕小蜂同步寄生于接收期榕果的非传粉专性寄生蜂。为探索佩妃延腹榕小蜂寄主定位机制,应用扫描电镜观察了其雌蜂触角感器的类型、分布和超微形态。结果显示:佩妃延腹榕小蜂雌蜂触角呈膝状,长775.50μm±38.39μm,由柄节、梗节和11个鞭小节组成的鞭节构成。触角上共发现5种感器类型,分别为毛形感器、刺形感器(Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型)、多孔板形感器、锥形感器、栓锥型乳突状感器。其中,刺形感器Ⅰ和多孔板形感器是其主要感器,前者集中分布于鞭节的第4~第8鞭小节,后者分布于第4~第11鞭小节。结合触角感器的形态、分布和佩妃延腹榕小蜂的产卵行为,对各触角感器的功能进行了探讨。     

木瓜榕传粉榕小蜂雌蜂触角感器的分布和超微形态

为探索木瓜榕传粉榕小蜂Ceratosolen emarginatus寄主定位机制, 应用扫描电镜和透射电镜观察了其雌蜂触角感器的类型、 分布和超微形态。结果显示： 木瓜榕传粉榕小蜂雌蜂触角呈膝状, 由柄节、 梗节和11个鞭小节组成的鞭节组成, 第3鞭小节着生一坚固的脊骨突。触角上共发现7类11种感器, 分别为毛形感器、 刺形感器、 锥形感器（包括单孔形和多孔形）、 多孔板形感器（包括长形和圆形）、 腔锥形感器（分为3种类型）、 栓锥形乳突状感器、 角锥形感器。结合表面特征和内部结构, 锥形感器、 多孔板形感器、 栓锥形乳突状感器和腔锥形感器类型1为有孔型, 为化学感器; 无孔型的毛形感器和刺形感器是机械感器, 但腔锥形感器类型2和3为本体感器或湿热压力感器; 最为特异的为角锥形感器, 其厚壁无孔, 逆向触角主轴, 为该科昆虫所特有, 推测可防止传粉榕小蜂进入榕果时滑脱。这些结果将有助于理解木瓜榕传粉榕小蜂特异性行为, 并为下一步开展电生理研究, 揭示其信息化学物质利用和分配模式奠定基础。     

传粉榕小蜂雌蜂多孔板形感器的形态与适应进化

【目的】获得传粉榕小蜂(Chalcidoidea:Agaonidae)雌蜂触角上的多孔板形感器的形态特征,并结合系统发育关系,探讨多孔板形感器的适应性进化。【方法】应用扫描电子显微技术,对传粉榕小蜂12属70种雌蜂触角上多孔板形感器的超微形态、密度、排列形式等进行观察,并采用相关性分析方法研究多孔板形感器的形态适应性。【结果】传粉榕小蜂雌蜂触角上共存在长形、刺形和圆形3种多孔板形感器,长形多孔板形感器有单螺旋环状(类型Ⅰ)和多螺旋环状(类型Ⅱ)2种排列形式,刺形多孔板形感器有边缘着生型(类型Ⅲ)和轴向螺旋环型(类型Ⅳ)2种,圆形板形感器仅存在于Eupristina、Ceratosolen、Waterstoniella、Tetrapus属中,且只分布于触角第3棒节的腹面。从类型Ⅰ到类型Ⅳ,多孔板形感器具有明显的延伸、增多、末端分离等形态特征,而末端分离程度是提高感器灵敏度的一种重要方式。多孔板形感器的数量与榕果果径呈正相关(r=0.249,P=0.003),分离程度与榕果直径负相关(r=-0.231,P=0.017)。【结论】传粉榕小蜂雌蜂触角上存在长形、刺形和圆形3种多孔板形感器,其延伸、增多、末端分离等特征是一种明显的形态适应性,使之在复杂的生态环境中感知寄主的特异性挥发物。     

亚洲玉米螟成虫触角的扫描电镜观察

对亚洲玉米螟成虫触角的外部形态结构在扫描电镜下作了观察.触角由柄节、梗节和62—67个鞭节组成,触角背面被鳞片覆盖,绝大部分触角感器位于触角的腹面和侧面.所有鞭节的表皮上都有连续的网纹结构,但在柄节和梗节的表皮上则无.在雌雄蛾的触角上都可以找到以下七种感器,即栓锥感器、腔锥感器、锥形感器(即B?hm氏鬃毛)、刺形感器、耳形惑器、鳞形感器和毛形感器.毛形感器数目最多,并根据其形状和表面细微结构分为两种类型:A型和B型.除锥形感器外,所有的感器都分布在触角鞭节的网纹区上.对此昆虫的触角两性差异进行了详细的讨论.     

桔小实蝇本地寄生蜂长尾全裂茧蜂成虫

应用扫描电镜（SEM）对桔小实蝇本地寄生蜂长尾全裂茧蜂 Diachasmimorpha longicaudata (Ashmead) 成虫的触角感器进行观察。结果表明：长尾全裂茧蜂成虫触角由柄节、梗节和鞭节组成,鞭节共 49-52小节。在触角上共有 8种感器,分别为 Bhm鬃毛、毛形感器、刺形感器、锥形感器、板形感器、腔锥形感器、钟形感器、嗅孔。毛型感器是主要感器,数量多且分布广,其次为板形感器。除了腔锥形感器 Ⅱ外,雌雄蜂没有明显的二型现象。     

Morphological structure of the antennal sensilla of Nesidiocoris tenuis observed with a scanning electron microscope

烟盲蝽Nesidiocoris tenuis (Reuter)作为一种杂食性昆虫,是蔬菜害虫的重要捕食者.利用扫描电镜对烟盲蝽雌雄成虫的触角进行观察,结果表明:烟盲蝽触角由基节、柄节、梗节和鞭节组成.绝大部分触角感器位于触角的腹面和外侧面.触角感器共有9种,分别为毛形感器、刺形感器、锥形感器、钟形感器、腔锥形感器、具弯钩形感器、腔形感器、乳形感器和Bǒhm氏鬃毛.腔锥形感器仅见于雌性触角,其他8种感器在雌雄两性触角上的类型和分布没有明显的区别.     

烟盲蝽成虫触角感器的扫描电镜观察

烟盲蝽Nesidiocoris tenuis(Reuter)作为一种杂食性昆虫,是蔬菜害虫的重要捕食者。利用扫描电镜对烟盲蝽雌雄成虫的触角进行观察,结果表明:烟盲蝽触角由基节、柄节、梗节和鞭节组成。绝大部分触角感器位于触角的腹面和外侧面。触角感器共有9种,分别为毛形感器、刺形感器、锥形感器、钟形感器、腔锥形感器、具弯钩形感器、腔形感器、乳形感器和Bhm氏鬃毛。腔锥形感器仅见于雌性触角,其他8种感器在雌雄两性触角上的类型和分布没有明显的区别。     

黄胸蓟马触角感器的形态和分布

摘要: 【目的】本研究旨在明确黄胸蓟马Thrips hawaiiensis各个发育阶段触角感器类型、形态和分布。【方法】运用扫描电镜技术观察黄胸蓟马雌雄成虫、若虫、预蛹、蛹触角的形态结构以及触角上感器类型、形态和分布。【结果】黄胸蓟马成虫触角由柄节、梗节和鞭节3个部分组成,其中长的鞭节分为5个鞭小节(I-V)。雌成虫触角平均长度为263.70±5.78 μm,雄成虫触角平均长度为225.79±8.92 μm。触角长度随着虫龄的增长而显著增加。雌雄成虫触角上共发现Bhm氏鬃毛、钟形感器、刺形感器(I和II)、毛形感器、锥形感器(I, II和III)、腔锥形感器和腔形感器7种触角感器以及微毛和表皮齿2种表皮结构。预蛹触角呈锥形,无明显分节,可以自由活动,平均长138.81±6.29 μm。蛹触角紧贴头胸背部,圆柱形、无明显分节,不能自由活动,平均长213.07±6.30 μm。1龄和2龄若虫触角由柄节、梗节和鞭节组成,其鞭节分为4个鞭小节(I-IV),触角平均长度分别为122.48±1.72和134.58±3.75 μm。1龄若虫触角上分布有Bhm氏鬃毛、钟形感器、刺形感器(I和II)、锥形感器(I和II)、腔锥形感器、腔形感器、毛形感器和特殊结构感器共8种类型感器,表面分布表皮齿和舌状结构2种表皮结构;2龄若虫触角上分布有Bhm氏鬃毛、钟形感器、刺形感器(I和II)、毛形感器、锥形感器(I和II)、腔锥形感器、腔形感器7种类型感器以及表皮齿1种表皮结构。【结论】本研究较全面地对黄胸蓟马各个发育阶段的触角及触角感器形态和分布进行了观察和描述,并对其功能进行了推测。研究结果为进一步研究蓟马类昆虫触角感器的生理功能奠定了理论基础。     

绿盲蝽触角感器的扫描电镜观察

利用扫描电镜对绿盲蝽雌雄成虫的触角形态和感器进行了观察。结果表明： 绿盲蝽触角为线形, 共4节, 即柄节、梗节和2个鞭节。触角感器共有4种, 分别为毛形感器、刺形感器、锥形感器、Böhm氏鬃毛。其中, 毛形、刺形、锥形感器各有两种类型。雌雄个体之间触角感器的类型、分布均没有明显差异。不同感器在触角各节上的数量与分布各不同。     

Comparison of the antennal sensilla of females of four fig-wasps associated with Ficus auriculata

A comparison was performed of the antennal sensilla of females of four chalcid wasp species Ceratosolen emarginatus Mayr, 1906, Sycophaga sp., Philotrypesis longicaudata Mayr, 1906, and Sycoscapter roxburghi Joseph, 1957, which are specific and obligatory associated with Ficus auriculata (Lour, 1790). The four species exhibit different oviposition strategies in the fig ovules where their offspring hatch and develop. Antennal sensilla morphology was evaluated using scanning electron microscopy. Females of the four species present 11 morphologically similar types of sensilla: trichoid sensilla, sensilla obscura, chaetica sensilla 1 and 2, which all have mechanosensory functions; uniporous basiconic sensilla, which are presumably contact chemosensilla; basiconic capitate peg sensilla, coeloconic sensilla 1, multiporous basiconic and placoid sensilla, which may be regarded as olfactory sensilla, and coeloconic sensilla 2 and 3, which are presumed to be proprioreceptors or pressure receptors. The four species have significant differences in the abundance and arrangement of trichoid sensilla and chaetica sensilla 1 on the flagellum. The coeloconic sensilla and sensilla obscura only occur on the antennae of C. emarginatus that enter figs. The chemosensilla which are presumably involved in host discrimination, i.e., basiconic sensilla, multiporous placoid sensilla and basiconic capitate peg sensilla, are similar in shape and configuration, although they present some differences in abundance. These findings provide practical information on the adaptations of fig wasps and the relationship between multisensory antennae and functions in fig wasp behaviour.     

Comparison of antennal sensilla of Anaphes victus and A. listronoti (Hymenoptera, Mymaridae), egg parasitoids of Curculionidae

Antennal sensilla were compared in females and males of two sympatric mymarid Hymenoptera, Anaphes victus and A. listronoti which are, respectively, solitary and gregarious parasitoids of eggs of the carrot weevil Listronotus oregonensis (Coleoptera, Curculionidae). Both species are morphologically very similar in the area where they are sympatric. The external morphology of the sensilla was studied using scanning electron microscopy. Female antennae have seven different types of sensilla, morphologically similar in the two species: trichoid sensilla, which are putative mechanosensilla, sensilla chaetica types 1, 3 and 4, which are presumably contact chemosensilla, and sensilla chaetica type 2 and basiconic and placoid sensilla, which are presumed to be olfactory sensilla. The major difference between the two species is the number of sensilla chaetica type 4, of which 6–9 are found on the antennal club in A. victus, while 10–12 are present in A. listronoti. The antennae of the males of both species are similar in morphology and in the number and distribution of their four types of sensilla, i.e. trichoid sensilla, sensilla chaetica type 1 and basiconic and placoid sensilla. Accepted: 23 November 1998     

苹果榕传粉小蜂雌性触角感器及其生态学意义

利用扫描电子显微镜对苹果榕传粉小蜂Ceratosolen sp.雌性触角感器进行观察。结果显示:苹果榕传粉小蜂雌性触角呈膝形,分布着7类13种类型的感器,包括毛型感器、多孔的板型感器、锥型感器(2种类型)、栓锥型乳突状感器、刺型感器(4种类型)、腔锥型感器(3种类型)和一种专一性的角锥型感器。对各感器的形态、数量、分布进行描述,并结合感器的选择性染色(Ag+染色)、传粉小蜂行为及其榕/蜂互惠共生系统,对不同类型感器的功能和生态学意义进行探讨。     

External morphology of antennal sensilla of trichogramma australicum girault (Hymenoptera : Trichogrammatidae)

External morphology of antennal sensilla on female and male Trichogramma australicum (Hymenoptera : Trichogrammatidae) was examined using scanning electron microscopy. Antennae show strong sexual dimorphism in structure and types of sensilla. The female antenna displays 14 types of sensilla: basiconic capitate peg sensilla (types 1 and 2), campaniform sensilla, chaetica sensilla (types 1–3), coeloconic sensilla, falcate sensilla, placoid sensilla (types 1 and 2), styloconic sensilla and trichoid sensilla (types 1–3). The male antenna displays 12 types of sensilla: basiconic capitate peg sensilla (type 2), campaniform sensilla, chaetica sensilla (types 1–5), coeloconic sensilla, placoid sensilla (type 1), and trichoid sensilla (types 3–5). Falcate and styloconic sensilla occur only on the female antenna. Both sensilla probably are associated with host examination, host discrimination and oviposition behaviour. Male antennal trichoid sensilla types 4 and 5 are probably associated with courtship behaviour, because these types occur only on the male. We propose the term “falcate sensilla” for a unique female antennal sensilla; the number of falcate sensilla may be used for identification of Trichogramma spp. In addition, we report the presence of placoid sensilla type 2 and difference in structure of coeloconic sensilla in T. australicum. Variation in structure and position of antennal sensilla are discussed.     

Scanning Electron Microscopy Studies of the Antennal Sensilla of Metaphycus parasaissetiae Zhang & Huang (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae)

Metaphycus parasaissetiae Zhang & Huang (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) is an important adult parasitoid of Parasaissetia nigra Nietner (Hemiptera: Coccoidea). The external morphology of the antennal sensilla of male and female M. parasaissetiae was examined using scanning electron microscopy. The geniculate antennae of male and female M. parasaissetiae were composed of a scape with a basal radicula, a barrel-shaped pedicel, and a long flagellum. Twelve morphologically distinct types of sensilla were identified, including multiporous placoid sensilla, campaniform sensilla, finger-like sensilla, multiporous basiconic sensilla (BS-1), three aporous types of basiconic sensilla (BS-2, BS-3, and BS-4), two types of aporous trichoid sensilla (TS-1 and TS-3), a type of multiporous trichoid sensilla (TS-2), and two types of sensilla chaetica (CH-1 and CH-2). Sex dimorphism in the sensilla composition of M. parasaissetiae is also observed. Major differences between the sexes were found in the number, distribution, shape, structure, and size of the identified sensilla. We also discuss on the functional aspects of these sensilla to elucidate the mechanisms involved in host searching and courtship behavior of M. parasaissetiae.     

Morphological characterization of the antennal sensilla of t he earwig Anisolabis maritima (Dermaptera: Carcinophoridae) with reference to their probable functions

The earwig, Anisolabis maritima (Dermaptera: Carcinophoridae), is one of the most significant insects in KSA because, it was recorded in Saudi Arabia as a beneficial predator on eggs and newly hatched larvae of the red palm weevil, Rhyncophorus ferrugineus. We examined the external morphology of the antennal sensilla of males and females of A. maritima using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The filiform antennae of A. maritima were of the conventional type comprising a basal scape, pedicle and a long, thread-like flagellum, which was composed of 12 flagellomeres of males and 16 flagellomeres of females. Six morphologically unique sensillar types were found and described on the antennae of males and females of A. maritima. Of those identified, there were three types of porous trichoid sensilla (long, curved and arcuate), and two types of basiconic sensilla (short and curved), and one type of aporous trichoid sensilla. The shape, external morphology and array of sensilla on the antennae of males and females of A. maritima were similar.     

Distribution of chemo- and mechanoreceptors on the antennae and maxillae of Busseola fusca larvae

The stem borer Busseola fusca (Fuller) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is a major pest of maize, Zea mays L., and sorghum, Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench (both Poaceae), in sub-Saharan Africa. Like in many other lepidopteran insects, the success of B. fusca in recognizing and colonizing a limited variety of plants is based on the interaction between its sensory systems and the physicochemical characteristics of its immediate environment. The sensilla on the maxillary galeae of B. fusca larvae are typical of Lepidoptera and comprise two uniporous styloconic sensilla, which are contact chemoreceptors, three basiconic sensilla, and two aporous sensilla chaetica. The maxillary palp is two-segmented and has eight small basiconic sensilla at the tip, which were also found to be gustatory. The antennae of B. fusca larvae are short and simple. The sensilla of the antenna are composed of two aporous sensilla chaetica, three multiporous cone-shaped basiconic sensilla, three small basiconic sensilla, and one aporous styloconic sensillum. The basiconic sensillum located on the third antennal segment displayed a contact chemoreception response. The other basiconic sensilla did not show any action potential activity in tip-recording tests. The significant and positive dose–response curve obtained for the antennal basiconic sensillum with sucrose indicated for the first time the presence of gustatory chemoreceptors on the antennae of a lepidopteran larva.     

Antennal sensilla of the click beetle,Melanotus villosus (Geoffroy) (Coleoptera: Elateridae)

The typology, number and placement of antennal sensilla of the click beetle Melanotus villosus (Geoffroy) (Coleoptera: Elateridae) were studied using scanning electron microscopy. On both the males and females the antennae are made up of the scape, pedicel and nine flagellomeres. Two types of basiconic sensilla, three types of trichoid sensilla, one type of styloconic sensilla, one type of chetoid sensilla, dome-shaped sensilla, grooved pegs, and Böhm sensilla all appear on the antennae of the beetles of both sexes, with the exception of trichoid sensilla type II, whose large number (average of 1635 hairs per antenna) was found only in male beetles. Sensilla trichodea type II evidently respond to the sex pheromone produced by the female beetle. Unlike the other two click beetles, studied up till now, Agriotes obscurus and Limonius aeruginosus, the trichoid and basiconic sensilla of M. villosus, whose proven or assumed function is olfactory, are located predominantly on the flagellomeres ventral extensions. It is assumed that the placement of the olfactory sensilla, mainly on the ventral side of M. villosuss antennae, and their more or less even distribution on the flagellomeres, can be seen as morphological adaptation of this species of insect, whose specific behavioural reaction of olfactory searching is flying, both before and after contact with an odour plume.     

访花昆虫红腹毛蚊触角感器扫描电镜观察

【目的】本研究旨在明确访花昆虫红腹毛蚊Bibio rufiventris触角感器的类型和分布。【方法】通过扫描电镜(scanning electron microscope, SEM)观察红腹毛蚊雌、雄成虫触角感器的种类、数量和形态,比较雌雄个体间的差异。【结果】红腹毛蚊雌、雄成虫触角均包含3部分,分别为柄节、梗节和鞭节,其中鞭节由8个亚节组成。雌成虫触角平均总长度为862.556±78.662μm,雄成虫触角平均总长度为880.361±83.253μm,雌、雄成虫触角各亚节的长度几乎相似,只有鞭节第8亚节长度有显著差异。红腹毛蚊的触角感器共有4大类,即刺形感器、锥形感器、毛形感器和B?hm氏鬃毛。其中,雌性红腹毛蚊触角感器共有6种亚型,即刺形感器、毛形感器2型、锥形感器(1, 2和4型)和B?hm氏鬃毛;雄性红腹毛蚊触角感器共有5种亚型,即刺形感器、毛形感器1型、锥形感器(2和3型)和B?hm氏鬃毛。【结论】红腹毛蚊雌、雄成虫触角感器在种类、数量以及形态特征方面存在一定差异。本研究为进一步探究红腹毛蚊触角感器的生理功能及其行为活动的分子机制提供了形态学基础。