长叶车前花叶病毒上海分离株外壳蛋白赖氨酸残基的修饰对感染及重组的影响

长叶车前花叶病毒上海分离株外壳蛋白中有二个赖氨酸残基。完整的病毒颗粒或外壳蛋白在pH8.5条件下,只有一个赖氨酸残基与三硝基苯磺酸反应。如果有4M尿素存在,则有两个赖氨酸残基和一个半胱氨酸巯基被修饰。三硝基苯磺酰化的HRV_(sh)病毒颗粒的感染力丧失90%以上。HRV_(sh)的外壳蛋白经三硝基苯磺酸修饰后不能与HRV_(sh)-RNA重建。这些结果清楚地表明两个赖氨酸残基中一个位于病毒颗粒表面,另一个则包在病毒颗粒中。表面那个赖氨酸残基为HRV_(sh)的感染所必需。     

长叶车前花叶病毒(HRVsh)外壳蛋白赖氨酸残基经三硝基苯磺酸修饰后的空间结构变化

用紫外光差光谱和圆二色性光谱研究了长叶车前花叶病毒HRV_(sh)在尿素作用下以及经三硝基苯磺酸(TNBS)修饰后外壳蛋白亚基空间结构的变化。TNBS修饰一个赖氨酸残基后的HRV_(sh)外壳蛋白和HRV_(sh)完整颗粒的a-螺旋变化很小。空间结构的变化是局部的。讨论了空间结构变化与生物活力的关系。     

长叶车前花叶病毒上海分离株(HRV_(sh))外壳蛋白功能的研究

植物病毒寄主的致病性是由病毒核酸决定的,而由病毒核酸编码的病毒蛋白的功能则是保护病毒核酸不受外界物理及化学因素的破坏作用。至于植物病毒外壳蛋白在感染上是否起作用,是个尚未解决的问题。郁操国等(未发表)曾报道了HRV_(sh)外壳蛋白赖氨酸侧链被三硝基苯磺酸修饰(TNP-HRV_(sh))后,感染力有明显的下降,提出植物病毒外壳蛋白在感染上确有重要作用。本文报道了修饰后的TNP-HRV_(sh)与天然的HRV_(sh)对心叶烟的感染力有干     

长叶车前花叶病毒上海分离株(HRVsh)外壳蛋白免疫多肽的研究

长叶车前花叶病毒上海分离株(HRVsh)的外壳蛋白中含有4个甲硫氨酸残基,本文采用溴化氰裂解,并结合葡聚糖凝胶G-100柱层析、高压纸电泳及纸层析等方法,分离纯化了5个多肽片段,经~(125)I标记抗体对免疫多肽的鉴定,表明其中二段多肽与~(125)-IgG的结合能力接近完整病毒的水平,说明这二段多肽具有HRVsh的抗原专一性,决定HRVsh抗原性的抗原决定簇主要分布于这二个肽段中。 外壳蛋白的胰蛋白酶酶解肽谱及多肽氨基酸序列分析的结果,表明HRVsh和HRV标准株系间在氨基酸序列上有很大相似性,这就决定了两者密切的血清学亲缘关系。     

番茄条斑坏死病毒的研究

从上海郊区番茄条斑坏死病果分离的棒状病毒(ToSNV)的外壳蛋白亚基的分子量小于烟草花叶病毒普通株(TMVc)和长叶车前花叶病毒(HRV),ToSNV的外壳蛋白比TMVc少10个氨基酸残基,比HRV少8个氨基酸残基,氨基酸组成中含甲硫氨酸及组氨酸。ToSNV与长叶车前花叶病毒上海分离株(HRVsh)及油菜花叶病毒(YMV_(15))有免疫交叉反应,但与TMVc却无血清学亲缘关系,而且ToSNV外壳蛋白的酶解图谱不同于TMVc。因此推测ToSNV是烟草花叶病毒组中既不同于TMVc又有别于HRVsh和YMV_(15)的一个分离株。     

番茄条斑坏死病毒的研究

从上海郊区番茄条斑坏死病果分离的棒状病毒(ToSNV)的外亮蛋白亚基的分子量小于烟草花叶病毒普通株(TMVc)和长叶车前花叶病毒(HRV),ToSNV 的外壳蛋白比TMVc少10个氨基酸残基,比HRV 少8个氨基酸残基,氨基酸组成中含甲硫氨酸及组氨酸。ToSNV 与长叶车前花叶病毒上海分离株(HRVsh)及油菜花叶病毒(YMV_(15))有免疫交叉反应,但与TMVc 却无血清学亲缘关系,而且ToSNV 外壳蛋白的酶解图谱不同于TMVc。因此推测ToSNV 是烟草花叶病毒组中既不同于TMVc 又有别于HRVsh 和YMV_(15)的一个分离株。     

疑难问题解答一例

问:在噬菌体侵染细菌的实验中,怎样知道进入细菌细胞的是噬菌体的DNA而不是蛋白质呢?答:噬菌体是有蛋白质的外壳包裹着DNA的简单结构.它侵染细菌时,进入细胞的是DNA还是蛋白质呢?美国科学家赫尔希(Hersher)和蔡斯(Chase)在1952年做了如下的实验回答了这个问题.他首先将噬菌体培养在含有用~(32)P同位素标记的磷酸盐培养基上,结果DNA被~(32)P标记.而蛋白质一般只是由C、H、O、N、S元素组成,而不含P,故蛋白质不会被标记.他又将噬菌体放在含有~(35)S同位素标记的硫酸盐培养基里培养,结果噬菌体的蛋白质被~(35)S标记上.而DNA没有被标记.     

烟草花叶病毒的核糖核酸5′-端帽子结构在病毒颗粒中的位置与病毒的感染力

兔抗m~7GMP血清与烟草花叶病毒(TMV)制剂反应能产生免疫沉淀、并抑制TMV的感染力达90%以上。~(32)pCp在RNA连接酶作用下与TMV制剂反应,分离~(32)p标记的TMV再经过核糖核酸酶(RNaseT_2)水解,电泳分离得到~(32)pm~7G~(5′)ppp~(5′)Gp,这些结果说明TMV病毒颗粒中的RNA的5′-端帽子结构可能暴露在病毒颗粒的外部,因而容易与抗m~7GMP血清及~(32)pCp反应,同时也说明TMV的RNA5′-端帽子结构与TMV的感染力有密切关系。     

~(35)S标记DNA探针检测真核单拷贝基因

本室采用国产[α-~(35)S]dATP制备DNA探针,用于检测真核单拷贝基因并初步获得了满意结果。本文还叙述了~(35)S取代~(32)P中标记DNA探针和Southern吸印杂交时,适宜的反应条件,优点及其意义。     

~(35)S标记探针检测人类单拷贝基因

应用改进的缺口翻译方法,将α-~(35)S-dATP参入DNA分子,获得了>10~8dpm/μgDNA的高比度~(35)S标记探针。用其做Southern吸印杂交探测人类单拷贝基因组织,放射自显影4～10天,能够得到满意的力谱。与~(32)P相比,~(35)S具有半衰期长,无辐射伤害,价格便宜等优点。     

Chemical modification of lysine residues in tyrosyl-tRNA-synthetase from cattle liver using pyridoxal-5'-phosphate]

Chemical modification of lysine residues of eukaryotic tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase was studied. It was shown that only four out of 22 lysine residues per enzyme dimer could be modified with pyridoxal-5'-phosphate. This modification led to the inactivation of tRNATyr aminoacylation by more than 90% but did not practically affect the rate of ATP-[32P]pyrophosphate exchange. Low molecular weight substrates (ATP, ATP-tyrosine) weakly protected the enzyme from inactivation, whereas tRNATyr afforded a much more effective protection. It was supposed that lysine residues of tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase can be involved in the interaction with tRNATyr.     

Location and role of free cysteinyl residues in the Sindbis virus E1 and E2 glycoproteins

Sindbis virus is a single-stranded positive-sense RNA virus. It is composed of 240 copies of three structural proteins: E1, E2, and capsid. These proteins form a mature virus particle composed of two nested T=4 icosahedral shells. A complex network of disulfide bonds in the E1 and E2 glycoproteins is developed through a series of structural intermediates as virus maturation occurs (M. Mulvey and D. T. Brown, J. Virol. 68:805-812, 1994; M. Carleton et al., J. Virol. 71:1558-1566, 1997). To better understand the nature of this disulfide network, E1 and E2 cysteinyl residues were labeled with iodoacetamide in the native virus particle and analyzed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. This analysis identified cysteinyl residues of E1 and E2, which were found to be label accessible in the native virus particle, as well as those that were either label inaccessible or blocked by their involvement in disulfide bonds. Native virus particles alkylated with iodoacetamide demonstrated a 4-log decrease in viral infectivity. This suggests that the modification of free cysteinyl residues results in the loss of infectivity by destabilizing the virus particle or that a rearrangement of disulfide bonds, which is required for infectivity, is blocked by the modification. Although modification of these residues prevented infectivity, it did not alter the ability of virus to fuse cells after exposure to acidic pH; thus, modification of free cysteinyl residues biochemically separated the process of infection from the process of membrane fusion.     

Variations in some molecular events during the early phases of the Reuber H 35 cell cycle. II.-Chromatin protein phosphorylation and protein kinases

Reuber H 35 hepatoma cells were synchronized by transfer in a serum free medium. Growth was re-initiated by addition of serum. Under these conditions DNA synthesis exhibited a maximum after 24 hours. Chromatin non-histone proteins prepared from cells at various phases of the cell cycle were incubated with [gamma-32P] ATP and the radioactive pattern of protein bound 32P was analysed by electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gels. No radioactive peak was observed in G0. Several peaks appeared 3 hours after the addition of serum. The radioactivity progressively increased until the cells reached the S phase. When most of the cells were in the S phase the radioactivity strongly decreased. Chromatin protein kinase activities were found to increase in late G1 and continued to increase in the S phase. The increase was 65% when phosvitin was the substrate, 100% with casein and histone H1. It is suggested that chromatin phosphorylated proteins could be involved in the mechanism which initiates DNA synthesis in G1 phase cells.     

Involvement of lysine and arginine residues in the binding of yeast ribosomal protein YL3 to 5S RNA

The contribution of lysine and arginine residues to the formation of yeast ribonucleoprotein complex 5S RNA. protein YL3 has been investigated by determining the effects on complex formation of modification with chemical reagents specific for either lysine or arginine. Treatment of protein YL3 with acetic anhydride, malefic anhydride or phenylglyoxal is accompanied by loss of its capacity to bind to 5S RNA. This effect is accomplished by modification with phenylglyoxal of only 3 arginine residues per YL3 molecule. In contrast, a large number of protein YL3 amino groups [16] must be modified by acetic anhydride to prevent complex formation.     

Oligonucleotide mapping of non-radioactive virus and messenger RNAs.

A modification of the known method for obtaining radioactive fingerprints from non-radioactive nucleic acids by labelling a digest with 5'-hydroxyl polynucleotide kinase and [gamma-32P]-ATP has been applied to RNase T1 digests from various high molecular weight virus RNAs and to ovalbumin mRNA. Fractionation of the resultant [32P]-labelled T1 RNase digests by two-dimensional polyacrylamide electrophoresis demonstrates that in the case of virus RNAs, the fingerprints thus obtained are very similar to those derived from uniformly labelled RNAs. The value of this technique is that it requires only 1-5 microgram of purified virus RNA and at least three orders of magnitude less radioactivity than is routinely employed in preparing uniformly labelled RNA.     

Infective Substructures of Sendai Virus from Infected Ehrlich Ascites Tumor Cells

Increase of infectivity for embryonated eggs was observed in Ehrlich ascites tumor cells after intraperitoneal inoculation of Sendai virus into tumor-bearing mice. Virus-induced actinomycin-resistant ribonucleic acid consisting of 14S, 18S, 22S, 35S, and 48S was synthesized, and S antigen was produced in infected cells. The infectivity was suggested to be due to viral ribonucleoprotein for the following reasons: (i) the infectivity was unaffected by V antiserum but was abolished by whole hyperimmune serum, (ii) the infectivity was resistant to ribonuclease, (iii) virus particles were found neither in cells nor on red blood cell stroma treated with cellular extracts, (iv) structures similar to Sendai virus ribonucleoprotein with a maximal length of 10,500 A were observed in cellular extracts.     

Uukuniemi virus S RNA segment: ambisense coding strategy, packaging of complementary strands into virions, and homology to members of the genus Phlebovirus.

We determined the complete nucleotide sequence of the small (S) RNA segment of Uukuniemi virus, the prototype of the Uukuvirus genus within the Bunyaviridae family. The RNA, which is 1,720 nucleotides long, contains two nonoverlapping open reading frames. The 5' end of one strand (complementary to the viral strand) encodes the nonstructural protein NSs (273 residues; molecular weight, 32,019), whereas the 5' end of the viral-sense strand encodes the nucleocapsid protein N (254 residues; molecular weight, 28,508). Thus, the S RNA uses an ambisense coding strategy previously described for the S segment of two phleboviruses and the arenaviruses. The localization of the N protein within the S RNA sequence was confirmed by amino-terminal sequence analysis of all five possible cyanogen bromide fragments obtained from purified N protein. Northern (RNA) blot analyses with strand-specific probes showed that the N and NSs proteins are translated from subgenomic mRNAs about 800 and 850 nucleotides long, respectively. These mRNAs are apparently transcribed from full-length S RNAs of opposite polarities. The two mRNA species were also detected in virus-infected cells. Interestingly, highly purified virions contained full-length S RNA copies of both polarities at a ratio of about 10:1. In contrast, virions contained exclusively negative-strand copies of the M RNA segment. The possible significance of these results for viral infection is discussed. The amino acid sequence of the N protein showed 35 and 32% homology (identity) with the N protein of Punta Toro and sandfly fever Sicilian viruses, two members of the Phlebovirus genus. The NSs proteins were much less related (about 15% identity). In addition, the extreme 5' and 3' ends of the S RNA, which are complementary to each other, also showed a high degree of conservation with the two phleboviruses. These results indicate that the uukuviruses and phleboviruses are evolutionarily related and suggest that the two genera could be merged into a single genus within the Bunyaviridae family.