豌豆根瘤中细菌的扫描电镜观察

用扫描电镜观察了豌豆根瘤的侵染细胞.结果表明,在这些细胞中有大量的细菌,它们主要是杆状细菌,其次是球形、Y形和T形细菌,其它形状的细菌很少.除了细菌形状不同外,还有一些细菌比较特殊,如有的细菌较长,菌体出现部分收缩并形成一个或一个以上的收缩环,其形状类似一条莲根;有的细菌很大,它的体积是普通细菌的2倍或2倍以上;有的细菌粗细不均匀,端部膨大,呈棒槌状.侵染细胞中有许多小泡,它们大小不同,呈球形.它们存于细菌之间,其中一些小泡还位于细菌的表面上,而且附近细菌的表面有时还有各种隆起.     

呼吸机相关性肺炎的常见病原菌耐药性分析

目的:探讨呼吸机相关性肺炎(VAP)的常见病原菌并分析其耐药性,为临床治疗提供依据。方法:选取我院收治的135例VAP患者的临床资料,分析其病原菌分布以及抗菌药物的耐药性。结果:135例患者中共分离出183株病原菌,其中革兰氏阴性菌135株(占73.77%),革兰氏阳性细菌33株(占18.03%),真菌15株(占8.20%)。革兰氏阴性菌主要为鲍曼不动杆菌,占35.52%,革兰氏阳性细菌主要为金黄色葡萄球菌,占9.84%,革兰阳性菌无一对万古霉素耐药,除了米诺环素总耐药率为42.42%外,其余病原菌对于常用的药物总耐药率均大于60.0%,革兰阴性菌普遍存在多药耐药现象。结论:引起VAP患者感染的主要致病菌为革兰阴性菌群,且存在严重的多重耐药现象,在临床上应加强对VAP疾病的预防和控制,合理应用抗菌药物。     

Comparative studies on metabolic activity of planktonic,benthic and epiphytic bacteria

Summary Differences have been noted in metabolic activity of bacteria isolated from water, mud and from Canadian pondweed (Elodea canadensis).The epiphytic bacteria showed the greatest metabolic activity in every instance, benthic bacteria were least active and the water isolates were intermediate.Non-chromogenic bacteria were metabolically more active than the chromogens.Casamino acids proved to be the most readily oxidized substrate among the compounds studied. Glucose, succinate, fumarate and gluconate were readily used by most epiphytic and planktonic bacteria. Acetate was intermediate and fructose was the least suitable substrate for these organisms. Casamino acids proved to be the best substrate for all three groups, although the benthic bacteria were less active with this substrate than the former two groups of bacteria. Gluconate, succinate, pyruvate and acetate were intermediate, and glucose and fructose were least suitable for most of the benthic bacteria.     

Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria elicit different patterns of pro-inflammatory cytokines in human monocytes

Pro-inflammatory cytokines secreted by tissue macrophages recruit polymorphonuclear leukocytes and evoke fever, cachexia and production of acute phase proteins. This study investigates whether Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria equally and efficiently trigger production of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1 beta, IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-alpha in human monocytes. A range of aerobic and anaerobic Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria were killed by UV-light and added in different concentrations to human monocytes. Cytokines were measured in 24 h supernatants by ELISA. Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria were equally efficient inducers of IL-1 beta, but Gram-positive bacteria generated twice as much TNF-alpha as did Gram-negative bacteria (p<0.001 for 25 and 250 bacteria/cell). In contrast, Gram-negative bacteria induced at least twice as much IL-6 and IL-8 as did Gram-positive bacteria (p<0.001 for 2.5, 25 and 250 bacteria/cell). While the cytokine responses to LPS were similar to those induced by the corresponding amount of Gram-negative bacteria, the strong IL-1 beta and TNF-alpha responses to Gram-positive bacteria could not be induced by soluble peptidoglycan or lipotheicoic acid. The particular nature of the bacteria, thus seem to modify the response to Gram-positive bacterial components. The different cytokine profiles evoked by Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria might optimize clearance of bacteria that differ in cell wall structure.     

韩国贝加尔湖南部群集细菌的群落分析

Bacteria in lake ecosystems can be classified asfree-living and attached.Aggregated bacteria are oftenlarger,present in higher local concentrations and aremore active on a per-cell basis than free-living bacteriain surrounding water[1].Higher specific exoenzyme ac-tivities have also been found with macroaggregates[2].Thus they may have an important role in carbon cyclingin aquatic ecosystems.Recently,new molecular techniques such as fluo-rescent in situ hybridization(FISH)with group-specific…     

广东和广西地区柑橘木虱内生细菌的分离鉴定及多样性分析

[目的] 基于广东和广西地区柑橘木虱内生细菌的分离培养及分子鉴定,明确柑橘木虱可培养内生细菌的多样性,为研究内生细菌与柑橘木虱互作、筛选潜在的共生控制候选细菌提供基础。[方法] 采用虫体捣碎和涂布平板法分离柑橘木虱内生细菌,在线BLAST分析菌株的16S rDNA序列,鉴定内生细菌的种属,并构建优势菌群的系统发育进化树和韦恩图。[结果] 共获得114株柑橘木虱内生细菌,归为细菌界的3个门的15个属,其中芽孢杆菌属59株为优势菌群,占分离细菌总数的51.75%;假单胞菌属14株,占分离细菌总数的12.28%;泛菌属10株,占分离细菌总数的8.77%;其他细菌占分离细菌总数的27.19%。[结论] 芽孢杆菌属细菌广泛分布在两广地区的柑橘木虱体内,值得作为潜在的候选细菌进行共生控制柑橘木虱的研究。     

The effect of sewage sludge composting on the quantitative state of some groups of bacteria and fungi

Analysis of the quantitative state of disease causing bacteria and of other microbic groups were done on the sewage sludge from a sewage treatment plant. The results of the analysis include the ammonifying bacteria, nitrifying and denitrifying bacteria. The general quantity of bacteria and fungi in a secondary dehydrated sludge, fermented secondary dehydrated sludge, and in composted secondary dehydrated sludge was deterinated. Composts were prepared from dehydrated secondary sludge with the addition of sawdust. Microbiological analysis of sewage sludge showed, that the quantities of the fecal coli bacteria were 6500; 220 and 150 cells per cm3 of the secondary dehydrated sludge, fermented secondary dehydrated sludge and composted dehydrated secondary sludge, respectively. The numbers of Salmonella were respectively 67.80; 6.48 and 6.60 cells per cm3. The general numbers of bacteria were 2.98 x 10(7); 2.79 x 10(7); 2.15 x 10(7) cells per cm3 of sludge. The cell numbers of fungi were: 6.20x 10(2); 19.60 x 10(2); 7.80 x 10(2) per cm3 of sludge. In the three types of sludge, the results show great numbers of the ammonifying, nitrifying and denitrifying bacteria. Of the analysed groups of bacteria, the highest numbers of cells were found for general bacteria; ammonifying and nitrifying bacteria were next in abundance; still fewer were the denitrifying bacteria. Fungi and pathogenic bacteria were the least numerous.     

老年患者血培养病原菌分布及耐药性调查

目的了解老年患者血液感染的病原菌种类以及对抗菌药物的耐药状况。方法对2290份老年住院患者血培养标本中186例培养阳性检出菌及药敏结果进行统计学分析。结果在分离的172株细菌中,革兰阴性菌、革兰阳性菌及真菌分别占54.7%、34.9%和10.5%;革兰阴性菌中以大肠埃希菌占绝对优势(20.9%),假单胞菌其次(10.5%),革兰阳性菌中以凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌(CNS)占绝对优势(20.9%),金黄色葡萄球菌仅为2.9%。药敏试验表明老年菌血症的病原菌对常用抗菌药物的耐药严重,尤其是CNS及假单胞菌属细菌表现为较高的耐药率及多重耐药性。结论老年菌血症病原菌以机会致病菌感染比例较高,致病菌耐药问题严重,及时监测老年致病菌的变迁和耐药发展趋势以指导临床用药至关重要。     

Ap、Km和Cm抗性细菌在土壤中的差异分布及成因

从不同区域土壤中分离细菌：对其进行氨苄青碡素、卡那霉素和氯霉素的抗性测试,以及抗药性质粒分析。结果表明,对照区和生活区土壤细菌抗氨苄青霉素和卡那霉素菌株比例未见显著性差异,未检出抗氯霉素细菌。保护区中抗氨苄青霉素、卡那霉素菌株含质粒比例均为18.2％,生活区中抗氨苄青霉素和卡那霉素菌株含质粒比例分别为36.4％和27．3％。随机抽提质粒转化无抗忡菌,表明部分抗菌素抗性基因是由质粒携带。实验结果认为本地土壤中抗菌素抗性菌分布差异尚未有显著性表现。     

Quantification and Qualification of Bacteria Trapped in Chewed Gum

Chewing of gum contributes to the maintenance of oral health. Many oral diseases, including caries and periodontal disease, are caused by bacteria. However, it is unknown whether chewing of gum can remove bacteria from the oral cavity. Here, we hypothesize that chewing of gum can trap bacteria and remove them from the oral cavity. To test this hypothesis, we developed two methods to quantify numbers of bacteria trapped in chewed gum. In the first method, known numbers of bacteria were finger-chewed into gum and chewed gums were molded to standard dimensions, sonicated and plated to determine numbers of colony-forming-units incorporated, yielding calibration curves of colony-forming-units retrieved versus finger-chewed in. In a second method, calibration curves were created by finger-chewing known numbers of bacteria into gum and subsequently dissolving the gum in a mixture of chloroform and tris-ethylenediaminetetraacetic-acid (TE)-buffer. The TE-buffer was analyzed using quantitative Polymerase-Chain-Reaction (qPCR), yielding calibration curves of total numbers of bacteria versus finger-chewed in. Next, five volunteers were requested to chew gum up to 10 min after which numbers of colony-forming-units and total numbers of bacteria trapped in chewed gum were determined using the above methods. The qPCR method, involving both dead and live bacteria yielded higher numbers of retrieved bacteria than plating, involving only viable bacteria. Numbers of trapped bacteria were maximal during initial chewing after which a slow decrease over time up to 10 min was observed. Around 10⁸ bacteria were detected per gum piece depending on the method and gum considered. The number of species trapped in chewed gum increased with chewing time. Trapped bacteria were clearly visualized in chewed gum using scanning-electron-microscopy. Summarizing, using novel methods to quantify and qualify oral bacteria trapped in chewed gum, the hypothesis is confirmed that chewing of gum can trap and remove bacteria from the oral cavity.     

胸腹水培养中的病原菌分布及耐药性分析

目的了解胸腹水培养中病原菌的分布和耐药情况,为临床合理用药提供依据。方法通过回顾性分析中山市第二人民医院住院部自2011年1月至2013年11月送检的胸腹水标本细菌培养及药敏资料。结果在494份胸腹水标本中共检出47株病原菌,总阳性率为9.5%;其中326例胸水分离出病原菌28例,阳性率为8.59%,胸水培养中革兰阳性菌占67.86%,革兰阴性菌占32.12%,菌种较为分散;168例腹水分离出病原菌19例,阳性率为11.31%,腹水培养中革兰阴性菌占73.68%,革兰阳性菌占26.32%。检出革兰阴性病原菌对氨苄西林和四环素耐药率较高,对阿米卡星、美罗培南和亚胺培南敏感。检出革兰阳性病原菌对氨苄西林、头孢西丁和红霉素耐药率高,对万古霉素、替考拉宁和吗啉噁酮敏感。结论应重视胸腹水标本的细菌学检查,依据药敏试验合理使用抗菌药物,减少细菌的耐药率。     

Physiological state of epiphytic bacteria on submerged stems of the reed Phragmites australis compared with planktonic bacteria in gravel-pit ponds

Suspensions of epiphytic bacteria from submerged stems of Phragmites australis , collected from a gravel-pit pond, were prepared by treatment in a stomacher and by brushing. The two procedures were equally successful in dislodging bacteria. These epiphytic bacteria were compared with planktonic bacteria in water samples from within the reed bed. Colony-forming units (cfu) as a percentage of acridine-orange direct counts (AODCs), percentage of cells capable of intracellular reduction of 2-( p -iodophenyl)-3-( p -nitrophenyl)-5-phenyl tetrazolium chloride (INT) to INT-formazan, percentage of cells able to form microcolonies, and cell length were all greater for epiphytic bacteria. Epiphytic bacteria of P. australis from six further gravel-pit ponds were also compared with bacterioplankton; cfu as a percentage of AODCs, and percentage of cells capable of INT reduction were again greater for epiphytic bacteria. Because the epiphytic bacteria in these non-organically-enriched, gravel-pit ponds were physiologically different from the planktonic bacteria it is suggested that there was not continual casual exchange, by largely identical bacterial cells, between the epiphytic and planktonic mode. Instead, epiphytic and planktonic populations were independent of each other and/or if there was exchange then bacteria were more successful while in the attached mode, perhaps because of greater organic-nutrient availability at the stem surface.     

家蝇幼虫抗菌肽MDL-2对细菌细胞渗透性及代谢功能影响

研究了家蝇幼虫抗菌肽MDL-2与细菌相互作用时,抗菌肤MDL-2对细菌细胞壁的溶解作用、细胞膜渗透性和代谢的影响.抗菌肽MDL-2在抗菌过程中首先与细菌的细胞壁相互作用,使其破裂,抗菌肽对革兰氏阴性细菌大肠杆菌细胞壁的作用有浓度依赖性,而对革兰氏阳性细菌金黄色葡萄球菌MDL-2在较低的浓度时即可发生细胞壁破坏作用;抗菌...     

Metabolism of daidzein by intestinal bacteria from rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta)

PURPOSE: To identify the metabolites produced from an isoflavonoid, daidzein, by colonic bacteria of rhesus monkeys. METHODS: The metabolism of daidzein by the fecal bacteria of nine monkeys was investigated. Daidzein was incubated anaerobically with fecal bacteria, and the metabolites were analyzed by use of liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. RESULTS: The fecal bacteria of all of the monkeys metabolized daidzein to various extents. Dihydrodaidzein was found in cultures of fecal bacteria from two monkeys; dihydrodaidzein and equol were found in cultures from four monkeys; dihydrodaidzein, equol, and an unknown metabolite (MW = 244) were found in cultures from one monkey; and dihydrodaidzein and the unknown metabolite were found in cultures from two monkeys. CONCLUSIONS: Similar to that in humans, variation was evident in the metabolism of isoflavonoids by fecal bacteria from rhesus monkeys. Some metabolites produced by fecal bacteria from monkeys were the same as those produced by fecal bacteria from humans.     

家蚕肠道产蛋白酶细菌的分离筛选与分子鉴定

目的肠道细菌对家蚕具有重要的生理作用,探明家蚕肠道产蛋白酶细菌菌群对家蚕肠道细菌的高效开发与利用具有十分重要的意义。方法从菁松×皓月品种4龄家蚕肠液中分离与纯化肠道细菌,获得一株产高活力蛋白酶细菌,对该菌菌落进行形态学鉴定及菌体的显微镜检并结合16S rDNA方法进行了鉴定。结果该菌为革兰阴性杆菌,属于嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌(Stenotrophom onas maltophilia)。结论该产蛋白酶细菌产酶能力较高,可进一步开发研究并用作微生态制剂。     

Phylogenetic characterization of Centipeda periodontii, Selenomonas sputigena and Selenomonas species by 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis.

The nearly complete 16S rRNA gene sequences for oral Gram-negative anaerobic motile bacteria, Centipeda periodontii, Selenomonas sputigena and Selenomonas species (formerly S. sputigena type strain), were determined in order to unveil their relationship to other oral motile bacteria. To determine the phylogenetic characterization of these bacteria, their 16S rRNA gene sequences were obtained and compared with those from the ribosomal sequence databases previously reported. The 16S rRNA gene sequences of these bacteria were similar to those of Selenomonas ruminantium and Schwartzia succinivorans isolated from rumens, and to Pectinatus cerevisiiphilus isolated from spoiled beer. Among oral bacteria, the nucleotide sequence analysis of these bacteria revealed high nucleotide similarity to Veillonella species, whereas low similarity to oral motile bacteria such as Campylobacter species. Phylogenetic analysis clearly confirmed that C. periodontii and two Selenomonas species were classified as relatives of a group besides Selenomonas, Schwartzia, and Pectinatus species, and not as close relatives to oral motile bacteria, such as Campylobacter species. These results suggest that such oral Gram-negative anaerobic motile bacteria are close relatives of oral bacteria.     

Anaerobic bacteria detected in inflammatory conditions of the respiratory tract

In this study a participation of anaerobic bacteria in respiratory tract diseases is presented. Bronchial washings collected by ++fibrobronchoscope constituted material for the study. Immediately after collection the material was plated onto two media for aerobic bacteria (hemomedium) and anaerobic bacteria (anaeromedium). Then, the samples were centrifuged and a sediment was plated on solid media suitable for aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. Bacterial anaerobic isolates were identified by using API 20E and their sensitivity to antibiotics was tested. From the material described above the most frequently isolated anaerobic bacteria were such as: Streptococcus intermedius, Bacteroides melaninogenicus, Veilonella sp. Among aerobic bacteria the most frequently isolated were Gram-negative rods, Streptococcus faecalis, Branhamella catarrhalis. It is worth to underline that in about 25% of cases anaerobic bacteria were the only isolates.     

Oligotrophic bacteria from rendzina forest soil

Oligotrophic bacteria were shown to exist abundantly in all layers of a rendzina forest soil throughout the year. Two-hundred-three oligotrophic bacteria were isolated from forest soil (Aoba, Sendai) at different layers (L, F, H and A layers) throughout the year, and their morphological and physiological characteristics were examined. A high proportion (95%) of the isolated oligotrophs were Gram-negative, non-spore forming bacteria. Based on the cell shape, the isolates were divided into four groups: regular rods, curved/spiral bacteria, irregular rods, and buddin and/or prosthecate bacteria. Each group of bacteria is discussed in relation to the physiological characteristics. Notably oligotrophic bacteria of different cell types showed a marked zonal distribution in respect to profile depth.     

北京城市空气细菌群落结构与动态变化特征

在北京市选择3个典型的功能区,通过定点系统取样,运用BIOLOG鉴定技术,着重研究了北京城市空气细菌的群落结构与动态变化特征。结果表明:北京市空气中革兰氏阳性菌明显多于革兰氏阴性菌,约占80%~85%,其中阳性球菌占总数的50%~55%。不同功能区共发现47属空气细菌,其中革兰氏阳性菌31属,革兰氏阴性菌16属。优势菌属依次为微球菌属(Micrococcus)、葡萄球菌属(Staphylococcus)、芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)、棒杆菌属(Corynebacterium)和假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas),它们总和约占50%。在优势菌属中,微球菌属约占总数的20%~30%,是北京市空气中比例最大的菌属,假单胞菌属约占2.5%~5.0%。文教区和交通干线细菌浓度明显高于公园绿地(P<0.01);并且文教区和交通干线空气细菌浓度四季变化特征显著,夏季和秋季较高,春季和冬季较低,公园绿地空气细菌浓度四季没有显著差异;3个功能区13:00时的细菌浓度明显低于9:00时和17:00。     

泌尿系细菌L型感染致病性临床研究

目的探讨泌尿系反复感染致病菌的发病特点及细菌L型感染的致病性,为临床诊治提供科学依据。方法将127例清洁中段尿培养确诊的反复发作肾盂肾炎患者,根据致病菌分为细菌型组、细菌伴L型组和细菌L型组,健康体检者为对照组,分析4组患者尿N-乙酰-β-D-氨基葡萄糖苷酶(NAG)、尿视黄醇结合蛋白(RBP)水平变化。结果泌尿系感染各组尿NAG和尿RBP较正常对照组均有不同程度升高,差异有非常显著性(P0.01),单纯细菌L型感染患者较细菌型及细菌伴L型患者稍低,但细菌型、细菌伴L型及细菌L型3组之间差异无显著性(P0.05)。结论细菌L型在泌尿道感染反复发作中占重要地位,泌尿系细菌L型感染具有致病性。