南五味子属（五味子科）植物叶表皮形态特征

在光学显微镜和扫描电镜下,观察了南五味子属（Kadsura Kaempf. ex. Juss.）全属11种,八角属（Illicium Linn.）2种,共108个样品的叶表皮特征。在南五味子属中,叶表皮细胞的形状、叶表皮表面的纹饰、气孔器的形状、气孔极区的形状、表皮毛的有无等性状能用于研究南五味子属种间关系,以及与五味子属（Schisandra Michaux）和八角属之间的关系。在八角目（Illiciales）中发现的一个新分类学性状（叶表皮表面具角质网纹）,支持将南五味子属分为离蕊南五味子亚属（Subg. Cosbaea）和南五味子亚属（Subg. Kadsura）。根据叶表皮形态特征,支持将南五味子亚属分为南五味子组（Sect. Kadsura）和肉蕊组（Sect. Sarcocarpon）,支持R. M. K. Saunders和林祁对某些种的归并处理。根据与五味子属和八角属叶表皮形态特征的比较,认为这3个属的叶表皮形态特征相似,但南五味子属叶表皮形态比五味子属和八角属的叶表皮形态复杂,不支持将五味子科（Schisandraceae）从八角目（Illiciales）中分出而成立五味子目（Schisandrales）的观点。     

八角目（Illiciales）植物花被片表皮比较形态

在光学显微镜和扫描电镜下,观察了八角科（Illiciaceae）八角属（Illicium Linn．）2组11种20个材料、五味子科（Schisandraceae）南五味子属（Kadsura Ksempf．ex Juss．）2亚属2组8种15个材料和五味子属（Schisandra Michx．）2亚属4组6种17个材料的花被片表皮形态特征。首次报道了八角目2个科（八角科和五味子科）3个属（八角属、南五味子属和五味子属）植物花被片表皮细胞的形状、分泌细胞的形状及分布、气孔器的形状及分布、花被片表面的纹饰。通过与八角目2个科3个属植物的叶表皮形态比较,发现花被片表皮气孔器外拱盖均为单层,与叶表皮气孔器外拱盖层数（常绿种类为双层和落叶种类为单层）之间没有相关性,还在五味子科中发现2个新的性状（气孔对和环列型气孔）。通过对两性花、雌花和雄花花被片表皮观察,发现花被片表皮形态与花的性别之间没有相关性。通过对八角属、南五味子属和五味子属花被片表皮比较,发现五味子属与南五味子属相比,其花被片表皮表现出更多的衍生性状;南五味子属与八角属相比,前者花被片表皮具有更多的衍生性状;而南五味子属花被片表皮形态与五味子属的相似性程度较大,支持五味子科包含南五味子属和五味子属、八角科包含八角属的观点。     

八角目(Illiciales)植物花被片表皮比较形态

在光学显微镜和扫描电镜下,观察了八角科(Illiciaceae)八角属(Illicium Linn.)2组11种20个材料、五味子科(Schisandraceae)南五味子属(Kadsura Ksempf. ex Juss.)2亚属2组8种15个材料和五味子属(Schisandra Michx.)2亚属4组6种17个材料的花被片表皮形态特征。首次报道了八角目2个科（八角科和五味子科）3个属（八角属、南五味子属和五味子属）植物花被片表皮细胞的形状、分泌细胞的形状及分布、气孔器的形状及分布、花被片表面的纹饰。通过与八角目2个科3个属植物的叶表皮形态比较,发现花被片表皮气孔器外拱盖均为单层,与叶表皮气孔器外拱盖层数（常绿种类为双层和落叶种类为单层）之间没有相关性,还在五味子科中发现2个新的性状（气孔对和环列型气孔）。通过对两性花、雌花和雄花花被片表皮观察,发现花被片表皮形态与花的性别之间没有相关性。通过对八角属、南五味子属和五味子属花被片表皮比较,发现五味子属与南五味子属相比,其花被片表皮表现出更多的衍生性状;南五味子属与八角属相比,前者花被片表皮具有更多的衍生性状;而南五味子属花被片表皮形态与五味子属的相似性程度较大,支持五味子科包含南五味子属和五味子属、八角科包含八角属的观点。     

国产五味子科五种植物叶片脉序研究

首次报道了国产五味子科５种植物的叶脉特征,对科、属、种的特征作了描述,编排有分种检索表．通过与八角科叶脉的比较,支持建立五味子科与八角科的观点,认为五味子属的系统位置在南五味子属之后,并讨论了八角目的演化趋势     

五味子科几个分类学问题探讨

基于近年来的研究成果,对五味子科的分类地位和系统关系、五味子属和南五味子属之间的关系及其分类系统等问题进行了讨论。五味子科和八角科不仅亲缘关系较近,而且是现存被子植物中最早分化出来的类群,把它们同置于八角目是合理的。五味子科的两个属——五味子属和南五味子属,可能源于同一祖先并沿两条不同演化路线平行演化。目前,关于南五味子属的分类系统的意见比较一致,但对五味子属分类系统的分歧却很大。     

中国连香树科的系统研究——Ⅱ.次生木质部的显微和超微结构

本文报道连香树木材解剖和扫描电镜研究结果,连香树木材特征较为原始,具导管和管胞,导管端壁斜、梯状穿孔板、具有超出穿孔板的三生螺旋加厚,管胞为原始的梯纹管胞,木纤维壁上具裂隙状纹孔,木薄壁组织离管型,星散状分布,木射线异型。     

国产五味子科植物导管分子的比较解剖

对五味子科 2属 1 9种植物导管分子的结构进行了比较观察。结果表明 :2属均以具缘纹孔导管为主 ,少有梯纹和螺纹导管 ,南五味子属多数种还有梯孔纹导管 ;2属导管长度和宽度差异很小 ,长 /宽比值有差异 ;根据穿孔板的结构可分为 2种形式 :( 1 )单穿孔板 ,这类穿孔板较普遍存在 ;( 2 )梯形穿孔板 ,发现 2属中的红花五味子 (Schisandrarubriflora)、五味子 (S .chinensis)、翼梗五味子 (S .henryi)、铁箍散 (S .propinquavar.sinensis)和黑老虎 (Kadsuracoccinea) 5种植物的导管分子具有此类穿孔板。其中五味子属中的五味子导管分子只具有梯形穿孔板 ,无单穿孔板 ,但横条较少 ,多为 2～ 3条。     

南五味子属花的形态及其系统学意义

借助扫描电镜观察了南五味子属(Kadsura)中黑老虎(K.coccinea)、南五味子(K.japonica)和狭叶南五味子(K.angustifolia)雄花和雌花的形态发生过程, 三种植物花发育早期相似而发育后期出现分异。根据花形态发生早期的相似性, 支持南五味子属为单系起源;根据花形态发生后期的分异状态, 支持将南五味子属分为离蕊南五味子亚属(Subgenus Cosbaea)和南五味子亚属(Subgenus Kadsura)。借助扫描电镜观察了短梗南五味子(K.borneensis)和披针叶南五味子(K.lanceolata)花的形态, 将南五味子和狭叶南五味子的花与短梗南五味子和披针叶南五味子的花比较, 赞成在南五味子亚属下设南五味子组(Section Kadsura)和南洋南五味子组(Section Sarcocarpon)。根据在狭叶南五味子中观察到的两性花痕迹和在五味子属(Schisandra)东亚五味子(S.elongata)花中观察到的两性花, 本文认为现存五味子科(Schisandraceae )植物的单性花可能由具两性花结构的祖先演化而来。根据五味子科植物柱头与八角科(Illiciaceae)植物柱头的相似性, 不支持将五味子科从八角目(Illiciales)中分出而成立五味子目(Schisandrales)的观点。     

领春木茎次生木质部中导管穿孔板的变异

领春木Euptelea pleiosperma Hook. f. &; Thoms.隶属领春木科Eupteleaceae。该科为东亚特有的单型科,其系统位置一直颇有争议。本文对中国产领春木茎次生木质部中导管穿孔板的变异进行了观察,以期为它的系统位置提供进一步的解剖学证据。结果表明,领春木茎次生木质部中包括无明显穿孔板的管胞状导管和典型的导管两种类型。在无明显穿孔板的导管中,穿孔中的纹孔膜全部或部分消失,但穿孔无规则排列或聚集,不形成具典型的形态特征的穿孔板;在典型的导管中,穿孔板形态变异较大,包括几个类型:网状穿孔板(含麻黄式穿孔板)、网状和梯状混合型穿孔板、梯状穿孔板、梯状穿孔板向单穿孔板的过渡。在上述导管穿孔板类型中,只有梯状穿孔板的穿孔中可以观察到纹孔膜的残余。在领春木次生木质部中也观察到了端壁多穿孔板及侧壁穿孔板。根据观察结果,我们认为领春木次生木质部导管穿孔板的许多特征说明该科可能处于毛茛目中比较原始的系统位置。     

梣属11种植物次生木质部附物纹孔的电镜观测

应用扫描电镜对梣属11种植物次生木质部导管附物纹孔的分布和形态进行了详细的观察,应用Carnoy2.0软件和扫描电子显微镜采集的照片,测定了附物纹孔丰富度指标和纹孔数量特征指标。电镜观察表明,梣属11种研究植物次生木质部导管分子侧壁附物纹孔的分布和形态变化较大,附物纹孔丰富度指标的统计描述进一步证实附物纹孔的分布变化大;3个附物纹孔丰富度指标分别与管间具缘纹孔数量特征指标的逐步回归分析表明,导管侧壁附物纹孔丰富度2个指标,即导管外纹孔口附物频率与导管纹孔腔附物频率随纹孔口面积百分比的增大而增大,推测梣属植物附物纹孔丰富度与纹孔几何构造及数量特征有关。研究认为,附物纹孔在梣属植物稳定存在,是可界定梣属植物的木材解剖性状。     

Comparative wood anatomy of epacrids (Styphelioideae,Ericaceae s.L.)

The wood anatomy of 16 of the 37 genera within the epacrids (Styphelioideae, Ericaceae s.l.) is investigated by light and scanning electron microscopy. Several features in the secondary xylem occur consistently at the tribal level: arrangement of vessel-ray pits, distribution of axial parenchyma, ray width, and the presence and location of crystals. The primitive nature of Prionoteae and Archerieae is supported by the presence of scalariform perforation plates with many bars and scalariform to opposite vessel pitting. The wood structure of Oligarrheneae is similar to that of Styphelieae, but the very narrow vessel elements, exclusively uniseriate rays and the lack of prismatic crystals in Oligarrheneae distinguish these two tribes. The secondary xylem of Monotoca tamariscina indicates that it does not fit in Styphelieae; a position within Oligarrheneae is possible. Like most Cosmelieae, all Richeeae are characterized by exclusively scalariform perforation plates with many bars, a very high vessel density and paratracheal parenchyma, although they clearly differ in ray width (exclusively uniseriate rays in Cosmelieae vs. uniseriate and wide multiseriate rays in Richeeae). Several wood anatomical features confirm the inclusion of epacrids in Ericaceae s.l. Furthermore, there are significant ecological implications. The small vessel diameter and high vessel frequency in many epacrids are indicative of a high conductive safety to avoid embolism caused by freeze-thaw cycles, while the replacement of scalariform by simple vessel perforation plates and an increase in vessel diameter would suggest an increased conductive efficiency, which is especially found in mesic temperate or tropical Styphelieae.     

Wood anatomy of theSarraceniaceae; ecological and evolutionary implications

The wood of theSarraceniaceae has a considerable number of primitive features including scalariform perforation plates, long and oblique end walls, scalariform lateral wall pitting, solitary vessels, tracheids with scalariform pitting, and diffuse axial parenchyma. Vessel elements in the genusHeliamphora have the greatest number of primitive features, while vessel elements inDarlingtonia andSarracenia appear to have modifications relating to temperate climates. The wood anatomy suggests thatHeliamphora is growing in a habitat more similar to the original habitat for the family thanDarlingtonia andSarracenia. The wood of theSarraceniaceae is similar to the wood of theTheales.     

Relationships within balsaminoid Ericales: a wood anatomical approach

Wood samples of 49 specimens representing 31 species and 11 genera of woody balsaminoids, i.e., Balsaminaceae, Marcgraviaceae, Pellicieraceae, and Tetrameristaceae, were investigated using light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The wood structure of Marcgraviaceae, Pellicieraceae, and Tetrameristaceae is characterized by radial vessel multiples with simple perforation plates, alternate vessel pitting, apotracheal and paratracheal parenchyma, septate libriform fibers, and the presence of raphides in ray cells. Tetrameristaceae and Pellicieraceae are found to be closely related based on the occurrence of unilaterally compound vessel-ray pitting and multiseriate rays with long uniseriate ends. The narrow rays in Pelliciera are characteristic of this genus, but a broader concept of Tetrameristaceae including Pelliciera is favored. Within Marcgraviaceae, wide rays (more than five-seriate) are typical of the genus Marcgravia. Furthermore, there is evidence that the impact of altitude and habit plays an important role in the wood structure of this family. The wood structure of Balsaminaceae cannot be compared systematically with other balsaminoids because of their secondary woodiness. Balsaminaceae wood strongly differs due to the presence of exclusively upright ray cells in Impatiens niamniamensis, the absence of rays in Impatiens arguta, and the occurrence of several additional paedomorphic features in both species.     

A search for phylogenetically informative wood characters within Lecythidaceae s.l

The wood structure of 71 species representing 24 genera of the pantropical Lecythidaceae s.l., including the edible Brazil nuts (Bertholletia excelsa) and the spectacular cannon-ball tree (Couroupita guianensis), was investigated using light and scanning electron microscopy. This study focused on finding phylogenetically informative characters to help elucidate any obscure evolutionary patterns within the family. The earliest diverging subfamily Napoleonaeoideae has mixed simple/scalariform vessel perforations, scalariform vessel-ray pitting, and high multiseriate rays, all features that are also present in Scytopetaloideae. The wood structure of Napoleonaea is distinct, but its supposed close relative Crateranthus strongly resembles Scytopetaloideae. The isolated position of Foetidia (Foetidioideae) can be supported by a unique type of vessel-ray pitting that is similar in shape and size to intervessel pitting (distinctly bordered, <5 μm). The more derived Planchonioideae and Lecythidoideae share exclusively simple perforations and two types of vessel-ray pitting, but they can easily be distinguished from each other by the size of intervessel pitting, shape of body ray cells in multiseriate rays, and the type of crystalliferous axial parenchyma cells. The anatomical diversity observed is clearly correlated with differences in plant size (shrubs vs. tall trees): the percentage of scalariform perforations, as well as vessel density, and the length of vessel elements, fibers, and multiseriate rays are negatively correlated with increasing plant size, while the reverse is true for vessel diameter.     

Phylogeny of the Schisandraceae based on cpDNA mat-K and rpL16 intron data

The chloroplast mat-K region and rpL16 intron region were sequenced for 14 species of Schisandraceae, representing both genera Kadsura Kaempf. ex Juss. and Schisandra Michx, to discuss the phylogeny of this family. Analyses were performed both in separate and combined sequence data sets (including the rbc-L sequence), with Illicium angustispealum A. C. Smith as the out-group. The results showed that the Schisandraceae are monophyletic. In all the analyses, Schisandra propinqua var. chinensis Oliva and Schisandra plena A. C. Smith were nested within Kadsura, which implies that the genera Kadsura and Schisandra are closely related. They might have originated from a common ancestor, but then evolved via different routes. The result inferred from the combined data showed a greater resolution within Schisandra than those from the two separate data sets. High bootstrap values supported the monophyly of most subgenera according to Law's system (1996). A combination of morphological, anatomical, and chemical analyses indicates that S. chinensis and S. rubriflora may be the primitive taxa in Schisandra.     

Comparative Anatomical Studies on the Vessel Elements of Chinese Magnolia and Michelia

This paper deals mainly with comparative studies on elements of secondary xylem in 39 species of Chinese Magnolia and Michelia. The former plants present longer and slender vessels. Most of them have simple perforation and only a few scalariform perforation plates. In contrast, most of the Michelia species possess scalariform perforation plates and only one with simple perforation. The scalariform perforation plates of Magnolia species, if present, exhibit more bars than that of Michelia With few exceptions, there is no spiral thickening on the vessel wall in Magnolia, whereas in Michelia it is lust the opposite. In addition, some other differences in vessel elements between these two genera are also discussed.     

中国木兰属和含笑属导管分子的比较解剖

本文对我国木兰科的39种木兰属和含笑属植物次生木质部的导管分子进行了初步分析。两属导管分子的长度和宽度略有差异。木兰属中多数种的导管分于有单穿孔板,但有的可见到梯状穿孔板。含笑属植物的导管分子大多具有梯状穿孔板,仅有一种可看到单穿孔板。在具有梯状穿孔板的木兰属植物中,穿孔板的横隔数目较含笑属的多。木兰属的导管壁上一般无螺纹加厚;含笑属则相反。此外,在两属之间,导管尚存在一些其它差异。     

Comparative Anatomical Studies on the Vessel Elements of Eight Genera in Magnoliaceae

This paper deals mainly with comparative studies on vessel elements of secondary xylem in Chinese Manglietia, Manglietiastrum, Alcimandra, Parakmeria, Paramichelia, Tsoongiodendron, Aromadendron and Liriodendron. There are some differences between the genera in vessel element length and width. Manglietia species all have scalariform perforation plates, only a few also have simple perforations. The other genera have scalariform perforation plates. only one (Tsoongiodendron odorum Chun) has simple perforations in addition. There are no spiral thickenings in Manglietia except for one species [Manglietia chingii Dandy (M. temuipes Dandy)] . Paramichelia and Liriodendron have no spiral thichenings, but they are present in the other genera. In addition, some other differences in vessel elements between these 8 genera are also discussed.