Bioenergetics of an ecotechnical system of laying hen farms

Solar energy, fodder energy, microclimate optimization energy as well as technological process energy were defined as energy flows entering an egg production ecotechnical system. Nutrition biomass, chemical bond energy (eggs) and dung energy were estimated. Two criteria for energy consumption assessment were introduced: energy (kJ) consumed per unit of product and energy (kJ) consumed per unit of energy. Five fowl breeds were investigated. Restructuring in poultry farming was viewed with respect to the introduction of high performance breeds with low values of energy consumption. Elimination of systematic stress (abrupt transition of light intensity) reduced energy consumption in egg production. Methane fermentation parameters were optimized experimentally under laboratory conditions using a mathematical model. Dung biogas introduced an average of 25.75–29.52 MJ per bird into the observed system.     

大型医院科技节能整体解决策略研究与实践

医院节能工作是一项系统工作，采用层次分析法建立医院节能策略评估模型，对医院节能领域进行分析，指导节能工作决策，制订医院节能建设规划，将节能技术的突破和合理使用作为节能的核心，统筹安排，分步实施，同时利用专业化能源诊断、审计及能源信息化的手段做好节能管理，提高了我院的能源使用效率，降低运行成本。     

Abnormalities of Energy Expenditure and the Development of Obesity

The role of energy expenditure in the development of obesity remains unclear. This issue is examined using data from prospective studies of energy expenditure and obesity, the effects of overfeeding and diet composition on energy expenditure, and studies of the relationship between energy expenditure for physical activity and body composition. The combined results from these investigations strongly support the view that low energy expenditure can facilitate rapid weight gain in susceptible individuals. It is speculated that, in susceptible individuals, low energy expenditure for resting energy expenditure as well as physical activity are part of a range of mechanisms available for providing surplus energy for rapid weight gain. In addition, both cross-sectional and intervention studies indicate that there is an equilibration between the level of energy expenditure for physical activity and body fat content. While genetic and other factors clearly play an important role in this relationship, it appears that a modest reduction in body fat content can be achieved by increasing energy expenditure for physical activity in physical exercise programs.     

食物质量差异对树麻雀能量预算和消化道形态特征的影响

为比较小型鸟类对不同食物的能量预算策略,本文对3组树麻雀(Passer monanus)进行2周的食物质量差异性驯化(Acclimation)。结果表明,相同和较低的生存压力下,树麻雀体重、体温、体脂含量和水分含量表现出显著的组间差异。高能食物组摄入能和可消化能增加极显著,消化率和同化率增加不显著,体内能量储备增加;低能食物组摄入能、可消化能、消化率和同化率降低极显著,体内能量储备消耗极显著。小肠和总消化道长度以及肝脏重量出现极显著的表型可塑性响应。体内能量储备增减的预算,能量摄入和能量转化器官的功能能力与自身能耗之间的预算,以及摄食低能食物时的节能预算都是树麻雀能量预算策略的重要组成部分。总之,树麻雀对不同含能食物采用不同的能量预算策略,器官水平的表型可塑性(phenotypic plasticity)响应是个体能值出现显著变化的基础,也是个体能量预算策略成功的关键。对不同食物采用不同的能量预算策略是树麻雀重要的生存对策。     

Climate Impacts on Extreme Energy Consumption of Different Types of Buildings

Exploring changes of building energy consumption and its relationships with climate can provide basis for energy-saving and carbon emission reduction. Heating and cooling energy consumption of different types of buildings during 1981-2010 in Tianjin city, was simulated by using TRNSYS software. Daily or hourly extreme energy consumption was determined by percentile methods, and the climate impact on extreme energy consumption was analyzed. The results showed that days of extreme heating consumption showed apparent decrease during the recent 30 years for residential and large venue buildings, whereas days of extreme cooling consumption increased in large venue building. No significant variations were found for the days of extreme energy consumption for commercial building, although a decreasing trend in extreme heating energy consumption. Daily extreme energy consumption for large venue building had no relationship with climate parameters, whereas extreme energy consumption for commercial and residential buildings was related to various climate parameters. Further multiple regression analysis suggested heating energy consumption for commercial building was affected by maximum temperature, dry bulb temperature, solar radiation and minimum temperature, which together can explain 71.5 % of the variation of the daily extreme heating energy consumption. The daily extreme cooling energy consumption for commercial building was only related to the wet bulb temperature (R²= 0.382). The daily extreme heating energy consumption for residential building was affected by 4 climate parameters, but the dry bulb temperature had the main impact. The impacts of climate on hourly extreme heating energy consumption has a 1-3 hour delay in all three types of buildings, but no delay was found in the impacts of climate on hourly extreme cooling energy consumption for the selected buildings.     

温度对黑鲷(Sparus macrocephalus)能量收支的影响

在以玉筋鱼为饵料生物和最大摄食水平条件下,采用室内流水式实验,研究了黑鲷能量收支及温度对能量分配模式的影响。结果表明,黑鲷的摄食率、生长率、总代谢率和排泄率均随温度上升而呈减速增长趋势。不同温度条件下黑鲷的能量收支式为     

The Energy Structure of the Canadian Economy

We developed a model of a national economy in which the phenomena of supply, demand, economic growth, and international trade are represented in terms of energy flows. In examining the structure of the economy, we distinguish between the energy embodied in capital assets used in the production and distribution of energy and that embodied in capital assets and goods that consume energy. Sources used to quantify the energy flows include: end‐use energy data by economic sector; International Energy Agency–style national energy balances, and national input‐output tables. As an example, the Canadian economy for 2008 produced 16.97 exajoules (EJ) of energy, which after net export of 6.16 EJ and other adjustments left a total primary energy consumption of 10.61 EJ. The energy supply and distribution sectors used close to 32% (3.36 EJ) of total primary consumption. Analysis of primary energy consumption shows that 25.14% was embodied in household consumption, 22.85% was consumed directly by households, 7.88% was embodied in government services, and 34.07% was embodied in exports. Of significance to economic growth, 7.14% was embodied in capital in energy demanding sectors, 1.25% in energy consuming personal assets, and 1.52% in supply sector capital. The energy return on energy investment was relatively constant, averaging 5.14 between 1990 and 2008. Capital investments required to decouple the Canadian economy from its dependence on fossil fuels are discerned.     

Microwave ablation of the atrioventricular junction in open-chest dogs

The use of microwave energy for ablation of the atrioventricular (AV) junction was examined in open-chest dogs. Using a specially designed microwave catheter and a 2450 MHz generator, microwave energy was delivered to the AV junction according to one of two protocols. In protocol 1, increasing amounts of energy were delivered until irreversible AV block occurred. In protocol 2, only two applications of energy were used, one at low energy and the other at an energy found to be high enough to cause irreversible AV block. Each dog received between one and six applications of microwave energy. The amount of energy delivered per application ranged from 25.6 to 311.4 J. No AV block was seen at 59.4 ± 28.3 J. Reversible AV block was seen with an energy of 120.6 ± 58 J. Irreversible AV block was seen at 188.1 ± 75.9 J. Irreversible AV block could be achieved in each animal. There was no difference in the energy required to cause irreversible AV block between the two protocols. The tissue temperature measured near the tip of the microwave catheter was correlated with both the amount of energy delivered and the extent of AV block caused. Histologic examination demonstrated coagulation necrosis of the conduction system. Microwave energy is a feasible alternative energy source for myocardial ablation. Since tissue damage is due exclusively to heating and the resulting rise in temperature can be measured, microwave energy may have advantages over currently existing energy sources in terms of both titrating delivered energy and monitoring the extent of tissue destruction. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

我国热带地区胶-茶-鸡农林复合系统能流分析

以海南省文昌市典型的胶茶鸡农林复合系统模式为研究对象,分析了我国热带地区单作胶园、胶茶间作园及养鸡胶园的能流路径、能量输入、输出结构及能流转化效率。结果表明,单作、间作及养鸡胶园的光能利用率逐渐提高,其能量产投比为1.50、1.88、0.20;有机能投入比为0.138、0.119、0.977,养鸡胶园最高;无机能投入比分别为0.862、0.881、0.023;养鸡胶园中人工辅助能投入比相对减少,其产出能最大.     

Quantitative analysis of the energy requirements for development of obesity

OBJECTIVE: Obesity is typically developed over long time and reflected in an energy imbalance, which is too small to be measured and controlled. Our objective is to formulate a mathematical model for the relation between the change in body mass and the values of the energy intake and the energy expenditure, controlled by the physical activity factor PAF. DATA AND THEORY: The uncontrolled components of energy expenditure increases as result of body mass increase: expenditure of a larger mass and expenditure to convert matter in intake into tissue. Both contributions depend on the fraction of fat in the added tissue. Based on data from the literature, the fraction of fat in added tissue and the energy required to convert energy into tissue are estimated and included in the model. RESULTS: Application of the theory shows that an increase in body mass of 1 kg/year corresponds to an energy imbalance of 71 kJ/d for men. Of this imbalance, 82% are stored as new tissue, while 18% are used for energy conversion. If a man in steady state changes energy intake by 0.1 MJ/d, keeping the physical activity factor constant, then the corresponding increase in steady-state body mass is 1.77 kg/PAF, and it will take 320/PAF days before half the change of body mass has taken place. A typical value for PAF is 1.8. CONCLUSION: Energy-based theoretical relations between the various factors involved in energy balance help identifying and quantifying the components of the energy balance and understanding their relations during development of obesity. The inclusion of increased energy expenditure to convert food energy to tissue changes previous estimates of the energy imbalance by about 20 percent.     

土壤含水量与N2O产生途径研究

土壤含水量变化对N₂O产生和排放影响的研究表明,不同含水量情况下,N₂O排放也不相同。特别是用乙炔抑制技术证明了在播种前后,气候干燥而土壤含水量较低的情况下,N₂O产生主要来自于硝化过程;降雨后,土壤含水量较高时,N₂O主要是通过反硝化过程产生;而在农田中等含水量情况下,土壤微生物的硝化和反硝化作用产生的N₂O大约各占一半。指出旱作农田N₂O产生途径主要取决于土壤水分的控制和调节。     

The surface energy of water: the largest but forgotten source of energy in biological systems

Many functional proteins perform mechanical, structural or chemical work. Such proteins often use the energy from the hydrolysis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). The role of ATP as an energy source and its production by metabolism was established in the middle of the twentieth century and replaced glycolysis as the focus of study. Before this time the surface energy of water, quantified in the middle of the nineteenth century, had been visualized as an important source of biological energy. Experimental and theoretical work has shown that the internal work done by this energy source may greatly exceed the energy derived from metabolism. Although the energy from ATP usually does the work external to the body, even this may be supplemented by the surface energy of water to give greater efficiency. The consideration of the principles by which proteins might employ this larger source of energy to do work is germane at this time.     

农业生态系统能量分析

农业生态系统的能量分析从能流着手进行农业生态系统的功能量化分析,是农业生态系统重要的研究方法之一。本文简要回顾讨论了农业生态系统能量分析研究的历史和进展。着重讨论了能值分析方法对传统能量分析方法的新发展,分析了农业生态系统能量分析目前存在的问题,并就其进一步发展方向进行了探讨能值分析方法用生产某种能量或物质所直接或间接耗用的太阳能值量来衡量该能量或物质的价值,不仅在概念上而且在算法上都是原有能量分析方法的新发展．发展到能值分析阶段的农业生态系统的能量分析方法亦存有自身的不足之处,如能值转换率的计算过于繁复,能值指标体系缺乏统一性及系统可持续发展的能值综合评价指标缺乏等。这些问题的解决与能值最大功率的明晰化、能值分析与能量及耗散分析的结合、与物质分析及景观结构分析的结合等研究等共同构成了农业生态系统能量分析的几大发展方向。     

干旱能源植物的发掘与应用策略

随着人类社会的快速发展和对化石能源的不合理开采,化石能源整体可开采量锐减;另一方面,化石能源的大量使用造成日益凸显的环境污染问题,发展生物质能源对解决能源危机、促进社会可持续发展具有重要意义。囿于人口持续增长和粮食需求不断增加,发展能源植物的重要突破口在于大力开发不与粮食作物争地争水的干旱能源植物。因此,从能源植物概念及其意义入手,论述国内外干旱能源植物应用现状和在实际种植生产过程中存在的问题,综合分析适合作为干旱能源植物的新类型,进而提出干旱能源植物的应用策略。     

Dynamic energy correlation analysis of E. coli aspartokinase III and alteration of allosteric regulation by manipulating energy transduction pathways

Conformational change associated with allosteric regulation in a protein is ultimately driven by energy transformation. However, little is known about the latter process. In this work, we combined steered molecular dynamics simulations and sequence conservation analysis to investigate the conformational changes and energy transformation in the allosteric enzyme aspartokinase III (AK III) from Escherichia coli. Correlation analysis of energy change at residue level indicated significant transformation between electrostatic energy and dihedral angle energy during the allosteric regulation. Key amino acid residues located in the corresponding energy transduction pathways were identified by dynamic energy correlation analysis. To verify their functions, residues with a high energy correlation in the pathways were altered and their effects on allosteric regulation of AKIII were determined. This study sheds new insights into energy transformation during allosteric regulation of AK III and proposes a strategy to identify key residues that are involved in intramolecular energy transduction and thus in driving the allosteric process.     

Energetics of stockfeed production

In a study of energy use in the stockfeed industry of Victoria, Australia, the use of support energy was measured in the production of raw materials, stockfeed manufacture, and transport of materials and stockfeeds to and from the mills. In the production of rations for broiler and layer poultry, pigs and dairy cows, the largest quantities of support energy were used in the production of raw materials (59–78% of the total). Stockfeed manufacture comprised 12–24% of total energy use, and transport, both to and from mills, accounted for 10–17% of the total. Support energy inputs ranged from 3000 MJ/t for a dairy ration to 6000 MJ/t for a broiler chicken ration. The latter contained about 12% of animal byproducts, for which the energy cost of production was over 10 000 MJ/t, whereas raw materials of plant origin involved energy costs of production of less than 4000 MJ/t. Nearly two-thirds of the energy cost of stockfeed manufacture was incurred in the pelleting operation, and the heavy dependence on road, rather than rail, transport resulted in high transport energy costs. The metabolisable energy available to the animal from the compounded rations was two to three times greater than the support energy required to produce them.     

Folding of beta/alpha-unit scrambled forms of S. cerevisiae triosephosphate isomerase: Evidence for autonomy of substructure formation and plasticity of hydrophobic and hydrogen bonding interactions in core of (beta/alpha)8-barrel

We show that residues at the interfaces of protein-protein complexes have higher side-chain energy than other surface residues. Eight different sets of protein complexes were analyzed. For each protein pair, the complex structure was used to identify the interface residues in the unbound monomer structures. Side-chain energy was calculated for each surface residue in the unbound monomer using our previously developed scoring function.1 The mean energy was calculated for the interface residues and the other surface residues. In 15 of the 16 monomers, the mean energy of the interface residues was higher than that of other surface residues. By decomposing the scoring function, we found that the energy term of the buried surface area of non-hydrogen-bonded hydrophilic atoms is the most important factor contributing to the high energy of the interface regions. In spite of lacking hydrophilic residues, the interface regions were found to be rich in buried non-hydrogen-bonded hydrophilic atoms. Although the calculation results could be affected by the inaccuracy of the scoring function, patch analysis of side-chain energy on the surface of an isolated protein may be helpful in identifying the possible protein-protein interface. A patch was defined as 20 residues surrounding the central residue on the protein surface, and patch energy was calculated as the mean value of the side-chain energy of all residues in the patch. In 12 of the studied monomers, the patch with the highest energy overlaps with the observed interface. The results are more remarkable when only three residues with the highest energy in a patch are averaged to derive the patch energy. All three highest-energy residues of the top energy patch belong to interfacial residues in four of the eight small protomers. We also found that the residue with the highest energy score on the surface of a small protomer is very possibly the key interaction residue.     

Spatial club convergence of regional energy efficiency in China

This paper adopts data envelopment analysis method to calculate the regional energy efficiency from the perspective of total-factor energy efficiency. The Markov chain and spatial Markov chain are the common methods to test the club convergence of regional energy efficiency in China. Results indicate that the regional energy efficiency in China has been globally characterized by “club convergence” since 1999, and the energy efficiency transitions in China are closely connected with regional characteristics. A high level of energy efficiency has a positive influence on a region, whereas a low level of energy efficiency has a negative influence. This empirical analysis provides a spatial explanation to the “convergence clubs” of regional energy efficiency in China.     

能源预测预警理论与方法研究进展

能源作为一种稀缺性的战略资源是国民经济增长和社会进步的物质基础,但是随着化石能源耗竭及能源使用造成的环境问题日趋严重,能源安全问题逐渐成为关注的焦点,而能源预测预警也成为能源系统科学领域的新兴学科,其内容包含能源安全理论、基于模型的能源供需预测和基于安全评价指标体系的能源预警等方面内容。通过系统回顾能源安全的理论及其演变的历程,重点综述了自上而下、自下而上和混合建模3种建模思路的能源预测模型,探讨了三类模型的优点和局限性,并根据能源安全预警评价指标浓缩信息的程度,将现有预警评价体系划分单个型指标评价体系和聚合型指标评价体系两大类。通过对以上研究内容的总结分析,明确了当前能源预测预警研究各领域的研究进展,及其在理论和应用方面的优势与不足。在未来研究中,建议从供应链的角度出发,考虑能源系统内部各因素及与外部因素的相互作用,构建基于链式的预警体系,以有效弥补现有研究中的不足。