节丛孢属丝孢菌对松材线虫和拟松材线虫的捕食*

利用节丛孢属捕食线虫真菌的 8个种 ,1 1个菌株 ,对松材线虫 (Bx)和拟松材线虫(Bm)进行了捕食力的测定。结果显示节丛孢属真菌对这两种线虫的捕食能力既存在种间差异 ,也存在同种不同菌株间的差异。指状节丛孢的 3个菌株Ad 1 ,Ad 2 ,Ad 3菌株对两种线虫均表现出较高的捕食率 ,接种 7d后对Bx和Bm的捕食率分别达到了 98.08%,91.16 %,86.3 %和 96.28%,90.45 %,85.38%;同一菌株对松材线虫和拟松材线虫的捕食没有选择性。此外 ,通过对松材线虫和拟松材线虫     

单孢节丛孢--中国新记录种

<正>捕食线虫真菌是指以营养菌丝特化形成的捕食器官捕捉线虫的一类真菌,主要包括节丛孢属Arthrobotrys、隔指孢属Dactylella和单顶孢属Monacrosporium等3个属。我国现已报道节丛孢属     

节丛孢属丝孢菌对松材线虫和拟松材线虫的捕食

利用节丛孢属捕食线虫真菌的8个种,11个菌株,对松材线虫（Bx）和拟松材线虫（Bm）进行了捕食力的测定。结果显示节丛孢属真菌对这两种线虫的捕食能力既存在种间差异,也存在同种不同菌株间的差异。指状节丛孢的3个菌株Ad－1,Ad－2,Ad－3菌株对两种线虫均表现出较高的捕食率,接川7d后对Bx和Bm的捕食率分别达到了98．08％,91．16％,86．3％和96．28％,90．45％,85．38％;同一菌株对松材线虫和拟松材线虫的捕食没有选择性。此外,通过对松材线虫和拟松材线虫繁殖真菌的筛选实验,肯定了利用拟松材线虫代替松材线虫进行生防菌株筛选的可行性。     

捕食线虫真菌在北京地区果园中的季节性分布

通过对北京海淀区2个苹果园和2个葡萄园根际捕食线虫真菌2年的季节性变化调查,共分离到199个捕食线虫真菌菌株,隶属3个属16个种,Arthrobotrysdactyloides分离频率最高,其次是A.oligospora,A.conoides和Stylopagesp.。捕食线虫真菌的数量在晚春夏初最丰富,秋季次之,冬夏最少。通过统计分析,捕食线虫真菌数量的季节性变化与温度线性相关,而与线虫总数S形相关,与土壤湿度和植物寄生线虫数量无显著相关。     

耐低温甲烷杆菌SHB的分离鉴定与生长特性分析

利用亨盖特厌氧操作技术,从承德塞罕坝湿地污泥中分离出1株耐低温的产甲烷菌SHB。该菌株宽约0.31μm,长约2.87μm,细杆,形成长丝。能够利用H2/CO2和甲钠盐生长,不利用甲醇、三甲胺、乙酸和二级醇类。最适生长温度范围为16～40℃,最适pH为6.0～9.0,能在0%～5%盐浓度范围内生长。该菌株对青霉素、链霉素、罗红霉素、利福平、新霉素有抗性,对氯霉素、四环素、卡那霉素、庆大霉素敏感。经生理、生化及16S rDNA分析,确定该菌株与甲烷杆菌属(Methanobacterium sp.)的亲缘关系最近。该菌株的生长温度和pH范围都很宽,在沼气生产方面有潜在的应用前景。     

捕食线虫真菌在北京地区果园中的季节性分布

通过对北京海淀区2个苹果园和2个葡萄园根际捕食线虫真菌2年的季节性变化调查，共分离到199个捕食线虫真菌菌株，隶属3个属16个种，Arthrobotrys dactyloides分离频率最高，其次是A.oligospora,A.conoides和Stylopage sp.。捕食线虫真菌的数量在晚春夏初最丰富，秋季次之，冬夏最少。通过统计分析，捕食线虫真菌数量的季节性变化与温度线性相关，而与线虫总数S形相关，与土壤湿度和植物寄生线虫数量无显著相关。     

中国的捕食线虫真菌——Ⅴ.节丛孢属

本文报道了分离自我国部分省区的捕食根结线虫(Meloidogyne spp.)、蘑菇堆肥线虫(Aphelenchoides composticla)、小杆线虫(Rhabditis sp.)和秀丽隐杆线虫(Caenorhabditis elegans)的节丛孢属菌18个种,其中2个新种,7个我国新记录种。新种是贵州节丛孢Arthrobotrys guizhouensis K.Q.Zhang sp.nov.和秀丽节丛孢A.venusta K.Q.Zhang sp.DOV.。此外,文中还列出了节丛孢属18个种的检索表。     

近江牡蛎共附生耐热真菌C051的鉴定、生理学特性及抗菌活性研究

为进一步开发利用耐热海洋真菌,以1株近江牡蛎共附生耐热真菌C051为出发菌株,对其进行系统鉴定、生理学特性及抗菌活性研究。采用形态学鉴定并结合18S rRNA序列分析,确定菌株C051为烟曲霉(Aspergillus fumigatus)。3种培养基比较,适合基础培养基为PDA;生长温度范围为15～50℃,最适生长温度45℃,具有明显的耐热真菌特性;生长pH范围3～9,最适生长pH 6;生长盐浓度0%～16%,最适生长盐浓度3.5%,具兼性海洋真菌的特点。其发酵产物对铜绿假单胞菌(Pseudomons aeruginosa)、金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus)、交替假单胞菌属SL-1(Pseudoalteromonas sp.)、金黄杆菌属SL-4(Chryseobacterium sp.)均有良好的抑菌效果,最大抑菌圈直径达22.15 mm,为耐热海洋真菌的开发与研究提供参考。     

滇金丝猴肠道寄生线虫的生防捕食线虫真菌筛选

据报道,灵长类动物体内寄生线虫感染情况严重。我国特有珍稀灵长类动物——滇金丝猴Rhinopithecus bieti肠道也受到寄生线虫感染,其健康极受影响。滇金丝猴数量稀少,极需保护。捕食线虫真菌是线虫的天敌,具较高的生防动物寄生线虫的潜力。为提供应用捕食线虫真菌生防滇金丝猴肠道寄生线虫的科学依据,本研究从滇金丝猴粪便分离捕食线虫真菌,量化测定及比较不同捕食器官类型和来自不同生境的捕食线虫真菌的捕食率,从中筛选有较高捕食率的菌株。结果显示,从滇金丝猴粪便及其他不同生境共筛选到3株捕食率较高的捕食线虫真菌菌株:Dactylellina gephyropaga(331-1),Dac.drechsleri(84-1),Drechslerella dactyloides(342-2),其捕食率分别为:81.10%,76.17%,81.33%,其中331-1分离自滇金丝猴粪便,该菌株具有高效生防滇金丝猴肠道寄生线虫的潜力;来自不同生境或同一生境同种不同株的捕食线虫真菌的捕食率差异较大;产黏性菌网的捕食线虫真菌其捕食率普遍低于产收缩环、黏性分枝和黏性球的捕食线虫真菌;捕食线虫真菌的捕食率与捕食器官生成速度呈负相关关系。     

彼得异蝎捕食行为初步观察

在实验室条件下,观察研究了彼得异蝎Heterometrus petersii的捕食行为,统计分析了不同温度条件下蝎的捕食量.结果 显示,彼得异蝎捕食黄粉虫时仅使用螯,并不使用毒针,其捕食流程包括活跃、定位、尝试捕捉、捕捉失败、捕捉成功、来回走动、静止、摄取等环节.在一定温度(20～30～C)范围内,捕食量与环境温度成正比.温度为20℃时,蝎捕食量最小;温度为30℃时,蝎捕食量最大;温度为40℃时,蝎正常昼夜活动被打乱.经单因素方差分析,不同温度条件下彼得异蝎捕食量差异显著(P<0.05).     

根结线虫天敌真菌的筛选研究续报

天敌真菌CN.7的二级培养基成份中,关键是C:N的比例:蔗糖:硝铵以30～40:1,菌丝生长最茂密。 盆栽试验指出:不施用CN.7菌制剂者,指示植物——蕃茄根系上的线虫瘿数为1152～1343个,平均1248个,每百克土壤中,含游离线虫为1050条;而施入CN.7菌制剂者,蕃茄根系上的线虫瘿数仅为15～334个,平均145个,每百克土壤中含游离线虫数为97～195条,平均137条,经过处理后线虫瘿及土壤中的游离线虫,都大幅度下降。 盆栽试验证明:CN.7菌株捕捉线虫的能力,可投入防治线虫的田间试验。     

植物罹病组织中南方、爪哇、花生根结线虫的LAMP快速检测

【目的】建立一种基于环介导等温扩增(loop-mediated isothermal amplification,LAMP)技术,从植物罹病组织中直接检测3种常见的根结线虫,为根结线虫的监测和防治提供技术支持。【方法】分别采用3种根结线虫的种类特异性引物对所选择的根结线虫的DNA片段进行PCR扩增,扩增产物纯化、回收并测序。根据3种根结线虫的测序结果,针对种类特异区段,采用PrimerExplorerV4软件,分别设计3种根结线虫的LAMP引物。设计的引物组人工合成后,以提取的纯化种群线虫DNA为模板,分别进行引物组的特异性测试,筛选出分别针对3种根结线虫的最佳引物组。【结果】研究设计的3种根结线虫的LAMP特异性引物能够直接从植物根结中检测出南方、花生、爪哇3种常见根结线虫,LAMP快速检测体系为:dNTPS浓度为1 mmol·L~(-1),Mg~(2+)的浓度为5 mmol·L~(-1),不添加甜菜碱,反应时间为45 min。【结论】本实验建立的南方、花生、爪哇根结线虫LAMP快速分子检测方法,具有特异性强、灵敏度高、简单、快速、经济等特征,能够从罹病植物组织中快速准确地检测出南方、花生和爪哇根结线虫,具有极高的实践应用价值。     

Response of Resistant and Susceptible Bell Pepper (Capsicum annuum) to a Southern California Meloidogyne incognita Population from a Commercial Bell Pepper Field

To determine the presence and level of root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne spp.) infestation in Southern California bell pepper (Capsicum annuum) fields, soil and root samples were collected in April and May 2012 and analyzed for the presence of root-knot nematodes. The earlier samples were virtually free of root-knot nematodes, but the later samples all contained, sometimes very high numbers, of root-knot nematodes. Nematodes were all identified as M. incognita. A nematode population from one of these fields was multiplied in a greenhouse and used as inoculum for two repeated pot experiments with three susceptible and two resistant bell pepper varieties. Fruit yields of the resistant peppers were not affected by the nematodes, whereas yields of two of the three susceptible pepper cultivars decreased as a result of nematode inoculation. Nematode-induced root galling and nematode multiplication was low but different between the two resistant cultivars. Root galling and nematode reproduction was much higher on the three susceptible cultivars. One of these susceptible cultivars exhibited tolerance, as yields were not affected by the nematodes, but nematode multiplication was high. It is concluded that M. incognita is common in Southern California bell pepper production, and that resistant cultivars may provide a useful tool in a nonchemical management strategy.     

Potential of Leguminous Cover Crops in Management of a Mixed Population of Root-knot Nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.)

Root-knot nematode is an important pest in agricultural production worldwide. Crop rotation is the only management strategy in some production systems, especially for resource poor farmers in developing countries. A series of experiments was conducted in the laboratory with several leguminous cover crops to investigate their potential for managing a mixture of root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne arenaria, M. incognita, M. javanica). The root-knot nematode mixture failed to multiply on Mucuna pruriens and Crotalaria spectabilis but on Dolichos lablab the population increased more than 2- fold when inoculated with 500 and 1,000 nematodes per plant. There was no root-galling on M. pruriens and C. spectabilis but the gall rating was noted on D. lablab. Greater mortality of juvenile root-knot nematodes occurred when exposed to eluants of roots and leaves of leguminous crops than those of tomato; 48.7% of juveniles died after 72 h exposure to root eluant of C. spectabilis. The leaf eluant of D. lablab was toxic to nematodes but the root eluant was not. Thus, different parts of a botanical contain different active ingredients or different concentrations of the same active ingredient. The numbers of root-knot nematode eggs that hatched in root exudates of M. pruriens and C. spectabilis were significantly lower (20% and 26%) than in distilled water, tomato and P. vulgaris root exudates (83%, 72% and 89%) respectively. Tomato lacks nematotoxic compounds found in M. pruriens and C. spectabilis. Three months after inoculating plants with 1,000 root-knot nematode juveniles the populations in pots with M. pruriens, C. spectabilis and C. retusa had been reduced by approximately 79%, 85% and 86% respectively; compared with an increase of 262% nematodes in pots with Phaseolus vulgaris. There was significant reduction of 90% nematodes in fallow pots with no growing plant. The results from this study demonstrate that some leguminous species contain compounds that either kill root-knot nematodes or interfere with hatching and affect their capacity to invade and develop within their roots. M. pruriens, C. spectabilis and C. retusa could be used with effect to decrease a mixed field populations of root-knot nematodes.     

An overview of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi–nematode interactions

Plant parasitic nematodes and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) share plant roots as a resource for food and space. The interest in AMF-nematode interactions lies in the possibility of enhanced resistance or tolerance of AMF-infected plants to nematodes, and the potential value of this for control of crop pests. Data collated from previous studies revealed a great diversity of AMF-nematode responses and we seek to generalise from these by evaluating and discussing interactions involving three groups of nematodes distinguished by their mode of parasitism: (i) ectoparasites; (ii) sedentary endoparasites; and (iii) migratory endoparasites. Based on proximity in tissue, we expected that the interactions between endoparasites and AMF would be stronger, i.e. more reciprocal effects of endoparasitic nematodes on AMF, than those between ectoparasites and AMF. Contrary to this hypothesis, we found that, relative to AMF-free plants, AMF-infected plants were damaged more by ectoparasites than by endoparasites. Of the sedentary endoparasites, numbers of root-knot nematodes were reduced more by mycorrhizal infection than were those of cyst nematodes. The reduction in nematode damage by AMF was not different for root-knot or cyst nematode infested plants. Migratory endoparasitic nematodes were the only group whose numbers were greater on AMF-infected plants. However, the experiments involving migratory nematodes were characterised by relatively high levels of AMF infection and little nematode damage compared to the other feeding types. The outcomes of the AMF-nematode interactions are determined by many factors during the interactions between organisms and their physical, physiological and temporal environments. Assessing effects by recording plant sizes and total nematode or AMF populations at the end of experiments gives very little information on the mechanisms of the interactions. It is time to stop doing studies of black boxes and time to start observing processes, directly by using microscopy and indirectly by application of molecular genetics.     

亚低温条件下防控番茄南方根结线虫生防菌株的筛选与鉴定

【目的】筛选亚低温条件下抗线虫和促进植物生长发育的菌株。【方法】采用线虫击倒率测定、室内耐低温测定、拮抗测试和盆栽生物测定相结合的方法进行功能菌株的筛选;采用表型特征、生理生化特征、16S r RNA基因序列测定相结合的多相分类技术对筛选的菌株进行鉴定。【结果】从根结线虫多发的设施黄瓜和番茄病土中分离出细菌和放线菌297株;经对根结线虫击倒率的初步筛选,得到校正击倒率大于70%的活性菌株9株;通过复筛获得1株在亚低温条件下同时具有防线虫、防土传病原菌病、促生特性的生防菌株S205;菌株S205被鉴定为抗生素链霉菌(Streptomyces antibioticus)。【结论】获得一株在亚低温条件下同时具有抗线虫活性和促进植物生长发育的生防菌株S205,该研究对解决亚低温条件下根结线虫的防治具有重要意义。     

红麻种质资源根结线虫病抗性鉴定

为鉴定我国红麻种质资源对根结线虫病的抗病性,在对120份红麻遗传资源进行田间自然发病鉴定的基础上,选择25份有代表性(22份高抗和3份感病)的种质进行盆栽根结线虫病接种鉴定。田间自然发病鉴定结果:120份红麻遗传资源中5个高感、19个中感、25个中抗、71个高抗;其侵染的根结线虫主要为南方根结线虫(Meloidogyne incognita)、爪哇根结线虫(Meloidogyne javanica)和花生根结线虫(Meloidogyne arenria)的混合种群。进行盆栽接种鉴定的25份遗传资源中,7份为中抗,其余分别为中感和高感品种,未发现高抗或免疫品种。本研究可为红麻种质资源发掘利用提供科学依据。     

Nematicidal prenylated flavanones from Phyllanthus niruri

Two prenylated flavanones have been isolated from the hexane extract of Phyllanthus niruri plant. The structure of these flavanones were established as 8-(3-Methyl-but-2-enyl)-2-phenyl chroman-4-one (1) and 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-8-(3-methyl-but-2-enyl)-chroman-4-one (2) on the basis of spectral analysis. These were evaluated for nematicidal activity against root-knot, Meloidogyne incognita, and reniform, Rotylenchulus reniformis, nematodes. Compound 2 exhibited nematicidal activity at par with the standard carbofuran (LC50 3.3 and 3.1ppm, respectively) when tested against reniform nematode. The LC50 value against root-knot nematode was found to be 14.5ppm. Compound 1 however, showed moderate activity against both the test nematodes.     

Studies on Lasioseius scapulatus,a Mesostigmatid mite predaceous on nematodes

The life history and feeding habits of Lasioseius scapulatus, an ascid predator and potential biocontrol agent of nematodes, was examined. Reproduction was asexual, and the life cycle was 8-10 days at room temperature. Life history consisted of the egg, protonymph, deutonymph, and adult. Both nymphal stages and the adult captured and consumed nematodes. Two fungal genera and eight genera of nematodes were suitable food sources. Second-stage root-knot nematode juveniles were eaten, but eggs and adult females were not. The mite fed voraciously on nematodes and drastically reduced Aphelenchus avenae populations in vitro. It is suggested that mites are of considerable importance in the ecology of certain nematodes.     

The tobacco Cel7 gene promoter is auxin-responsive and locally induced in nematode feeding sites of heterologous plants

Emerging evidence suggests that plant cell-wall-modifying enzymes induced by root-parasitic nematodes play important roles in feeding cell formation. We previously identified a tobacco endo-β-1,4-glucanase (cellulase) gene, NtCel7 , that was strongly induced in both root-knot and cyst nematode feeding cells. To characterize further the developmental and nematode-responsive regulation of NtCel7 , we isolated the NtCel7 promoter and analysed its expression over a time course of nematode infection and in response to auxin, gibberellin, ethylene and sucrose in soybean and tomato hairy roots and in Arabidopsis containing the NtCel7 promoter fused to the β-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter gene. Histochemical analyses of transgenic plant materials revealed that the NtCel7 promoter exhibited a unique organ-specific expression pattern during plant development suggestive of important roles for NtCel7 in both vegetative and reproductive growth. In all plant species tested, strong GUS expression was observed in root tips and lateral root primordia of uninfected roots with weaker expression in the root vasculature. Further analyses of transgenic Arabidopsis plants revealed expression in shoot and root meristems and the vasculature of most organs during plant development. We also determined that the NtCel7 promoter was induced by auxin, but not gibberellin, ethylene or sucrose. Moreover, strong GUS activity was observed in both cyst and root-knot nematode-induced feeding sites in transgenic roots of soybean, tomato and Arabidopsis. The conserved developmental and nematode-responsive expression of the NtCel7 promoter in heterologous plants indicates that motifs of this regulatory element play a fundamental role in regulating NtCel7 gene expression within nematode feeding sites and that this regulation may be mediated by auxin.