红圆蚧3种寄生蜂的寄生作用研究

研究了红圆蚧（Ａｏｎｉｄｉｅｌｌａａｕｒａｎｔｉｉ）３种寄生蜂（盾蚧长缨蚜小蜂Ｅｎｃａｒｓｉａｃｉｔｒｉ－ｎａ,岭南黄蚜小蜂Ａｐｈｙｔｉｓｌｉｎｇｎａｎｅｓｉｓ,印巴黄蚜小峰Ａｐｈｙｔｉｓｍｅｌｉｎｕｓ）在不同温度、不同寄生物密度、不同寄主密度组合下的功能反应．攻击率印巴蜂最大,岭南蜂次之,长缨蚜小蜂蜂最小．３种寄生蜂在不同温度下的攻击率都近于正态分布．建立了含干扰效应、温度效应的功能反应模型,两个模型的各参数均有明确的生物学意义,模拟效果好．     

松突圆蚧及友恩蚜小蜂空间分布型和种群消长动态研究

通过对广东省试验林区内松突圆蚧Hemiberlesia pitysophila Takagi及其本地种寄生蜂友恩蚜小蜂Encarsia amicula Viggiani et Ren林间空间分布型和种群消长动态的调查研究发现:两者空间分布型相吻合,都为均匀分布;两者在林间全年种群消长曲线均呈"S"型变化。松突圆蚧种群密度高峰期出现在3月下旬至4月下旬,友恩蚜小蜂种群密度高峰期则分别出现在2月下旬和4月下旬至5月中旬。另外友恩蚜小蜂对松突圆蚧的寄生率全年共出现2个高峰期,分别是2月下旬和4月下旬至6月上旬。结果表明,友恩蚜小蜂和寄主松突圆蚧在林间时空发生规律具有高度一致性。     

花角蚜小蜂对松突圆蚧的控制效能及其稳定作用的评估

从日本冲绳引入的松突圆蚧花角蚜小蜂Coccobius azumati Tachikawa是1989年在惠东 县首批释放定居成功的。经五年系统研究表明,花角蚜小蜂释放一年后,在中心区50m以内最高寄生率达55.8%～64.2%,雌蚧密度由每针束3.14头下降为0.64头;二年后控制松突圆蚧的有效半径增至300m左右,寄生率稳定在20.8%～32.9%,每针束雌蚧密度保持在0.6头左右,二者处于低密度的平衡状态。未放蜂对照区的雌蚧密度则由每针束3.40头上升到4.22头,高出放蜂区5～10倍。此外本报告还对花角蚜小蜂的扩散速度、种间竞争能力和数量稳定水平作了探讨和分析,得出瘦柄花翅蚜小蜂Marietta cdrnesi(Howard)在花角蚜小蜂释放区内的重寄生率仅为3.1%～5.3%,对花角蚜小蜂的控制效能没有影响的结论。     

三种寄生物与一种寄主的系统模型研究

建立了红圆蚧与３种寄生蜂,盾蚧长缨蚜小蜂、岭地蚜小蜂和印黄蚜小蜂相互作用的系统模型,按红圆 的面积大小分成３种,ｓ（０．５５ｍｍ＾２以上）,ｔ（０３９－０．５５ｍｍ＾２）、ｕ（０．３９ｍｍ＾２以下）,分析三维系统（２种寄生物与１种寄主）和四维系统３种寄生物与１种寄主）在不同红圆蚧大小分布（ｓ,ｔ,ｕ）条件下系统的动态变化,确定了寄生物相互排扩和边界条件,为红介的生物防治决防治决策提供理论指导。     

日本食蚧蚜小蜂对寄主的龄期选择性

为了明确寄主龄期对日本食蚧蚜小蜂Coccophagus japonicus Compere的产卵选择及后代发育的影响,本文在橡副珠蜡蚧Parasaissetia nigra Nietner 1龄若虫、2龄若虫、3龄若虫、初期成虫、褐色期成虫、初产卵期1-2 d成虫等6个发育阶段条件下观察了日本食蚧蚜小蜂的产卵选择系数、发育历期、寄生率、羽化率及性比。结果表明:选择性产卵条件下,日本食蚧蚜小蜂对褐色期成虫的产卵量、寄生率、选择系数最高,其次为初期成虫,1龄若虫最低均为0;日本食蚧蚜小蜂在橡副珠蜡蚧2龄若虫-褐色期成虫体内能完成世代发育,发育历期以褐色期寄主最长(24. 0 d),2龄若虫最短(22. 1 d);羽化率以3龄若虫最高(99. 12%),雌性比均为1。综合考虑,可选用橡副珠蜡蚧初期成虫及褐色期成虫作为日本食蚧蚜小蜂的室内扩繁寄主。     

斑翅食蚧蚜小蜂的生物学特性

斑翅食蚧蚜小蜂Coccophagus ceroplastae是橡副珠蜡蚧Parasaissetia nigra的重要内寄生蜂。对斑翅食蚧蚜小蜂的形态特征进行了描述,在实验室条件下观察了斑翅食蚧蚜小蜂的行为、发育、存活、繁殖等生物学特性。结果表明:斑翅食蚧蚜小蜂幼虫分3龄,完成一个世代需21-26d。卵巢左右成对,各由3条卵巢管组成,为发育成熟型,成虫期补充营养和发育时间对抱卵量的影响不明显。羽化后即可进行交配,交配时间2-3s,雄蜂有竞争交配行为,交配对雌蜂产卵有显著刺激作用。产卵行为有寻找、寄主检查、产卵器刺探、产卵、产卵针拔出等步骤,存在过寄生现象。羽化主要是在08:00-10:00,温度、相对湿度、光照对其羽化节律均有影响,温度升高羽化提前,且相对集中;相对湿度在20%-90%范围内,随湿度的升高成虫羽化高蜂延后;而光照时间过长或过短均可使斑翅食蚧蚜小蜂的羽化相对分散。随着温度的升高,雌成蜂的寿命逐渐缩短;补充营养能延长成虫寿命,取食10%蔗糖的寿命最长,清水和无补充营养寿命短。     

烟粉虱两种寄生蜂生物学特性及寄主竞争关系研究

室内比较了寄生烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci的两种寄生蜂——丽蚜小蜂Encarsia formosa和浅黄恩蚜小蜂En. sophia的生物学特性,并研究了以烟粉虱为寄主时两种寄生蜂间的竞争关系。结果表明：两者的后足胫节长度间无显著差异。浅黄恩蚜小蜂的产卵器及卵均长于丽蚜小蜂的,但浅黄恩蚜小蜂的待产卵量显著少于丽蚜小蜂。浅黄恩蚜小蜂检测寄主所花时间短于丽蚜小蜂,但检查圈数显著多于丽蚜小蜂,产卵时间以丽蚜小蜂所花时间为多。以4龄初期的烟粉虱为寄主时,丽蚜小蜂的卵期为48 h,而浅黄恩蚜小蜂24 h即完成卵期的发育。后者的蛹历期也显著短于丽蚜小蜂的蛹历期。丽蚜小蜂由卵到成虫的总发育历期比浅黄恩蚜小蜂的要长72 h左右。一头丽蚜小蜂与一头浅黄恩蚜小蜂组合后的总产卵量为14.0粒,略高于两头丽蚜小蜂组合的总产卵量（10.2粒）,显著高于两头浅黄恩蚜小蜂组合的产卵量（9.5粒）;两种蜂组合的处理中被寄生寄主体内的着卵量为1.73粒,显著高于单独一种蜂组合中被寄生寄主的着卵量,后两者分别为1.29和1.39粒。在寄主竞争情况下,在被两种蜂均寄生的寄主体内丽蚜小蜂和浅黄恩蚜小蜂产入的卵量分别为1.21和1.43粒,显著高于仅被一种蜂寄生的寄主体内的对应蜂种的卵量,后者分别为1.06和1.19粒。结果提示两种蜂均能识别对方的存在,且浅黄恩蚜小蜂表现出更强的竞争能力。     

松突圆蚧花角蚜小蜂的生物学

松突圆蚧花角蚜小蜂Cocvobius azumai Tachikawa是松突圆蚧Hemiberlesla pitysophila Takagi的重要寄生蜂,1987-1989年从日本引入我国广东省。对松突圆蚧花角蚜小蜂的形态、发育、繁殖、成虫寿命和取食寄主行为等生物学特征进行了观察。该蜂的雌性幼虫是松突圆蚧雌蚧的初级内寄生蜂,而雄性幼虫则是次级寄生蜂,重寄生在同种或它种膜翅目的老熟幼虫、预蛹和蛹上。雌雄两性的形态在所有发育阶段均不相同。交配过的雄蜂喜欢寄生产卵初期和盛期的雌成蚧,对巳寄生的寄主具有识别能力。在19.7℃一30.9℃变温条件下每头雌蜂平均产卵14.95粒,约60%的卵是在最初3天内产出。松突圆蚧花角蚜小蜂雌性蜂在21℃,24℃,27℃和30℃时从卵发育到成虫的平均历期分别为41.24,32.60,25.60和23.00天,发育起点温度10.1℃,有效积温448.3日度。该蜂在广东省一年发生。9-10代。     

缢管蚜小蜂生活习性观察

缴管蚜小蜂部helinusrhopalosiphiphngusYapetChenl‘］是陆稻地下害虫红腹缢管蚜Anopaloslphumrghbdomlhalis（sasde）的重要寄生天敌。据笔者调查,该蜂对奇主蚜虫的自然奇生率为引．37％～84．03％,平均寄生率达64．40％。为探讨该蜂的利用价值,我们对其生活习性进行了观察研究,现将结果整理如下。互寄生与分布缢管好小蜂在文山地区主要分布于海拔740～1720m陆稻种植区（夏秋季）、菜园、小麦地（冬春季）,寄生于取食陆稻、棒头草、着麦娘、冬小麦根部的红腹缢管蚜。笔者曾将收集到的禾谷缢管蚜、玉米蚜等15种蚜虫I‘］按一定数量…     

温度和光周期对斑翅食蚧蚜小蜂发育与繁殖的影响

斑翅食蚧蚜小蜂是橡副珠蜡蚧的重要寄生性天敌之一。研究了温度和光周期对斑翅食蚧蚜小蜂发育、寄生及繁殖等方面的生态学特性。研究表明:温度和光周期对斑翅食蚧蚜小蜂种群增长影响明显。在32℃下不能完成世代发育,在温度为18-27℃范围内随温度升高发育加快,18℃发育历期最长(54.0d),27℃最短(22.8d);世代发育起点温度和有效积温分别为12.76℃和307.62日度。高温和低温均不利于斑翅食蚧蚜小蜂寄生,21℃时寄生率最高为(36.0%),30℃时寄生率最低(4.5%)。结合发育历期、体长、产卵、抱卵、寄生率等参数,该蜂发育繁殖的适宜温度为21-27℃度范围内,30℃以上不利于小蜂的发育及存活。斑翅食蚧蚜小蜂对长光的刺激比较敏感,随光照时间增长,发育加快、产卵量明显增加,长日照条件(LD16∶8h)的发育历期最短(24.8d),短日照条件(LD10∶14h)的最长(27.8d),产卵量在长日照条件(LD16∶8h)时最多(119.6粒),短日照条件(LD10∶14h)时最少(86.2粒)。结合发育、产卵、寄生等参数,长日照条件(LD14∶10-LD16∶8h)有利于种群增长。     

Models of the spatial pattern of egg population of Ranunculus leaf mining fly,Phytomyza ranunculi (Diptera: Agromyzidae), in host leaves

This paper considers two kinds of model of the spatial pattern of egg distribution of the Ranunculus leaf mining fly, Phytomyza ranunculiSchrank , as a step to determining the effect of the distribution upon the parasitism of this species by the eulophid parasite, Kratochviliana sp.. Each model incorporates submodels in several important stages of both the processes of visiting and subsequent oviposition by the fly. Model 2 is more general than model 1, because the former also includes the effect of oviposition restraint. Both models fitted well the egg distribution on fresh plants and on exploited plants. The fitting similarity on exploited plants is due to the fact that there were not so many heavily exploited leaves which lead to oviposition restraint, owing to the low density of mature larvae contained in the leaves. These models will be applicable to the distribution of larvae as well as eggs, because most larvae remain in the leaf where they occurred as eggs, until emerging just before pupation. This paper also discusses by use of these models the fact that this fly tends to effectively avoid excessive oviposition in leaves by laying fewer eggs per visit and visiting leaves more sparsely and also by refraining from further oviposition on leaves exploited heavily by mature larvae.     

Type III IFNs Are Produced by and Stimulate Human Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells

Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC) are rare cells found in peripheral blood and lymphoid tissues. pDC are considered to be "professional" type I IFN-producing cells and produce 10- to 100-fold more IFN-α than other cell types in response to enveloped viruses or synthetic TLR7 and TLR9 agonists. In this study, purified pDC were found to express high levels of IFN-λ receptor mRNA, as well as cell-surface IFN-λ receptor. We have developed intracellular flow cytometry assays using Abs to IFN-λ1/3 or -λ2 to assess the expression of IFN-λ proteins by pDC. We observed that a subset of human pDC expresses only intracellular IFN-α, whereas another subset produces both IFN-α and IFN-λ after stimulation with virus or the TLR9 agonist, CpG A; the cells that coexpressed IFN-α and IFN-λ were the cells with the highest levels of IFN-α expression. Ab cross-linking of CD4 or CD303 molecules on pDC inhibited both HSV-induced IFN-λ and IFN-α production. Like the production of IFN-α, the HSV-induced IFN-λ production in pDC was mediated through TLR9 and independent of virus replication. Exogenous IFN-λ treatment of pDC resulted in increased virus-induced expression of both IFN-α and IFN-λ. In addition, both exogenous IFN-λ and -α inhibited dexamethasone-induced apoptosis of pDC. We conclude that pDC are major producers of IFN-λ1 and -λ2 in response to viral stimulation and also express functional receptors for this cytokine. Thus, IFN-λ can serve as an autocrine signal to strengthen the antiviral response of pDC by increasing IFN-α and IFN-λ production, resulting in prolonged pDC survival.     

N-terminal domains of human DNA polymerase lambda promote primer realignment during translesion DNA synthesis

The X-family DNA polymerases λ (Polλ) and β (Polβ) possess similar 5′-2-deoxyribose-5-phosphate lyase (dRPase) and polymerase domains. Besides these domains, Polλ also possesses a BRCA1 C-terminal (BRCT) domain and a proline-rich domain at its N terminus. However, it is unclear how these non-enzymatic domains contribute to the unique biological functions of Polλ. Here, we used primer extension assays and a newly developed high-throughput short oligonucleotide sequencing assay (HT-SOSA) to compare the efficiency of lesion bypass and fidelity of human Polβ, Polλ and two N-terminal deletion constructs of Polλ during the bypass of either an abasic site or an 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-oxodG) lesion. We demonstrate that the BRCT domain of Polλ enhances the efficiency of abasic site bypass by approximately 1.6-fold. In contrast, deletion of the N-terminal domains of Polλ did not affect the efficiency of 8-oxodG bypass relative to nucleotide incorporations opposite undamaged dG. HT-SOSA analysis demonstrated that Polλ and Polβ preferentially generated −1 or −2 frameshift mutations when bypassing an abasic site and the single or double base deletion frequency was highly sequence dependent. Interestingly, the BRCT and proline-rich domains of Polλ cooperatively promoted the generation of −2 frameshift mutations when the abasic site was situated within a sequence context that was susceptible to homology-driven primer realignment. Furthermore, both N-terminal domains of Polλ increased the generation of −1 frameshift mutations during 8-oxodG bypass and influenced the frequency of substitution mutations produced by Polλ opposite the 8-oxodG lesion. Overall, our data support a model wherein the BRCT and proline-rich domains of Polλ act cooperatively to promote primer/template realignment between DNA strands of limited sequence homology. This function of the N-terminal domains may facilitate the role of Polλ as a gap-filling polymerase within the non-homologous end joining pathway.     

Molecular cloning,expression and characterization of Pekin duck interferon-λ

Interferons (IFNs) are the first line of defense against viral infections in vertebrates. Type III interferon (IFN-λ) is recognized for its key role in innate immunity of tissues of epithelial origin. Here we describe the identification of the Pekin duck IFN-λ ortholog (duIFN-λ). The predicted duIFN-λ protein has an amino acid identity of 63%, 38%, 37% and 33% with chicken IFN-λ and human IFN-λ3, IFN-λ2 and IFN-λ1, respectively. The duck genome contains a single IFN-λ gene that is comprised of five exons and four introns. Recombinant duIFN-λ up-regulated OASL and Mx-1 mRNA in primary duck hepatocytes. Our observations suggest evolutionary conservation of genomic organization and structural features implicated in receptor binding and antiviral activity. The identification and expression of duIFN-λ will facilitate further study of the role of type III IFN in antiviral defense and inflammatory responses of the Pekin duck, a non-mammalian vertebrate and pathogen host with relevance for human and animal health.     

Growth kinetics, protease activity and histophagous capability of Uronema sp. infesting cultured silver pomfret Pampus argenteus in Kuwait

Laboratory-produced and -reared sub-adults of silver pomfret (zobaidy) Pampus argenteus affected by severe scuticociliatosis during April and May 2005 were investigated and the causative was a scuticociliate, presumptively identified as Uronema sp. The parasite was capable of producing highly necrotic skin lesions. Mortalities started with a rise in the seawater temperature from 20 to 21.5 degrees C, coinciding with an increase in the total bacterial load of the rearing tank water from 10(3) to 10(5) CFU ml(-1). The parasite was successfully cultured in vitro (85 passages), using 10% brain heart infusion broth inoculated simultaneously with an aquatic Vibrio sp. The parasite reached peak cell density (1.82 x 10(5) cells ml(-1)) on the third day of inoculation. The parasite cell count was found to be inversely related (r = -0.45) to the bacterial count in the incubation medium. The ciliate body dimensions measured, on average, 34.05 +/- 0.99 microm in length and 16.70 +/- 0.74 microm in width (n = 300). Silver staining revealed morphological characteristics of Uronema sp., including a truncated anterior end, a buccal apparatus, caudal cilium and 3 oral polykinetids, with the first one appearing as a single row. Average number of kineties was 12 +/- 3. There was an inverse relationship (R2 = 0.84) between the proteolytic activity and the number of in vitro passages of the scuticociliate. However, the parasite from a freshly infected fish (using inoculum from the tenth passage) showed higher proteolytic activity (31.2%) compared with that produced by the inoculum from in vitro cultures (9.75%). The ciliate also showed a distinct histophagous capability when tested in vitro using host muscle tissue.     

The distribution of eggs per host in a herbivorous insect--intersection of oviposition, dispersal and population dynamics

1. The dynamics of parasitic organisms depend critically upon the frequency distribution of parasite individuals per host. However, the processes giving rise to this frequency distribution have rarely been modelled and tested for organisms with complex host selection behaviour. 2. In this study Microrhopala vittata, a chrysomelid beetle, was used to investigate how oviposition behaviour, movement and density of host plants interact in shaping the frequency distribution of egg clusters per host in the field. 3. Enclosures were stocked with two different host species and different beetle densities and various stochastic process models were fitted to egg cluster count data obtained from these enclosures. The different models were derived considering different scenarios, in particular whether or not plant density limits oviposition rate, whether or not ovipositing females actively seek out the most attractive plant within their perception radius and whether a female's oviposition rate is determined by plant intrinsic factors, the plant's egg cluster load or the surrounding beetle density. 4. The model parameters fitted to cage data were used to describe the frequency distribution of egg cluster counts obtained in a release experiment in the field. A total of 220 beetle pairs were released at five locations in a field where this beetle was not observed previously. Each release point was at a border between the two host species. 5. One model predicted for the preferred host species the egg cluster count frequencies in the field from parameters estimated in the cages. This model assumed that egg clusters present on a plant increased subsequent oviposition on this plant. All other models could not describe the distribution of egg cluster counts for either of the two host species. 6. The results suggest that females seek out attractive hosts actively and the attractiveness of a plant increases with its egg cluster load. This behaviour creates a frequency distribution of egg clusters per host that depends only on beetle density but not on plant density. This conclusion has important implications for modelling insect-plant interactions.     

沿海蝗区东亚飞蝗(Locusta migratoria manilensis)产卵场所选择的Logistic回归模型

以沿海蝗区南大港水库为研究区域,通过2002和2003两年野外450,50m规则栅格取样获取东亚飞蝗卵块、植物种类及其密度、土壤特性如含盐量、5cm含水量、pH、有机质及地形（阴坡和阳坡）等数据,采用多元Logistic回归模型,运用SAS软件筛选出与飞蝗产卵场所选择密切相关的变量,建立用于预测飞蝗产卵场所选择的Logistic回归模型。结果表明用植株密度（veg—d）和土壤含水量（water）所组建的模型能较好地预测飞蝗产卵选择,log（P（Y=1）/1-P（Y=1））=21．63-76.23/water-5．43log（water）-0．86（veg_d）。利用拟合优度（Goodness of fit）、预测准确性（Predictive accuracy）及模型x^2统计（Model chi—square statistic）等指标对模型进行评价的结果表明,所组建的用于预测飞蝗产卵场所选择的Logistic回归模型是可靠的,且能较好地预测事件是否发生。研究结果为区域蝗灾早期预警提供了科学依据和方法,对今后预测飞蝗产卵地点选择及防治决策有较高的实用性和应用价值。