论中国二叠纪四射珊瑚Liangshanophyllum

迄今只报道于我国的梁山珊瑚Liangshanophyllum, 以复中柱较小且简单、横板带宽、横板多水平或稍倾的特征区别于卫根珊瑚Waagenophyllum。本文对两属各种的复中柱大小(占体径比值)进行数据统计和差异性分析, 结果表明在这一特征上, 两属没有显著差异; 定性分析复中柱简繁、横板带宽窄和水平横板发育程度,表明这些特征没有高于种一级的分类意义。结合其他的相关研究成果, 建议废除Liangshanophyllum一属(亚属)。     

子树分析和TASS程序及其在锦鸡儿属植物中的应用

子树分析和三分法 (TASS)程序是历史生物地理学中分布区关系的一种分析途径。它以分类群分支图为基础 ,以剔除其中分布区关系相悖理的结点并确定具信息的子树为目标 ,以便更有效地利用分布区信息。对分布区关系可以用若干子树和一个分布区分支图来表示。对锦鸡儿属 (Caragana)植物 72种和 13个分布区的子树分析和TASS程序运算后 ,得到 7个具信息的子树 ,它们分别表达了锦鸡儿属属内组、系所具有的分布区关系。属的分布区分支图也表达了 13个分布区的关系。与以前我们对本属成分分析的结果相吻合。     

基于线粒体16S rDNA基因的天牛科部分种类分子系统学研究(鞘翅目:天牛科)

研究测定了天牛科3亚科9种昆虫线粒体16S rDNA基因约500bp的序列,对序列的碱基组成和遗传距离进行分析。并基于16S rDNA基因序列数据,采用邻接法(NJ)和最大简约法(MP)分析天牛科3亚科分子系统发育关系。研究结果表明,2种方法得到的分子系统树其分支结果一致,可将内群分为2个分支,第1个分支包括沟胫天牛亚科和天牛亚科;第2个分支包括花天牛亚科。16SrDNA基因对天牛科亚科间系统发育的研究是有价值的。     

子树分析和TASS程序及其在锦鸡儿属植物中的应用

子树分析和三分法(TASS)程序是历史生物地理学中分布区关系的一种分析途径.它以分类群分支图为基础,以剔除其中分布区关系相悖理的结点并确定具信息的子树为目标,以便更有效地利用分布区信息.对分布区关系可以用若干子树和一个分布区分支图来表示.对锦鸡儿属(Caragana)植物72种和13个分布区的子树分析和TASS程序运算后,得到7个具信息的子树,它们分别表达了锦鸡儿属属内组、系所具有的分布区关系.属的分布区分支图也表达了13个分布区的关系.与以前我们对本属成分分析的结果相吻合.     

羊蹄甲属的系统与生物地理学：1．厚盘组的分支分析

羊蹄甲属厚盘组作为一个分类实体包含有约１８个种,本组植物主要分布于中国南部及中南半岛等地,其中很多种类在其分布区内地理替代现象相当明显。对此组的分支系统学研究,一方面有助于对本组种类系统进化关系的理解,另一方面又为对热带亚热带亚洲大陆各区系之间关系。的理解提供帮助,为本地区的分支生物地理学研究提供材料．本文用３０个形态及叶脉脉序性状对厚盘组进行了分支分析．云南羊蹄甲被选作外类群,内类。群包括龙须藤亚组及攀援羊蹄甲亚组的所有１８个种。分析产生了８个最简约的分支图。分析还表明攀援羊蹄甲单独作为一个亚组是不可取的,厚盘组的分类及生物地理学需要进一步的研究．     

基于线粒体基因组的白甲鱼属分子系统发育学研究

从基本形态上分类, 白甲鱼属(Onychostoma)隶属鲤形目(Cypriniformes)、鲤科(Cyprinidae)、鲃亚科(Barbinae), 其中包含19个种。然而, 白甲鱼属内的分子系统发育学关系并不是很清楚。基于整个线粒体基因组序列, 以斑马鱼(Danio rerio)和倒刺鲃(Spinibarbus denticulatus)为外类群, 分析了8种白甲鱼属的分子系统发育学关系。结果表明, 白甲鱼属内的8个物种不是1个单类群, 其中包括3个分支: 多鳞白甲鱼(Onychostoma macrolepis)、小口白甲鱼(Onychostoma lini)、粗须白甲鱼(Onychostoma barbatum)和台湾白甲鱼(Onychostoma barbatulum)为一个分支, 南方白甲鱼(Onychostoma gerlachi)和白甲鱼(Onychostoma simum)一个分支, 稀有白甲鱼(Onychostoma rara)和高身白甲鱼(Onychostoma alticorpus)为一个分支。研究结果和传统的形态学分类学结果大致一样, 均分为3个分支。研究使用线粒体全基因组进行白甲鱼属系统发育学研究, 为白甲鱼属的系统发育学填补相关方面空白。     

葛属（Pueraria DC．）的分支分析

本文采用２４个形态状对葛属进行分支分析,得到了１１个最简约分支图和一个严格一致化分支图,葛属的种间关系,根据分支分析结果对ｖａｎ ｄｅｒ Ｍａｅｓｅｎ的葛属分类系统提出了修订意见。     

基于线粒体基因组的白甲鱼属分子系统发育学研究（英文）

从基本形态上分类,白甲鱼属(Onychostoma)隶属鲤形目(Cypriniformes)、鲤科(Cyprinidae)、鲃亚科(Barbinae),其中包含19个种。然而,白甲鱼属内的分子系统发育学关系并不是很清楚。基于整个线粒体基因组序列,以斑马鱼(Danio rerio)和倒刺鲃(Spinibarbus denticulatus)为外类群,分析了8种白甲鱼属的分子系统发育学关系。结果表明,白甲鱼属内的8个物种不是1个单类群,其中包括3个分支:多鳞白甲鱼(Onychostoma macrolepis)、小口白甲鱼(Onychostoma lini)、粗须白甲鱼(Onychostoma barbatum)和台湾白甲鱼(Onychostoma barbatulum)为一个分支,南方白甲鱼(Onychostoma gerlachi)和白甲鱼(Onychostoma simum)一个分支,稀有白甲鱼(Onychostoma rara)和高身白甲鱼(Onychostoma alticorpus)为一个分支。研究结果和传统的形态学分类学结果大致一样,均分为3个分支。研究使用线粒体全基因组进行白甲鱼属系统发育学研究,为白甲鱼属的系统发育学填补相关方面空白。     

滇桐属系统位置的分支分析

本文以讨论系统位置有争议的滇桐属的归属问题,尝试在植物分类学中具体应用分支系统学原理和方法的可能性。作者认为近年来分支系统学中出现的一种倾向,即不再强调祖先和直接的谱系关系,而把分支图解仅仅作为一种归类手段,为本文提供了理论基础。通过对梧桐科和椴树科7个属15个性状状态的分支分析,建立了符合简约性原则的分支图解。分支图解表明,滇桐属与通常置于梧桐科的马克韦桐属具有较密切的关系,而它们与椴树科的关系比与梧桐科的关系更接近。结论支持把滇桐属作为椴树科成员的观点。     

斑龙芋属植物的系统发育分析

运用分支分类分析方法对斑龙芋属及其近缘属进行系统发育分析,以4个属的15个种作为15个分支分类单位,选择菖蒲科的菖蒲作为外类群,从斑龙芋属植物特征中选取了14个性状作为建立数据矩阵的基本资料,并以外类群比较和通行的形态演化规律,及核型演化规律为依据对这些性状进行极化,采用改进的最大同步法和最小平行法进行分类运算,按照最简约的原则,运用演化长度较短的最大同步法谱系分支图,作为讨论的基础,讨论了斑龙芋属及其近缘属的系统关系。     

用SSR分子标记研究大豆属种间亲缘进化关系

利用SSR标记技术对大豆属11个种37份材料的遗传多样性进行分析,不同位点在种间的等位基因数为6－29,平均生个位点15．9个等位基因,Soja亚属的等位基因数是Glycine亚属的71．5％,并且Glycine亚属种间指纹 谱的差异大于Soja亚属种间的指纹图谱,SSR等位基因的主成分分析结果表明,大豆属中的Glycine亚属和Soja亚属的分类界限是比较明确的,利用第一主成分和第二主成分可较明显地区分开Glycine 亚属的分类界限是比较明显的,利用第一主成分和第二主成分可较明显地区分开Glycine亚属和Soja亚属,通过UPGMA方法构建了大豆属11个种的遗传进化关系,Soja亚属中G.max,G.soja和G.gracilis3个种在系统分化树上界限是比较明显的,由此看来这3个种是独立存在的。     

Phylogenetic analysis of Phlebotomus species belonging to the subgenus Larroussius (Diptera, psychodidae) by ITS2 rDNA sequences

In the genealogy of Phlebotomus (Diptera: Psychodidae), morphological analyses have indicated that the subgenus Larroussius is a monophyletic group which is most closely related to the subgenera Transphlebotomus and Adlerius. We conducted a phylogenetic analysis of the relationships among six representative species of the subgenus Larroussius and one species representatitive of the Phlebotomus subgenus, assessing sequences of the Second Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS2) of the ribosomal RNA (rRNA). Three of the species (P. perniciosus, P. ariasi and P. perfiliewi perfiliewi) were collected in different parts of the Mediterranean area. The trees estimated from parsimony and neighbour-joining analyses supported the monophyly of the Larroussius subgenus inferred from the morphological analysis. According to our data, P. ariasi may be a sister group to the rest of the Larroussius subgenus, although additional sequence data are needed to confirm this observation. Our results suggest that P. perniciosus and P. longicuspis are distinct species, in spite of the fact that there are only slight morphological differences. The strict congruence between the phylogeny of the Larroussius subgenus inferred from the ITS2 sequences and that based on morphological studies further confirmed the ability of the spacer sequence to identify recently-derived affiliations.     

Phylogeny of the subgenus Culicoides and related species in Italy, inferred from internal transcribed spacer 2 ribosomal DNA sequences

Biting midges of the genus Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) include vectors for the economically important animal diseases, bluetongue (BT) and African horse sickness (AHS). In the Mediterranean Basin, these diseases are transmitted by four species of Culicoides: the first three belong in the subgenus Avaritia Fox and are Culicoides imicola Kieffer, Culicoides obsoletus (Meigen) and Culicoides scoticus Downes and Kettle; the fourth is Culicoides pulicaris (Linnaeus) in the subgenus Culicoides Latreille. In the Palaearctic Region, this subgenus (usually referred to as the C. pulicaris group) now includes a loose miscellany of some 50 taxa. The lack of clarity surrounding its taxonomy stimulated the present morphological and molecular study of 11 species collected in Italy. Phylogenetic analysis of nuclear ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) sequence variation demonstrated a high degree of divergence. These results, combined with those from a parallel morphological study, disclosed: (1) that some previously described taxa should be resurrected from synonymy; (2) that there are new species to be described; (3) that the subgenus Culicoides (as currently employed) is a polyphyletic assemblage of four lineages - the subgenus Culicoides sensu stricto, the subgenus Silvicola Mirzaeva and Isaev, the subgenus Hoffmania Fox and the hitherto unrecognized Fagineus species complex. Each is discussed briefly (but not defined) and its constituent Palaearctic taxa listed. Strong congruence between morphological and molecular data holds promise for resolving many of the difficult taxonomic issues plaguing the accurate identification of vector Culicoides around the world.     

Phylogeny of Rubus (rosaceae) based on nuclear ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer region sequences

We used nuclear ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer region (ITS 1 - 5.8S - ITS 2; ITS) sequences to generate the first phylogeny of Rubus based on a large, molecular data set. We sampled 57 taxa including 20 species of subgenus Rubus (blackberries), one to seven species from each of the remaining 11 subgenera, and the monotypic and closely related Dalibarda. In Rubus, ITS sequences are most informative among subgenera, and variability is low between closely related species. Parsimony analysis indicates that Rubus plus Dalibarda form a strongly supported clade, and D. repens may nest within Rubus. Of the subgenera with more than one species sampled, only subgenus Orobatus appears monophyletic. Three large clades are strongly supported: one contains all sampled species of nine of the 12 subgenera; another includes extreme Southern Hemisphere species of subgenera Comaropsis, Dalibarda, and Lampobatus; and a third clade consists of subgenus Rubus plus R. alpinus of subgenus Lampobatus. Rubus ursinus appears to be a hybrid between a close relative of R. macraei (subgenus Idaeobatus, raspberries) and an unidentified subgenus Rubus species. ITS sequences are generally consistent with biogeography and ploidy, but traditionally important morphological characters, such as stem armature and leaf type, appear to have limited phylogenetic value in Rubus.     

中国白蛉亚科数值分类研究（双翅目: 毛蠓科）

【目的】 对中国白蛉亚科（Phlebotominae）昆虫进行数值分类研究, 探索其在系统发育过程中的亲缘关系。【方法】 选取中国白蛉40个蛉种作为分类单元以及白蛉的68项形态特征为分类指标, 进行系统聚类分析。【结果】 聚类分析结果与传统属级及白蛉属Phlebotomus的亚属级分类一致。司蛉属Sergentomyia的亚属分类与传统分类有一些区别, 聚类分析将司蛉属分为8类, 其中尼克组nicnic group与司蛉亚属subgenus Sergentomyia和传统分类一致; 泉州司蛉S. quanzhouensis和唐氏司蛉S. tangi聚入帕蛉亚属subgenus Parrotomyia; 尹氏司蛉S. yini聚入新蛉亚属subgenus Neophlebotomus, 应氏司蛉S. iyengari、马来司蛉S. malayensis、吐鲁番司蛉S. turfanensis、兰州司蛉S. lanzhouensis和南京司蛉S. nankingensis聚为一类; 歌乐山司蛉S. koloshanensis、方亮司蛉S. fanglianensis和云南司蛉S. yunnanensis与尼克组nicnic group聚成一类, 此类群和此属中其他蛉种系统发育关系距离远。【结论】 中国白蛉亚科昆虫的聚类分析结果与传统分类基本一致, 验证了传统分类系统的可靠性, 并揭示了传统分类中一些蛉种不确定分类问题。司蛉属聚类分析结果与传统分类有差别, 提示有个别蛉种需重新考虑其分类地位。     

Phylogenetic analysis of the Brazilian microendemic Paepalanthus subgenus Xeractis (Eriocaulaceae) inferred from morphology

Paepalanthus subgenus Xeractis (Eriocaulaceae) comprises 28 recognized species endemic to the Espinhaço Range, in Minas Gerais state, Brazil. Most species of the subgenus are restricted to small localities and critically endangered, but still in need of systematic study. The monophyly of the subgenus has already been tested, but only with a few species. Our study presents the first phylogenetic hypothesis within the group, based on morphology. A maximum parsimony analysis was conducted on a matrix of 30 characters for 30 terminal taxa, including all species of the subgenus and two outgroups. The biogeographical hypotheses for the subgenus were inferred based on dispersal–vicariance analysis (DIVA). The analysis provided one most‐parsimonious hypothesis that supports most of the latest published subdivisions (sections and series). However, some conflicts remain concerning the position of a few species and the relationships between sections. The distribution and origin(s) of microendemism are also discussed, providing the ground for conservation strategies to be developed in the region. © 2011 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2011, 167 , 137–152.     

黄耆属簇毛黄耆亚属系统学研究

簇毛黄耆亚属以其柱头上具簇毛等形态特征与黄耆属其它类群相区别,约含49种（变种）。主要分布在青藏高原及其邻近地区,绝大多数种类分布于横断山区。本文基于形态特征和分支系统学方法分析亚属内种系发生关系。结果表明,49种（变种）可分为9组。其中双小苞组Sect.Bibracteolati含种类最多,是一个并系类群。借助于分支图,分析了6个较重要的鉴定特征的演化,习性,茎的着生方式,小苞片,果实形态,柱头具簇毛,果实膨胀状况等。最后作出了这个亚属的一个分类纲要。     

Systematics of the subgenus Oligocephalus (Teleostei: Percidae: Etheostoma) with complete subgeneric sampling of the genus Etheostoma

The genus Etheostoma is the most diverse clade of freshwater fishes in North America. While studies have been performed with complete sampling of a single subgenus, none have included representatives of all remaining subgenera. The subgenus Oligocephalus is the largest, consisting of 25-27 species in four species groups, and its monophyly has never been clearly demonstrated. The monophyly of this subgenus and its constituent groups was tested using parsimony and Bayesian analyses of ND2 (mtDNA) and the first intron of S7 (nDNA) with complete species sampling from Oligocephalus and complete subgeneric sampling from Etheostoma. Although the subgenus Oligocephalus was not recovered as a monophyletic group in any analyses, monophyletic E. whipplei, Southwestern Darter, and E. spectabile (in part) species groups were recovered in all analyses. All analyses agree that E. okaloosae and both subspecies of E. hopkinsi are not closely related to other members of the subgenus Oligocephalus. E. exile is, however, presenting the strongest evidence yet that recognition of the subgenus Boleichthys is unwarranted.     

Phylogenetic relationships among Bactrocera species (Diptera: Tephritidae) inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequences

Several members of the dipteran family Tephritdae are serious pests because females lay eggs in ripening fruit. The genus Bactrocera is one of the largest within the family with over 500 described species arranged in 28 subgenera. The phylogenetic relationships among the various species and subgenera, and the monophyly of specific groups have not been examined using a rigorous phylogenetic analysis. Therefore, phylogenetic relationships among 24 Bactrocera species belonging to 9 subgenera were inferred from DNA sequence of portions of the mitochondrial 16S rRNA, cytochrome oxidase II, tRNA(Lys), and tRNA(Asp) genes. Two morphological characters that traditionally have been used to define the four groups within the subgenus Bactrocera were evaluated in a phylogenetic context by mapping the character states onto the parsimony tree. In addition, the evolutionary trend in male-lure response was evaluated in a phylogenetic context. Maximum parsimony analyses suggested the following relationships: (1) the genus Bactrocera is monophyletic, (2) the subgenus B. (Zeugodacus) is paraphyletic, (3) the subgenus B. (Daculus) is a sister group to subgenus B. (Bactrocera), and (4) the subgenus B. (Bactrocera) is monophyletic. The mapping analyses suggested that the morphological characters exhibit a simple evolutionary transition from one character state to another. Male-lure response was identified as being a labile behavior that has been lost on multiple occasions. Cue-lure response was plesiomorphic to methyl-eugenol response, and the latter has evolved independently within the Bactrocera and Zeugodacus groups of subgenera. The implications of our results for devising a coherent, consolidated classification for Bactrocera is discussed.     

Distinct activation patterns of EGF receptor signaling in the homoplastic evolution of eggshell morphology in genus Drosophila

Homoplasy is a phenomenon in which organisms in different phylogenetic groups independently acquire similar traits. However, it is largely unknown how developmental mechanisms are altered to give rise to homoplasy. In the genus Drosophila, all species of the subgenus Sophophora, including Drosophila (D.) melanogaster, have eggshells with two dorsal appendages (DAs); most species in the subgenus Drosophila, including D. virilis, and in the subgenus Dorsilopha, have four-DAs. D. melanica belongs to the Drosophila subgenus, but has two-DAs, and phylogenetic analyses suggest that it acquired this characteristic independently. The patterning of the DAs is tightly regulated by epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling in D. melanogaster. Previous studies suggested that a change in the EGFR signal activation pattern could have led to the divergence in DA number between D. melanogaster and D. virilis. Here, we compared the patterns of EGFR signal activation across the Drosophila subgenera by immunostaining for anti-activated MAP kinase (MAPK). Our analysis revealed distinct patterns of EGFR signal activation in each subgenus that was consistent with their phylogenetic relationship. In addition, the number of DAs always corresponded to the number of EGFR signaling activation domains in two, three, and four-DA species. Despite their common two-DA characteristic, the EGFR signaling activation pattern in D. melanica diverged significantly from that of species in the subgenus Sophophora. Our results suggest that acquisition of the homoplastic two-DA characteristic could be explained by modifications of the EGFR signaling system in the genus Drosophila that occurred independently and at least twice during evolution.