受害前后的九里香嫩梢对柑橘木虱的吸引作用及其挥发物成分分析

柑橘木虱Diaphorina citriKuwayama是黄龙病的传播媒介,九里香Murraya paniculateL.是柑橘木虱最重要的寄主植物。本研究比较了受柑橘木虱为害前后的九里香对其趋性的影响,并在此基础上,分析受害前后的九里香嫩梢挥发物组成成分。结果表明,与未受为害的九里香相比,受为害后的九里香对柑橘木虱的吸引作用显著增强,而且受害后继续保留柑橘木虱的九里香吸引作用更强。受木虱为害前后九里香挥发物成分差异较大,相同组分含量差异也比较明显。仅存在于受为害后的九里香挥发物共有8种,分别为γ-橄榄烯、α-愈创木烯、Epi-β-檀香烯、顺式-β-金合欢烯、(+)-香橙烯、α-菖蒲二烯、十四甲基环七硅氧烷、α-绿叶烯;而仅存在于未受为害的九里香挥发物为6种,为别为孕烯醇酮、β-榄香烯、2,6-二叔丁基苯醌、异丙茴香醚、1-(1,5-二甲基己基)-4-甲基苯、α-柏木烯。这些差异物质可能在柑橘木虱的寄主定位中起着重要作用。     

健康和感染黄龙病沙糖桔嫩梢挥发性成分的分析

亚洲柑桔木虱Diaphorina citri Kuwayama为黄龙病的主要媒介昆虫。与健康柑桔相比,带有嫩梢并感染黄龙病的柑桔对该木虱的吸引作用较强。本文采用顶空固相微萃取和气质联用(GC/MS)分析健康和黄龙病沙糖桔嫩梢挥发物成分。结果表明,健康沙糖桔和黄龙病沙糖桔挥发性主要成分都是烯烃类、醇类,其中健康柑桔嫩梢挥发物的主要组分为β-榄香烯(17.0%)、β-罗勒烯(15.22%)、β-水芹烯(14.29%),而黄龙病嫩梢挥发物的主要组分为β-水芹烯(59.98%)、β-榄香烯(9.04%)。健康和黄龙病沙糖桔释放的挥发性化学物质种类差异较大,同种化合物的含量差异也较大。     

柑橘木虱胁迫对柠檬叶代谢组挥发性成分的影响

柑橘木虱是柑橘黄龙病的自然传播媒介,为了解柑橘应对柑橘木虱胁迫的代谢组学变化,本文以柠檬为受体,进行柑橘木虱取食胁迫处理,分别于胁迫不同阶段(0、12、24、48、72和96 h)采集柠檬叶为试验材料,静态顶空-气相色谱-质谱联用检测其挥发性物质。主要结果如下:结合保留指数从柠檬叶中共检出37种化合物,包含15种萜类,6种醛类,6种醇类等;含量较高的挥发性成分有(+)-柠檬烯、桧烯、月桂烯等;受柑橘木虱取食胁迫后,柠檬叶中的挥发性化合物含量产生明显变化,萜类、醛类和醇类物质相对含量均呈升高趋势。桧烯、里那醇、(+)-香茅醛和橙花醇4种物质的含量在柑橘木虱取食胁迫96 h时分别升高2.1,2.9,7.8和3.2倍;α-石竹烯的含量下降1.9倍。(+)-柠檬烯、β-红没药烯和反式-α-香柑油烯等物质含量变化不明显,胁迫后的样品中新检出玫瑰呋喃氧化物、香叶醇和2-异丙基-5-甲基茴香醚等3种化合物。皮尔森相关性分析表明,桧烯、β-蒎烯、甲基庚烯酮、月桂烯、水芹烯等9种物质含量与柑橘木虱胁迫时间呈极显著正相关(P0.01),α-蒎烯、莰烯、松油烯、γ-萜品烯等10种物质含量与柑橘木虱胁迫时间呈显著正相关(P0.05),而邻甲氨基苯甲酸甲酯含量与柑橘木虱胁迫时间呈极显著负相关(P0.01)。聚类和热图进一步分析表明,胁迫不同时间的样品具有显著差异,且胁迫时柠檬叶挥发性化合物大部分呈现上升的趋势,尤其是胁迫48、72和96 h后,物质含量显著增加。研究结果为了解柑橘应对柑橘木虱等生物胁迫的代谢组学变化及柑橘木虱的生物防治提供了理论基础。     

褐飞虱对水稻特异性挥发物的行为反应

【目的】本研究通过测试褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens (St?l)对水稻特异性挥发物的行为反应,研究水稻特异性挥发物对褐飞虱选择行为的影响,寻找出对褐飞虱有驱避或引诱功效的水稻挥发物成分,为稻田褐飞虱综合治理提供理论基础。【方法】选择水稻十一烷、十六烷、十七烷、芳樟醇、植醇、2-乙基-1-葵醇、柠檬烯、月桂烯、壬醛、葵醛、2-十二酮、水杨酸甲酯12种挥发物,以正己烷作为溶剂分别配置1、10和100μL/mL 3种浓度处理,采用四臂嗅觉仪测试3种浓度的12种水稻挥发物对褐飞虱行为反应。【结果】发现6种水稻挥发物包括芳樟醇、水杨酸甲酯、植醇、壬醛、葵醛及2-十二酮显著驱避褐飞虱,仅发现月桂烯1种水稻挥发物成分可显著引诱褐飞虱。其中,芳樟醇和水杨酸甲酯在测试的3个浓度中均显著驱避褐飞虱,依照由低到高浓度,褐飞虱对化合物的选择率相较于对照分别下降92.3%、122.2%、242.9%（芳樟醇）,57.1%、70.6%、188.9%（水杨酸甲酯）,而其它4种驱避剂和1种引诱剂都在浓度达到100μL/mL时才显著影响褐飞虱行为反应。【结论】水稻中存在对褐飞虱具有较好驱避或引诱作用的特异性植物挥发物,可用于生产中开发有效植物源驱避剂或引诱剂用于水稻褐飞虱生态防控。     

印楝素对褐飞虱诱导的水稻植株挥发物释放的影响

利用固相微萃取法收集施用印楝素对褐飞虱诱导的水稻挥发物,并通过气相色谱-质谱联用仪对其进行分离和鉴定.共收集到褐飞虱为害稻株挥发物25种,其中已定性组分14种,以倍半萜类化合物(9种)为主.褐飞虱为害稻株挥发物比健康稻株多柠檬烯、芳樟醇、水杨酸甲酯、未知6、未知7、姜烯、橙花叔醇、正十七烷8种组分.印楝素处理未导致新的挥发物组分产生,但使褐飞虱诱导的挥发物组分相对含量发生变化.印楝素的浓度导致柠檬烯、芳樟醇、水杨酸甲酯、未知6、姜烯、正十六烷6种组分相对含量发生明显变化;而水杨酸甲酯、未知6、未知7、姜烯、橙花叔醇5种挥发物组分相对含量因施药天数不同而存在显著差异;印楝素与水稻品种、害虫密度等生物因子间的互作使所有虫害诱导挥发物组分相对含量均发生显著改变.     

假眼小绿叶蝉对茶梢挥发物的行为反应

【目的】研究假眼小绿叶蝉Empoasca vitis G?the对健康茶梢和蝉害茶梢挥发物的行为反应,筛选出可引诱假眼小绿叶蝉的茶梢挥发物。【方法】以动态吸附法收集健康茶梢和蝉害茶梢挥发物,用气相色谱–质谱联用仪(GC-MS)进行定性定量分析,借助于Y形嗅觉仪检测多种挥发物引诱假眼小绿叶蝉成虫的活性。【结果】从健康茶梢和蝉害茶梢中共鉴定出30种挥发物组分,其中烯烃类含量较大。健康茶梢和蝉害茶梢挥发物中共有组分有13种,蝉害之后其含量皆上升,其中Z-b-罗勒烯和乙酸叶醇酯的含量分别是健康茶梢中的142.27倍、12.90倍。蝉害茶梢中新出现的组分有12种,其中紫苏烯含量较高。在10-2、10~(-4)、10-6 g/mL浓度下,乙酸叶醇酯表现出极显著的引诱水平(P<0.01);紫苏烯在10~(-2)和10~(-4) g/mL浓度下表现出极显著引诱水平(P<0.01);10~(-4) g/mL浓度下,Z-b-罗勒烯和D-柠檬烯极显著引诱假眼小绿叶蝉(P<0.01);10~(-4) g/mL芳樟醇、10~(-6) g/mL乙酸正丁酯和10~(-6) g/mL D-柠檬烯呈现出显著引诱水平(P<0.05);混合物组分Blend1和Blend2分别表现出极显著和显著引诱水平;而10~(-6) g/mLa-法尼烯显著排斥假眼小绿叶蝉(P<0.05)。【结论】假眼小绿叶蝉成虫对健康茶梢和蝉害茶梢挥发物多种组分具有不同的行为反应,引诱效果较强的单组分或混合组分的选定可为田间引诱效果试验提供参考。     

稻虱缨小蜂响应水稻挥发物的性二型性特征

[目的]比较稻虱缨小蜂Anagrus nilaparvatae雌雄蜂对水稻挥发物的电生理响应,明确寄生蜂嗅觉感受能力的性别差异,为提高寄生蜂在害虫生物防治中的应用效率提供依据.[方法]建立微小触角电位检测方法,测量雌雄蜂对不同类别的9种水稻挥发物的触角电位反应,对具有差异反应的挥发物进行梯度浓度刺激实验.[结果]电生理测试中,雄蜂对反-2-己烯醛的反应最强,对反-石竹烯的反应最弱,反应顺序从大到小为醛、酯、醇、萜;雌蜂对顺-茉莉酮的反应最强,对芳樟醇的反应最弱.测试的9种水稻挥发物中,6种挥发物在雌雄间存在显著的响应差异.在梯度浓度测试中,雄蜂对顺-柠檬烯、芳樟醇和顺茉莉酮3种挥发物的浓度变化没有明显的电生理响应差异,而对反-石竹烯、橙花叔醇和反-2-己烯醇产生明显电生理反应;雌蜂对6种挥发物的浓度变化都产生明显的电生理响应,其中,萜烯类物质芳樟醇、反-石竹烯和橙花叔醇在测试的最低浓度(0.01 g/L)时的电生理反应最强.[结论]稻虱缨小蜂的嗅觉感受能力在雌雄间存在明显的差异,且雌蜂对水稻挥发物的电生理反应较雄蜂灵敏.挥发物浓度在范围0.01-100 g/L内,通过稻虱缨小蜂对不同浓度下EAG值的差异,可以初步判断不同浓度的挥发物存在不同生态功能.     

假臭草花精油的化学组成及对柑橘木虱的驱避和致死活性

【目的】为了让入侵植物假臭草Praxelis clematidea(Griseb)R.M.KingH.Rob.变废为宝,首次探讨了假臭草花精油对柑橘木虱Diaphorina citri Kuwayama的驱避和致死活性,以用于生物防治。【方法】采用水蒸气蒸馏法提取了假臭草不同部位的精油,并通过气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS)分析花精油的化学成分,并检测了其对柑橘木虱的生物活性。【结果】假臭草花精油得率(0.31±0.03)%高于茎叶精油的得率(0.23±0.02)%;GC-MS检测显示,假臭草花精油至少含有25种化合物,其中β-荜澄茄油烯(43.85%)和β-石竹烯(30.34%)是其主要成分;花精油浓度为40和50μL·mL~(-1)处理30 min时,对柑橘木虱的驱避反应率均可达到100%。不同浓度的花精油对柑橘木虱具有明显的致死活性。当浓度为50μL·mL~(-1)的时候,浸液法处理九里香Murraya exotica L.嫩梢18 h时,柑橘木虱校正死亡率分别达到(56.25±4.79)%,LC50值为44.83μL·mL~(-1),而熏蒸法48 h时的柑橘木虱校正死亡率仅为(66.33±5.00)%,LC50为24.80μL·mL~(-1)。假臭草花精油对柑橘木虱的驱避和致死活性可能与其主要成分的作用有关。【结论】研究结果证明假臭草花精油对柑橘木虱具有良好的驱避和致死活性,具有开发成为柑橘木虱驱避剂及杀虫剂的良好潜能。     

不同离体寄主及其成熟度对亚洲柑桔木虱存活的影响

【目的】亚洲柑桔木虱Diaphorina citri Kuwayama的虫口密度及活动与柑桔黄龙病的田间传播、流行有十分密切的关系,寻找合适的室内饲养条件能够便于观察和研究其生物学特性和传病机制。【方法】本文以九里香Murraya exotica(L.)Mant.、酸桔Citrus sunki Hort.ex Tanaka和马水桔Citrus reticulata Blanco.cv.Mashuiju 3种寄主植物不同成熟度离体梢为研究材料,(1)比较亚洲柑桔木虱卵分别在3种寄主植株和离体嫩梢上的孵化率;(2)比较3种寄主不同成熟度离体梢对各龄若虫存活率和蜕皮的影响;(3)比较3种寄主不同成熟度离体梢对成虫存活率的影响。【结果】(1)亚洲柑桔木虱在植株嫩梢上卵的孵化率高于离体嫩梢,九里香表现最明显;(2)低龄若虫在叶片未完全展开的离体嫩梢上存活率最高,而高龄若虫在完全展开的嫩梢上最高;(3)用离体成熟梢饲养柑桔木虱成虫存活率高于离体嫩梢,酸桔和马水桔离体梢饲养的存活率较九里香高。【结论】用寄主植物离体梢饲养的亚洲柑桔木虱卵孵化率和若虫、成虫存活率都较高而且较稳定,该方法可用于这种木虱的室内繁殖中。     

杀青等处理对云南昭通青花椒挥发性成分变化的影响

对云南昭通几个地区的新鲜青花椒进行杀青、冻干等处理后,进行花椒精油量的测定,结果冻干花椒精油含量的损失最大,约13%,杀青处理对精油含量没什么影响;同时用气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)顶空法对新鲜青花椒原料和不同处理的青花椒样品进行成分定量及定性分析和比较。结果经GC-MS分离并鉴定其挥发性成分(匹配度在80以上)约10种;5种主要成分为桧烯、β-月桂烯、D-柠檬烯、γ-萜品烯、芳樟醇;新鲜花椒中:芳樟醇73%以上;桧烯6%以上;D-柠檬烯5%以上。经蒸汽杀青后其成分含量排序基本没变,但芳樟醇略有提高,而桧烯和D-柠檬烯略有下降;经冻干和晾干后其精油成分中桧烯和D-柠檬烯比例提高至30%左右,而芳樟醇含量下降至30%左右。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

The effects of glutamine of the maintenance of embryogenic cultures of Cryptomeria japonica

Summary Embryogenic tissues of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) were induced on a modified Campbell and Durzan (CD) medium containing 1 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 600 mg l⁻¹ glutamine, and subcultured in the medium of the same composition for over 1 yr. This resulted in a mixed culture of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells. When embryogenic cells were isolated and cultured independently, their capacity to form embryogenic aggregates was lost. Thus, the non-embryogenic cells present within a mixed culture system were essential to the formation of embryogenic aggregates. When embryogenic tissues were isolated and cultured independently on a high glutamine-containing (2400 mg l⁻¹) medium, dry weights and endogenous levels of glutamine increased, and the tissue could generate a large number of embryogenic aggregates. Amino acid analysis of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells from the maintenance culture indicated a higher level of glutamine was present in the latter. The high endogenous level of glutamine in the non-embryogenic portion of mixed cell masses may be the supplier of glutamine for maintaining the embryogenic property of the tissues.     

Specificity of action of piperidylcholine derivatives as substrates of cholinesterases of various origin

The review deals with study of enzymologic properties of a novel highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate, N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium iodomethylate (“piperidylcholine”), and its 30 derivatives that were tested as effectors of cholinesterases of mammals and various species of Pacific squids. It was proven for the first time that responsible for specificity of action was structure of cyclic ammonium grouping of the alcohol part of molecule of the ester substrate. Analysis of specificity is performed based on enzymatic hydrolysis parameters—activity of catalytic center of cholinesterases and bimolecular constant of the reaction rate that are determined at optimal and low substrate concentrations. Among the specially synthesized group of thioester compounds there is revealed one more highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate—N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium.     

医疗机构合理用药评价模型的构建研究

目的 针对医疗机构的合理用药水平进行评价研究。方法 根据医疗机构合理用药的具体要求,构建医疗机构合理用药评价指标体系,采用基于模糊群决策的方法和多指标评价分析法构建医疗机构合理用药评价模型。结果 构建了基于模糊群决策的医疗机构合理用药评价模型,并通过实例分析证明了评价模型的可行性。结论 建立的基于模糊群决策的医疗机构合理用药评价模型能够对医疗机构的合理用药水平进行科学评价,为提高医疗机构合理用药水平奠定基础。     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.