褐飞虱对五种杀虫剂抗性的快速检测技术

【目的】建立褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens对常用杀虫剂抗性的快速检测技术,实时掌握田间褐飞虱种群的抗药性水平,以指导褐飞虱防控合理用药。【方法】基于玻璃瓶药膜法,研制褐飞虱3龄若虫对吡虫啉、啶虫脒、醚菊酯、毒死蜱和异丙威5种杀虫剂抗性的快速检测试剂盒;利用试剂盒测定的死亡率与稻苗浸渍法测得的抗性倍数进行相关性分析,并验证利用试剂盒快速测定褐飞虱田间种群对5种杀虫剂 抗性水平的准确性。【结果】处理1 h时吡虫啉、啶虫脒、醚菊酯、毒死蜱和异丙威对褐飞虱室内敏感种群3龄若虫的LD₉₀分别为：30.96, 92.05, 117.24, 514.21和1.24 ng/cm²。在吡虫啉、啶虫脒、醚菊酯、毒死蜱和异丙威相应诊断剂量下,贵州省不同田间种群褐飞虱3龄若虫的校正死亡率分别在23.75%~78.75%, 25.00%~78.75%, 43.75%~88.75%, 36.25%~85.00%和18.75%~67.50%之间。相关性分析表明,上述田间种群褐飞虱3龄若虫的死亡率与稻苗浸渍法测定的抗性倍数呈显著负相关,相关系数在0.8751~0.9754之间。通过快速检测试剂盒获得的死亡率及相关性方程计算得到贵州安龙地区(AL)褐飞虱种群对吡虫啉、啶虫脒、醚菊酯、毒死蜱和异丙威的推测抗性倍数分别为7.23, 3.68, 4.14, 4.12和31.18,采用稻苗浸渍法测得上述5种杀虫剂的实测抗性倍数分别为6.33, 5.24, 3.71, 4.50和26.56,表明推测抗性倍数与实测的抗性倍数结果表现一致。【结论】该快速检测试剂盒可以通过测定褐飞虱田间种群的死亡率,快速评估褐飞虱田间种群对杀虫剂的抗性水平。     

茶园黑刺粉虱越冬虫态及空间分布型研究

黑刺粉虱Aleurocanthus spiuiferus是茶园重要害虫之一,为明确黑刺粉虱在北方茶园的越冬分布型及越冬虫态,通过对茶园黑刺粉虱越冬代虫源进行调查,分冠层统计不同越冬时期各虫态的发生量,利用聚集度指标分析、m*-m回归方程分析和Taylor幂法则回归方程分析其空间分布型。结果显示黑刺粉虱越冬代田间分布型为聚集分布,种群聚集均数λ>2,聚集原因为种群自身产卵习性与环境因素共同作用结果;各虫态在茶树冠层间的分布存在差异,卵和1龄若虫主要分布于树冠中、上部,3龄、4龄若虫和伪蛹主要分布于树冠中、下部;随着越冬时间推移,卵和低龄若虫占比逐渐减少,至越冬结束黑刺粉虱4龄若虫和伪蛹占种群总量的80%。本研究明确了黑刺粉虱在北方茶园以各龄若虫和伪蛹越冬,越冬期间可缓慢发育至4龄若虫和伪蛹,越冬代田间分布型为聚集分布,研究结果可为黑刺粉虱精准预测预报和合理制定综合防治措施提供技术支持。     

福建省烟粉虱种群消长动态及影响因素分析

【目的】为了探究福建省烟粉虱Bemisiatabaci(Gennadius)种群消长动态及其影响因素,提高监测与防控水平。【方法】选择代表福建南北两地的漳州和建瓯蔬菜生产地开展露地和温室大棚烟粉虱种群数量的系统调查,并在室内测定了不同温度对烟粉虱生长发育及繁殖的影响。【结果】漳州露地烟粉虱周年发生,种群季节性消长呈现两个高峰,即6月中下旬-7月上中旬的夏季高峰和11月上中旬的秋季高峰;建瓯大棚内烟粉虱亦周年发生,且与漳州露地种群消长动态基本同步;建瓯露地烟粉虱始见期为3月下旬,种群夏季高峰在7月中下旬,秋季高峰期在10月中下旬。烟粉虱卵、1龄若虫、2龄若虫、3龄若虫和4龄若虫+拟蛹的发育起点温度分别为13.77、14.98、9.60、7.97、12.56℃,有效积温分别为77.25、29.13、49.62、65.03和65.13日·度,结合2015-2017年气象资料,推算出烟粉虱在建瓯和漳州年发生代数分别为11-12代和13-14代。【结论】气温是影响烟粉虱种群消长的关键因子,21-27℃是B型烟粉虱发育的适宜温度,低于20℃和高于30℃均不利于烟粉的生长发育和繁殖。当旬平均气温稳定在20℃以上时种群数量快速上升,当旬平均气温持续保持在30℃以上时种群数量呈回落态势。     

棉田烟粉虱种群动态及杀虫剂的影响

本文记述了烟粉虱(Bemisia tabaci(Gennadius))各龄若虫形态特征、生物学特性,以及1977—1984年八年的田间种群动态及杀虫剂对其影响.烟粉虱是上海郊区常发性棉田害虫,但密度较低,为害不重,除棉花外还为害大豆等作物.烟粉虱从7月上旬在棉田出现,8—9月为发生盛期.一般年份有三个高峰日,每年高峰日出现有一定规律.烟粉虱田间种群积累增长数和10℃以上积温呈S形曲线相关,文中给出不同数量类型年份的相关曲线,可以用于预测种群增长趋势.10月下旬以后种群数量明显下降.调查中发现二种寄生蜂寄生若虫,对粉虱种群有一定影 响.在每年用药7—9次的常规用药田块粉虱种群可以被压制到较低水平,但寄生蜂也全部损失,在每年用药3—4次的控药田块,虽粉虱数量较多,但寄生蜂数量也有上升趋势,而影响粉虱种群数量.     

氯虫苯甲酰胺对非靶标害虫褐飞虱实验种群的亚致死效应

在稻田中,氯虫苯甲酰胺是以鳞翅目幼虫为主要防治对象的新型杀虫剂,而褐飞虱 是该药剂的重要非靶标害虫.本文采用稻茎浸渍法测定氯虫苯甲酰胺对其非靶标害虫褐飞虱3龄若虫和成虫的毒力.结果表明:氯虫苯甲酰胺对褐飞虱3龄若虫和成虫的LC50分别为26.85和35.53 mg·L-1;以氯虫苯甲酰胺亚致死浓度LC10和LC25分别处理褐飞虱3龄若虫后,对当代褐飞虱雌虫寿命无显著影响,但LC25剂量处理后,当代褐飞虱雌虫产卵量显著降低45.6粒.亚致死剂量处理褐飞虱3龄若虫后,显著影响F1代褐飞虱的产卵量和雌虫寿命,雌虫产卵量分别减少43.5和72.9粒,雌虫寿命分别缩短1.35和2.87 d;两个剂量处理后F1代的各虫态发育历期均有所延长;施药后各项种群参数也发生了变化,种群内禀增长率rm分别降低12.8％和23.5％,净增殖率R0分别降低37.4％和68.7％,而世代平均历期T和种群加倍时间t均延长.表明氯虫苯甲酰胺亚致死剂量对褐飞虱种群增长具有一定的抑制作用.     

茶园黑刺粉虱自然种群生命表

1989年黑刺粉虱Aleurocanthus spiniferus在我国茶区大发生。在皖南茶区选常年虫情较重的茶园,每5天1次系统地调查了全年各个世代各虫态的种群波动及其与气候因子的关系,及茶园生境、品种间虫口密度的差异,连续研究了3个世代的自然种群生命表,分析了粉虱种群暴发至衰退过程中各种致死因子的作用。2002年轻发生,又调查了种群数量与天气的关系。经轻、重发生年份的比较分析认为,该粉虱趋荫湿郁闭的茶丛中下层,1988年越冬代蛹的累积基数较大,越冬期间天气稍温暖干燥,死亡率较低。1989年春温暖湿润宜于化蛹、羽化和第1代卵的孵化而暴发。至第1代蛹期,寄生蜂的控制作用显著增强,羽化的成蜂紧接着寄生第2代粉虱的1、2龄幼虫。自第2代3龄幼虫起,长时期阴雨、高湿,几种虫生真菌在粉虱种群中酿成流行病。第1～3代粉虱种群趋势指数分别为0．47、0．09和0．02,种群数量逐代锐藏,于8月下旬崩溃。经关键因子分析认为,10余种寄生蜂的寄生和4种虫生真菌的侵染为重要制约因子。斯氏寡节蚜小蜂Prospaltella smithi、刺粉虱黑蜂Amitus hesperidum、蚧侧链孢Pleurodesmospora coccora、枝孢霉Cladosporium sp．、顶孢霉Acremonium sp．和韦伯虫座孢Aegerita webberi是优势种天敌。     

蜡蚧轮枝菌毒素对温室中烟粉虱种群控制作用的评价

在室内测定蜡蚧轮枝菌毒素对烟粉虱种群干扰作用基础上,通过分别组建蜡蚧轮枝菌毒素和化学杀虫剂作用下的烟粉虱第5、6代自然种群生命表,采用种群趋势指数（I）和干扰作用控制指数（IIPC）分析法,比较蜡蚧轮枝菌毒素和化学杀虫剂对茄子上烟粉虱的防治效果,评价蜡蚧轮枝菌毒素对烟粉虱的防治作用。结果表明,毒素对烟粉虱室内种群的干扰作用主要表现在对成虫的忌避作用和对若虫的毒杀作用;温室大棚中施用400mg／L的蜡蚧轮枝菌毒素,对烟粉虱第5代和第6代的控制指数IIPC分别为0．064和0．023,连续施用毒素后,第6代种群趋势指数Ⅰ为0．68,烟粉虱种群基本得到控制;温室大棚中施用重量10％吡虫啉可湿性粉剂（稀释1000倍）,对烟粉虱第5代和第6代的控制指数IIPC分别为0．44和1．01,化防区第5代的I为12．95,第6代的I为30．23,分别为对照区的0．44倍和1．01倍,连续使用化学杀虫剂,容易造成烟粉虱再猖獗。重要因子分析揭示毒索比化学杀虫剂更利于温室烟粉虱种群控制。     

华南双季稻区早稻收割和晚稻移栽对褐飞虱种群动态的影响

为了阐明华南双季稻区早稻收割和晚稻移栽对褐飞虱种群动态的影响,2011年在韶关市采用田间调查与卵巢解剖的方法研究了双季早稻、双季晚稻、田埂杂草上褐飞虱的种群动态及虫源性质。结果表明:早稻收割后,早稻上大量的褐飞虱1～2龄若虫被淘汰,3龄以上若虫及成虫不断转移扩散致使附近晚稻秧田和杂草上褐飞虱虫量突增;晚稻移栽之后,杂草及晚稻秧田的褐飞虱又向新插秧的晚稻进行转移,但成为有效虫源的虫量较少,因此,早稻收割和晚稻移栽对褐飞虱种群动态造成了极为不利的影响,晚稻秧田和田埂杂草可作为褐飞虱转移过程中的流动栖息场所,在褐飞虱虫量转移中起着一定的作用。     

樟个木虱形态特征及生物学特性

樟个木虱Triozacamphorae是近年来上海地区香樟上发生的一种新害虫。作者对其形态和生物学特性进行了研究。樟个木虱在上海以 1年发生 2代为主 ,偶发 3代。樟个木虱以低龄若虫在叶片上越冬 ,3月下旬至 4月上旬越冬代羽化 ;第 1代开始于 3月下旬 ,羽化高峰在 6月份 ;第 2代开始于 5月下旬 ,并主要以该代若虫越冬 ;第 3代若虫偶发 ,开始于 7月上旬 ,以若虫越冬。樟个木虱第 1代若虫的平均发育历期为 5 0 72d,1～ 5龄若虫的历期分别为 :1 8 .3 1± 2 .2 1d ,1 4. 90± 9. 92d,6 .1 1± 2 . 2 0d,5 .80±3 . 61d ,5 60± 1 5 1d。成虫的寿命为 3～ 1 1d ,平均寿命为 6 41d。樟个木虱的产卵量为 3 9. 1粒 雌虫。2 4℃下 ,卵历期 5～ 7d不等 ,平均为 5. 3 4± 0 . 5 7d ,卵平均孵化率为 83 . 7%。樟个木虱低龄若虫中 3龄若虫最耐高温 ,其次为 2龄若虫 ,1龄若虫最不耐高温。     

新疆葡萄穴粉虱的形态学及生物学特性

【目的】葡萄穴粉虱是近年来入侵新疆吐鲁番地区的一种新害虫,明确其在新疆吐鲁番地区的生物学特性及发生危害情况,可为防治策略的制定提供科学依据。【方法】通过室内观察和田间调查,了解葡萄穴粉虱的形态学特征及生物学特性。【结果】葡萄穴粉虱属过渐变态。成虫复眼红棕色,翅膀表面覆盖白色蜡粉。卵倒锥形。若虫共4龄,扁椭圆形,体缘有蜡丝,末龄若虫在体壳内化蛹。4龄若虫(拟蛹)有半透明和黑色2型,越冬型4龄若虫(拟蛹)为黑色且有金属光泽。该虫在吐鲁番1年发生3~4代。越冬代成虫于4月上中旬破蛹羽化,开始在葡萄园危害,5月中旬第1代若虫孵化,5月下旬为孵化高峰;6月中旬2代若虫开始孵化,6月下旬—7月初为孵化高峰,世代重叠严重,10月中下旬之后以越冬代蛹在枯叶和枯枝上越冬。除为害葡萄外,葡萄穴粉虱还危害五叶地锦等葡萄科植物。【结论】在葡萄冬季埋土前或春季上架时,清除枯枝落叶可以大量减少越冬虫源,减轻防治压力。5月中旬第一代若虫孵化高峰期是化学防治的关键时期。在重点开展葡萄园防治的同时,应加强对五叶地锦等园林植物的防治。     

Laboratory studies on the longevity, instar duration, growth, reproduction and embryonic development in scapholeberis kingi sars (1903) (Cladocera: Daphnidae)

Kept in the laboratory at 28°–30° C, the cosmopolitan cladoceran, Scapholeberis kingi produces about 239 eggs during a life of 20.56 days duration. It has two pre-adult and seventeen adult instars. The duration of preadult and adult instars was compared with other tropical Cladocera. Egg production was found to be uniformly high with minor fluctuations. The various events in the life cycle and their significance have been compared with those of related species. The rate of egg production, expressed on a cumulative basis was found to be higher (a = 1.3326) than that of Simocephalus acutirostratus King, Moina micrura Kurz and Ceriodaphnia cornuta Sars and lower than that of Daphnia carinata King.The general pattern of embryonic development of S. kingi shows close similarities to that of allied tropical and temperate species, though differences in duration of the embryonic period were recorded.     

Genotype-environment interactions for insect growth in constant and fluctuating temperature regimes

Experiments on life history genetics are usually performed using constant temperature environments in the laboratory. However, the dynamics of insect growth can be influenced profoundly by daily fluctuations in temperature such as those which characterize field environments. We report here on experiments using different stocks and selected lines of a tropical butterfly, Bicyclus anynana, to examine whether genotype-environment interactions occur for three traits describing pre-adult growth. These traits were measured over two pairs of environments differing in mean temperature, each of which had a constant, and a cycling temperature regime. Development time, pupal weight and growth rate show genotype-environment interactions, especially at comparatively low average temperatures. Researchers should, therefore, take care when extrapolating from the form of genetic covariance matrices and ''trade-offs'' among life history traits found in constant temperature environments to those likely to occur in nature. <br>     

生命科学的挑战

简要介绍了生命科学中许多难以解决的问题,指出了从全新角度得到这一问题的主导思想。     

The development of the endoparasitoid wasp Venturia canescens in superparasitised Ephestia kuehniella

Using a molecular marker that allows the differentiation of two strains of the solitary endoparasitoid wasp Venturia canescens, the study investigated the influence of host mass and the time interval between ovipositions on the survival and development of larvae from both the first and second laid eggs in superparasitised Ephestia kuehniella. As the time interval between ovipositions increased both overall and superparasitism success decreased, however, time between, and order of, ovipositions had little effect on other developmental parameters. Adult size increased with host mass under both parasitism and superparasitism, while host mortality decreased with host mass under superparasitism. In addition, wasps emerging from superparasitised hosts were larger than wasps from parasitised hosts. The results confirm that for V. canescens on the host E. kuehniella both self- and conspecific-superparasitism will be an adaptive strategy when hosts are the limiting factor.     

Oocyte maturation and ovariole number in lines of Drosophila melanogaster selected for postponed senescence

1. Postponed senescence lines of Drosophila melanogaster have previously been generated by selection for delayed female reproduction.
2. This study addresses the question of whether the selection regime has differentiated lines with respect to oocyte maturation or ovariole number.
3. Oocyte stage and ovariole number were characterized in replicate postponed senescence lines (O) and in replicate control lines (B).
4. Oocyte maturation is delayed in O females.
5. The delay in oocyte maturation in O lines corresponds to reduced early age fecundity.
6. Selection may have resulted in an increased number of ovarioles in O females.     

Offspring size in Daphnia: does it pay to be overweight?

Variation in offspring size and number has beendescribed for a wide range of organisms. In this studyI investigated the relationship between resource levelof the mother and size of her offspring in thecladoceran Daphnia magna, in order to assess whetheroffspring produced at different food levels areoptimal in size for these food levels. Optimaloffspring size was defined as the size of offspringthat yields the highest parental fitness (i.e.offspring of optimal size have the highest juvenilefitness per unit maternal effort invested in them). Iobserved that especially at the higher food levels,daphnids produced offspring that are larger than thecomputed optimal offspring size at these food levels.I interpret this as a mechanism to avoid starvation ofneonates in the case of suddenly deteriorating foodconditions.     

Life Sciences and Globalization – Two Modern Marketing Slogans or a Challenge for the Future?

The historical development of the industrialization in the past 200 years may be best illustrated by the Kondratiew‐cycles. The world’s population is increasing both rapidly and continuously. According to the latest statistics, there are currently around 6 billion people on our planet. In the next two–three decades it will be increasing to 8 billion people. Approximate 1 billion people in the world have not enough to eat, they are undernourished. How mankind will behave in smaller and smaller living‐spaces is besides the basic needs of nutrition, health, and housing. This problem we must solve in the near future. In favored areas of settlement the population density is increasing all the time. Areas of the resources for raw materials, energy, and nutrition are not identical with the locations for production and housing. Life sciences comprise an interdisciplinary science of nature, about nature, of mankind and its behavior, that means psychology and sociology. Life sciences and globalization depend on one another and force us to adapt production methods to shortage of natural resources and the regeneration of the environment and the sources for water, energy, and materials. Life science will be a modern vision in future, independent from the organizational structure of individual companies. The ability to regenerate means more than environmental protection; it means “health” in the widest sense. Nature may be changed, it is not static. But nature must be allowed to be regenerated. Globalization means the construction of a network of storage, production‐, transportation‐, and communication systems so that we can exchange and use supplies of water, energy, raw‐materials, products, and information without disruption and according to need. Presently, the globalization is interpreted by the western industrialized nations according to their own advantage and profit. At the latest in one decade the countries within Asia and Latin‐America or the CIS will be serious competitors on the world market in the fields of basic and high technology. If the globalization will continue to be interpreted in a profitable euphoria, we can expect a new economic disaster. These problems should be discussed openly and without ideological baggage or narrow‐mindedness.     

Structure and reproduction of Hormidiella bharatiansis sp. nov.

The structure and reproduction of Hormidiella bharatiansis sp. nov. is described. Asexual reproduction is by zoospores: sexual reproduction is by morphologically similar gametes, some of which, after a brief period of swarming, settle down, round off, enlarge and act as females gametes, the others remaining active and functioning as male gametes. Fertilisation takes place about six to eight hours after liberation: one to two percent of the zygotes are abortive.