气管抽吸标本微生物检测在预测新生儿呼吸机相关性肺炎预后中的应用

目的气管抽吸标本微生物检测在预测新生儿呼吸机相关性肺炎中的作用。方法选择2016年4月-2018年4月本院NICU患儿359例,其中符合VAP诊断标准患儿172例,设为VAP组;不符合VAP诊断标准的患儿187例,设为对照组。检测呼吸道病原菌情况以及患儿预后。结果对照组和VAP组的胎龄、出生体重、机械通气时间存在明显差异。VAP组中106例(61.63%)患儿为革兰阴性菌阳性,38例患儿为革兰阳性菌(22.09%)阳性,28例(16.28%)患儿为真菌阳性。革兰阴性菌中以肺炎克雷伯菌(20.93%)为主,其次是嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌(16.86%)。革兰阳性菌中以金黄色葡萄球菌(9.88%)和溶血葡萄球菌为主(5.81%)。鲍曼不动杆菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、白假丝酵母菌与VAP患儿死亡存在弱相关性。结论 NICU患儿因为机械通气引起上呼吸道或其他部位的病原菌定植于肺部引起VAP。部分细菌检出率增加预示患儿预后较差。     

ICU呼吸机相关性肺炎病原菌分布及耐药性分析

目的探讨ICU呼吸机相关性肺炎(VAP)病原菌的分布及其耐药性,为临床合理治疗提供依据。方法回顾性分析我院2010年1月至2013年12月ICU病房370例VAP患者的临床资料,了解其病原菌的构成及其药物敏感性。结果共分离出病原菌412株,其中革兰阴性菌301株(73.06%),前四位分别为鲍氏不动杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌、肺炎克雷伯菌和大肠埃希菌;革兰阳性菌70株(16.99%),前三位为金黄色葡萄球菌、表皮葡萄球菌和肺炎链球菌;真菌41株(9.95%),以白色假丝酵母菌为主。药敏结果显示,鲍氏不动杆菌和铜绿假单胞菌对大部分常用抗菌药物耐药率较高,肺炎克雷伯菌和大肠埃希菌对左氧氟沙星、阿米卡星、妥布霉素、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、亚胺培南和美罗培南耐药率较低;金黄色葡萄球菌和表皮葡萄球菌对青霉素G的耐药率90%,对左氧氟沙星、利福平、呋喃妥因、替考拉宁、利奈唑胺和万古霉素的耐药率较低。结论 G-杆菌是ICU中导致VAP的主要病原菌,且对多种抗菌药物耐药率较高,抗菌药物治疗应以病原学和耐药性监测结果为依据。     

神经外科术后患者呼吸机相关性肺炎危险因素分析

目的探讨神经外科术后患者呼吸机相关性肺炎(VAP)的病原菌分布、耐药性及其危险因素。方法选取我院神经外科ICU于2015年6月至2019年1月期间收治的286例手术后行机械通气患者为研究对象,将出现VAP的患者纳入感染组,将未出现VAP的患者纳入未感染组,对感染组患者进行呼吸道分泌物分离培养鉴定,并进行药敏试验。同时收集所有患者的临床资料,对患者发生VAP的危险因素进行分析。结果 286例患者中共有117例患者发生VAP,VAP发生率为40.9%。117例VAP患者共培养得到148株病原菌,其中革兰阴性菌共97株,占65.5%,革兰阴性菌中主要为铜绿假单胞菌、鲍曼不动杆菌、肺炎克雷伯菌;革兰阳性菌共44株,占29.7%,其中以金黄色葡萄球菌和表皮葡萄球菌为主;真菌7株,占4.7%。药敏试验提示革兰阴性菌中铜绿假单胞菌对阿米卡星最为敏感,而对左氧氟沙星和美罗培南均具有较高的耐药性;鲍曼不动杆菌主要对头孢哌酮和环丙沙星耐药性较低,对庆大霉素和哌拉西林耐药性高;肺炎克雷伯菌对常见抗菌药物耐药性整体较高,仅对阿米卡星、美罗培南、亚胺培南耐药性较低。革兰阳性菌中均未发现对替考拉宁、万古霉素耐药的菌株,其中金黄色葡萄球菌对大多数抗菌药物的耐药性均超过50%,仅对利福平耐药性低于50%;表皮葡萄球菌对青霉素和亚胺培南具有100%的耐药性,对庆大霉素和环丙沙星具有50%的耐药性,对其他抗菌药物的耐药性均较低。Logistic回归分析显示年龄≥60岁、机械通气时间较长、脱机失败再插管、联合使用抗生素、长时间使用抗生素均为神经外科手术后患者出现VAP的独立危险因素。结论神经外科术后机械通气患者VAP的发生率较高,且病原菌的耐药性较高,同时患者发生VAP的危险因素较多,应针对相关危险因素进行有效的干预以减少VAP的发生,提高患者的预后。     

重症监护室患者血流感染菌谱构成及耐药性分析

目的 了解综合性医院重症监护室患者血流感染病原菌分布及其耐药性.方法 回顾性调查2011年6月至2012年6月南昌大学第二附属医院ICU患者血培养情况,对分离菌株及其药敏结果进行统计分析,所有数据采用WHONET 5.5软件分析.结果 1764例患者血培养共分离获得482株病原菌,总阳性率为27.32％.其中革兰阳性球菌占39.83％(192/482),革兰阴性杆菌占51.04％ (246/482),真菌占8.09％ (39/482).最常见的感染菌分别为凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌、洋葱伯克霍尔德菌、大肠埃希菌、鲍曼不动杆菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、铜绿假单胞菌及金黄色葡萄球菌.金黄色葡萄球菌和表皮葡萄球菌的耐甲氧西林发生率分别为88.24％及90.48％,对青霉素的耐药率均为100％,未检测到耐万古霉素的葡萄球菌.金黄色葡萄球菌与表皮葡萄球菌比较,耐药率有统计学意义的只有复方新诺明,耐药率分别为5.88％和63.49％,金黄色葡萄球菌对复方新诺明(5.88％)和夫西地酸(11.76％)耐药率较低;大肠埃希菌与肺炎克雷伯菌耐药率最低的是亚胺培南,分别为13.04％及11.11％;铜绿假单胞菌对亚胺培南的耐药率为20.00％,而鲍曼不动杆菌对亚胺培南的耐药率高达92.68％.结论 凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌、洋葱伯克霍尔德菌、鲍曼不动杆菌等是重症监护室患者血流感染的常见病原菌,其耐药及多重耐药性均较严重.     

重症监护病房医院感染菌分布与耐药性分析

了解哈尔滨医科大学附属第一医院重症监护病房(ICU)病原菌的分布特点及耐药性,为临床治疗提供理论依据。对2003年1月至2010年12月ICU患者送检的标本进行培养,用API鉴定系统或VITEK 2 Com-pact全自动细菌鉴定仪进行菌种鉴定及药敏分析,对检出菌株的构成、标本的分布及药敏结果进行分析。共分离出4 197株病原菌,其中革兰阴性杆菌52.1%、革兰阳性球菌22.3%、真菌25.6%;革兰阴性杆菌中非发酵菌占主要地位(37.5%),以鲍曼不动杆菌为主(13.1%);而肠杆菌科细菌则以肺炎克雷伯菌(9.5%)及大肠埃希菌(5.1%)为主;革兰阳性球菌以金黄色葡萄球菌(14.6%)为主,真菌以白假丝酵母菌(11.8%)为主;在检出所有病原菌的标本中,前3位依次为痰液(79.1%)、血液(8.4%)、无菌体液(8.1%);细菌耐药性结果表明,大肠埃希菌及肺炎克雷伯菌产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)阳性率分别为66.4%、56.3%。几种主要病原菌对各类抗菌药物的耐药程度各不相同,但大部分菌株均呈现多重耐药的现象。产酶菌的耐药率普遍高于非产酶菌,哌拉西林/他唑巴坦对产酶菌及非产酶菌的抑菌效果都很明显;美罗培南、亚胺培南和头孢替坦对肠杆菌科细菌耐药率最低均在40%以下,可作为产酶菌的首选药;鲍曼不动杆菌耐药性严重耐药率均在50%以上。耐甲氧西林葡萄球菌(MRS)检出率为70.1%,其中耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)75.8%,耐甲氧西林凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌(MRCNS)38.7%。万古霉素、替考拉宁和利奈唑烷可作为革兰阳性球菌严重感染的首选药物。ICU患者以呼吸道感染为主,病原菌以鲍曼不动杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌为主,且多为多重耐药菌。真菌感染率增加且真菌对药物的敏感性好。应动态监测ICU病原菌的流行和耐药情况,从而控制医院内感染,减少耐药菌株的产生。     

重症监护病房患者痰培养临床分离菌分布及耐药性分析

目的研究重症监护病房(ICU)患者痰培养临床分离菌分布及耐药性,为临床合理使用抗菌药物提供依据。方法对2013年1月至2014年8月ICU患者下呼吸道分离的病原菌,应用Micro Scan WalkAway40细菌鉴定及药敏分析系统对分离菌进行鉴定及药敏测定,根据CLSI 2014版标准判断药敏结果,用WHONET 5.6软件进行数据分析。结果共分离出981株非重复病原菌,革兰阴性杆菌占83.6%,革兰阳性球菌占14.9%,真菌占1.5%。排前6位的细菌依次为:肺炎克雷伯杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、鲍曼不动杆菌、大肠埃希菌和嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌,分别占22.0%、17.8%、13.0%、12.1%、6.3%和5.7%。肺炎克雷伯杆菌和铜绿假单胞菌对抗菌药体外药敏试验都较敏感,鲍曼不动杆菌多重耐药株检出率为65.5%,大肠埃希菌ESBLs发生率为53.2%,对青霉素类、头孢类抗菌药耐药率较高。未发现耐万古霉素、替考拉宁和利奈唑胺的金黄色葡萄球菌。结论 ICU下呼吸道感染以革兰阴性杆菌为主,细菌耐药严重。合理使用抗菌药,减少耐药菌株的产生及暴发流行具有重要的意义。     

ICU呼吸机相关性肺炎患者炎性因子水平与病原学特征及危险因素分析

摘要 目的：研究重症监护室（ICU）呼吸机相关性肺炎（VAP）患者炎性因子水平与病原学特征及危险因素。方法：将从2017年1月～2019年12月,于我院ICU接受治疗的120例患者纳入研究。将其按照是否发生VAP分成VAP组48例与无VAP组72例。比较两组炎性因子水平,分析VAP患者的病原菌分布情况,分析ICU患者发生VAP的危险因素。结果：VAP组肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）、降钙素原（PCT）及C反应蛋白（CRP）水平均高于无VAP组（均P＜0.05）。48例VAP患者共分离得到病原菌76株,按照占比从高到低的顺序依次为铜绿假单胞菌、鲍氏不动杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、大肠埃希菌、凝血酶阴性葡萄球菌、真菌,占比分别为22.37%、18.42%、17.11%、14.47%、13.16%、7.89%、6.58%。经单因素分析发现：ICU患者发生VAP与机械通气时间、抗菌药物联用以及留置胃管有关（均P＜0.05）,与年龄、性别无关（均P＞0.05）。经多因素Logistic回归分析发现：机械通气时间≥7 d、抗菌药物联用、留置胃管均是ICU患者发生VAP的危险因素（P＜0.05）。结论：VAP患者的炎性因子水平存在显著升高的情况,且其病原菌以铜绿假单胞菌、鲍氏不动杆菌以及金黄色葡萄球菌等为主。此外,机械通气时间、抗菌药物联用以及留置胃管均与VAP的发生关系密切,值得临床重点关注。     

儿童重症监护病房呼吸机相关性肺炎病原菌分布及耐药性分析

目的探讨儿童重症监护病房(PICU)机械通气患儿呼吸机相关性肺炎(VAP)的病原菌群,并对细菌耐药性进行分析,为抗生素的使用提供依据。方法对2012年6月至2015年5月我院PICU中发生的34例VAP患儿的下呼吸道分泌物细菌培养结果进行回顾性分析。结果共计检出病原菌40株,其中革兰阴性菌34株(85.0%),革兰阳性菌4株(10.0%),真菌2株(5.0%)。前四位致病菌依次为:鲍曼不动杆菌(25.0%)、肺炎克雷伯菌(20.0%)、铜绿假单胞菌(15.0%)、大肠埃希菌(12.5%),均对儿科常用抗生素耐药性严重。鲍曼不动杆菌对头孢哌酮/舒巴坦耐药率较低,肺炎克雷伯菌、大肠埃希菌对亚胺培南、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦的耐药率较低,铜绿假单胞菌则对喹诺酮类耐药率较低。结论应加强机械通气儿童患者呼吸道管理及病原学监测,合理应用抗生素。     

无多重耐药危险医院获得性肺炎病原菌分布特点与耐药性分析

目的分析温州医科大学附属义乌医院无多重耐药危险医院获得性肺炎（HAP）病原菌分布特点及耐药性。方法人选无多药耐药危险因素的医院获得性肺炎（HAP）患者352例,按照发病时间分为早发HAP组与晚发HAP组,采集合格痰标本,进行细菌分离、鉴定和药敏试验,并分析比较患者病原菌分布特点及耐药性。结果人选的352例患者共分离m393株病原菌,HAP最常见的病原菌排名前五位的分别是为肺炎克雷伯杆菌、大肠埃希菌、铜绿假单胞菌、金黄色葡萄球菌及鲍曼不动杆菌,早发HAP排名前五位的分别是肺炎克雷伯杆菌、大肠埃希菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、肺炎链球菌和铜绿假单胞菌,晚发HAP排名前五位的分别是肺炎克雷伯杆菌、大肠埃希菌、铜绿假单胞菌、鲍曼不动杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌,两组患者革兰阳性菌与革兰阴性菌所占比例差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）,78株革兰阳性菌对常用抗生素的耐药率早发与晚发HAP差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）,296株革兰阴性菌对常用抗生素的耐药率,早发HAP与晚发HAP除了对哌拉西林和阿莫西林克拉维酸钾的耐药率差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）,其余的差异有统计学意义（P〉0．05）,但是晚发HAP中检出耐甲氧西林金葡菌（MRSA）、产ESBLs肺炎克雷伯杆菌及耐碳青霉烯鲍曼不动杆菌（CR—AB）比例增高。结论无多重耐药危险因素的医院获得性肺炎（HAP）患者,早发与晚发HAP感染病原菌差别不大,虽晚发HAP的耐药率相对较高,但对大部分抗菌素敏感,所以适当使用抗菌素,对于减轻选择抗菌药物的压力、减少耐药菌株的产生和二重感染有重要意义。     

呼吸内科下呼吸道感染病原菌分布及耐药性分析

目的探讨和分析下呼吸道感染患者的病原菌分布及其耐药性。方法回顾性分析2013年在金华市中心医院呼吸内科住院的下呼吸道感染患者合格痰标本细菌培养结果,然后进行细菌菌株的鉴定和药物敏感性检测。结果共分离出593株致病菌。其中,革兰阴性菌464株,占78.2%,前四位为:肺炎克雷伯菌、铜绿假单胞菌、鲍曼不动杆菌、大肠埃希菌;革兰阳性菌49株(占8.3%),以金黄色葡萄球菌为主;真菌80株(占13.5%),以白假丝酵母菌为主。不论是革兰阴性杆菌还是革兰阳性球菌均普遍出现了多重耐药菌株。结论呼吸内科下呼吸道感染以革兰阴性菌为主,分离病原菌耐药现象普遍存在,临床应重视病原学检查。加强病原菌耐药性监测,合理使用抗菌药物。     

Role for dopamine in malonate-induced damage in vivo in striatum and in vitro in mesencephalic cultures

Defects in mitochondrial energy metabolism have been implicated in the pathology of several neurodegenerative disorders. In addition, the reactive metabolites generated from the metabolism and oxidation of the neurotransmitter dopamine (DA) are thought to contribute to the damage to neurons of the basal ganglia. We have previously demonstrated that infusions of the metabolic inhibitor malonate into the striata of mice or rats produce degeneration of DA nerve terminals. In the present studies, we demonstrate that an intrastriatal infusion of malonate induces a substantial increase in DA efflux in awake, behaving mice as measured by in vivo microdialysis. Furthermore, pretreatment of mice with tetrabenazine (TBZ) or the TBZ analogue Ro 4-1284 (Ro-4), compounds that reversibly inhibit the vesicular storage of DA, attenuates the malonate-induced DA efflux as well as the damage to DA nerve terminals. Consistent with these findings, the damage to both DA and GABA neurons in mesencephalic cultures by malonate exposure was attenuated by pretreatment with TBZ or Ro-4. Treatment with these compounds did not affect the formation of free radicals or the inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation resulting from malonate exposure alone. Our data suggest that DA plays an important role in the neurotoxicity produced by malonate. These findings provide direct evidence that inhibition of succinate dehydrogenase causes an increase in extracellular DA levels and indicate that bioenergetic defects may contribute to the pathogenesis of chronic neurodegenerative diseases through a mechanism involving DA.     

Changes in lactate dehydrogenase activity in chicken tissues in hyperthyreosis in ontogenesis

The lactate dehydrogenase activity in reactions of lactate oxidation and synthesis was studied in subfractions of the chicken brain, heart and liver at the embryonal, early postembryonal and adult stages of development after thyroxine administration. It has been shown that during embryogenesis thyroxine predominantly enhanced the rate of lactate oxidation in the mitochondrial tissues. A marked increase in the lactate synthesis was found in cytoplasm of the adult chicken tissues. Specificity of enzyme activity alterations was detected in the chicken brain during ontogenesis after thyroxine administration.     

Scurvy in capybaras bred in captivity in Argentine

In order to determine if the absence of vitamin C in the diet of capybaras (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) causes scurvy, a group of seven young individuals were fed food pellets without ascorbic acid, while another group of eight individuals received the same food with 1 g of ascorbic acid per animal per day. Animals in the first group developed signs of scurvy-like gingivitis, breaking of the incisors and death of one animal. Clinical signs appeared between 25 and 104 days from the beginning of the trial in all individuals. Growth rates of individuals deprived of vitamin C was considerably less than those observed in the control group. Deficiency of ascorbic acid had a severe effect on reproduction of another population of captive capybaras. We found that the decrease in ascorbic acid content in the diet affected pregnancy, especially during the first stages. The results obtained suggest that it is necessary to supply a suitable quantity of vitamin C in the diet of this species in captivity.     

SSTR5 ablation in islet results in alterations in glucose homeostasis in mice

Somatostatin (SST) peptide is a potent inhibitor of insulin secretion and its effect is mediated via somatostatin receptor 5 (SSTR5) in the endocrine pancreas. To investigate the consequences of gene ablation of SSTR5 in the mouse pancreas, we have generated a mouse model in which the SSTR5 gene was specifically knocked down in the pancreatic beta cells (betaSSTR5Kd) using the Cre-lox system. Immunohistochemistry analysis showed that SSTR5 gene expression was absent in beta cells at three months of age. At the time of gene ablation, betaSSTR5Kd mice demonstrated glucose intolerance with lack of insulin response and significantly reduced serum insulin levels. Insulin tolerance test demonstrated a significant increase of insulin clearance in vivo at the same age. In vitro studies demonstrated an absence of response to SST-28 stimulation in the betaSSTR5Kd mouse islet, which was associated with a significantly reduced SST expression level in betaSSTR5Kd mice pancreata. In addition, betaSSTR5Kd mice had significantly reduced serum glucose levels and increased serum insulin levels at 12 months of age. Glucose tolerance test at an older age also indicated a persistently higher insulin level in betaSSTR5Kd mice. Further studies of betaSSTR5Kd mice had revealed elevated serum C-peptide levels at both 3 and 12 months of age, suggesting that these mice are capable of producing and releasing insulin to the periphery. These results support the hypothesis that SSTR5 plays a pivotal role in the regulation of insulin secretion in the mouse pancreas.