斑翅果蝇田间发生与为害特性观察

【目的】明确斑翅果蝇Drosophila suzukii在杨梅园的发生为害特性,为斑翅果蝇的综合防治提供科学依据。【方法】2016年4月至7月在红河州石屏县采用糖醋酒溶液诱捕斑翅果蝇成虫,调查斑翅果蝇的田间种群动态;从果园采集鲜果及落果带回室内观察虫果率;从土壤中取样以调查土壤中斑翅果蝇蛹量;通过定期清除落果评价果园清洁对斑翅果蝇种群的影响。【结果】斑翅果蝇在4月下旬至7月中旬在杨梅园均有发生,其发生高峰期在在6月底至7月初。在斑翅果蝇发生高峰期,杨梅果实的被害率可达100%。新鲜虫害果及落果中既有斑翅果蝇也有其它果蝇。这表明多种果蝇可同时为害杨梅果实。斑翅果蝇除了可在果实中化蛹外,也有少量入土化蛹。清理地上落果会显著降低果园中斑翅果蝇的种群数量。【结论】斑翅果蝇与其它种类果蝇混合发生、为害杨梅鲜果。及时清除地上落果能显著降低果园斑翅果蝇种群数量。     

云南省斑翅果蝇寄生性天敌昆虫种类调查

斑翅果蝇作为危害蓝莓、杨梅、葡萄、樱桃等软皮水果的重要害虫之一,已经引起国内外广泛关注,明确斑翅果蝇寄生性天敌昆虫的种类、分布和自然寄生状况,可以为斑翅果蝇天敌的保护利用提供科学依据。本文通过在云南省斑翅果蝇适生区采集斑翅果蝇的栽培寄主和野生浆果果实,带回实验室培养5~8d,解剖果实并挑出斑翅果蝇蛹,收集其中羽化的斑翅果蝇寄生性天敌昆虫,并记录其种类和数量,计算寄生率。本研究共采集调查了45种植物果实,有15种植物果实可被斑翅果蝇危害,其中杨梅中的斑翅果蝇种群数量最大,达到96.03头/百果;共收集到5种斑翅果蝇的寄生蜂,其中幼虫寄生蜂有丽盾瘿蜂Ganaspis brasiliensis、细毛瘿蜂Leptopilina japonica和反颚茧蜂Asobara sp.,蛹寄生蜂有果蝇锤角细蜂Trichopria drosophilae和蝇蛹金小蜂Pachycrepoideus vindemmiae,寄生蜂的自然寄生率最高可达27.81%。结果表明,丽盾瘿蜂的虫口数量最多,分布最广,为斑翅果蝇的田间优势种寄生蜂。斑翅果蝇的寄生性天敌昆虫在斑翅果蝇化蛹后的1~2周达到羽化高峰期,对斑翅果蝇具有较好的自然控制作用。     

斑翅果蝇和黑腹果蝇侵害的葡萄微生物多样性的动态变化

[目的]为了解斑翅果蝇Drosophila suzukii和黑腹果蝇Drosophila melangaster侵害葡萄微生物的动态变化,寻找与两种果蝇密切相关的微生物种类。[方法]本研究利用自然腐烂和两种果蝇分别危害的方法处理葡萄,经过2、4、6、8、10 d的腐烂时间后,对葡萄进行微生物分离纯化,并对分离得到的细菌及真菌分别采用16S rDNA和ITS基因分析的方法进行鉴定。[结果]总共分离鉴定出25种细菌和7种真菌。随着处理时间的延长,两种果蝇对微生物的动态也产生了影响。果蝇侵害后的葡萄中滋生的细菌和真菌种类明显多于自然条件下的葡萄,其中黑腹果蝇侵害第4天时微生物种类最为丰富,而斑翅果蝇侵害8d后微生物种类最多。另外,果蝇的侵害导致葡萄中产生了大量白地霉Geotrichum candidum,而只有黑腹果蝇侵害后的葡萄中培养出了3种醋酸菌Acetofbacter spp.。[结论]果蝇加速了葡萄的腐烂和微生物的滋生,与两种果蝇均密切相关的微生物是白地霉,而相比斑翅果蝇而言,黑腹果蝇与醋酸菌的关系更为密切。本研究可为探索微生物、葡萄、果蝇三者之间的协同进化关系提供理论基础。     

斑翅果蝇和黑腹果蝇成虫飞行能力的研究

【目的】为明确斑翅果蝇Drosophila suzukii Matsumura和黑腹果蝇Drosophila melanogaster飞行能力的差异。【方法】利用昆虫飞行磨系统对斑翅果蝇和黑腹果蝇雌、雄虫各7个日龄分别进行22-24 h连续吊飞试验,并对相关飞行参数进行显著性检验。【结果】两种果蝇在1日龄时的飞行时间、飞行速度和飞行距离均最小,随着日龄的增加,飞行能力出现两个高峰。斑翅果蝇的第一个高峰出现在2日龄,黑腹果蝇的第一个高峰出现在3日龄;两种果蝇飞行能力的第二个高峰均出现在15日龄,此时雌、雄虫的累计飞行距离均最大。斑翅果蝇雌、雄虫15日龄的总飞行距离最远,而黑腹果蝇雌虫15日龄、雄虫3日龄飞行距离最远、飞行时间最长。【结论】斑翅果蝇和黑腹果蝇的飞行能力与日龄和性别均有关系,且两种果蝇雌虫的飞行能力均强于雄虫。     

斑翅果蝇对四种非寄主果实的产卵选择适应性

[目的]针对斑翅果蝇(Spotted wing Drosophila,SWD,Drosophila suzukii Matsumura)常见寄主果实期较短,评估4种非寄主果实(香蕉、紫心火龙果、芒果、红提)对斑翅果蝇种群的适合度,筛选最佳饲养水果。[方法]测定了人工饲料饲养的斑翅果蝇对4种水果气味的选择反应及其产卵选择性,比较了分别用4种水果饲养的斑翅果蝇的生物学特性(产卵量、卵历期、孵化率、幼虫历期、化蛹率、蛹历期、羽化率、成活率、雌雄比)。[结果]斑翅果蝇对4种非寄主果实气味喜好为:香蕉芒果红提紫心火龙果,产卵选择喜好表现为:香蕉紫心火龙果芒果红提,且香蕉饲养的斑翅果蝇后代成活率最高,各虫态历期最低。[结论]在4种非寄主果实中,香蕉既能引诱斑翅果蝇,也能刺激其产卵,且后代成活率显著最高,宜作为长期饲料进行实验室种群扩增。     

日本细毛环腹瘿蜂生物学特性研究

日本细毛环腹瘿蜂为斑翅果蝇幼虫优势寄生性天敌之一,对斑翅果蝇具有较大的控制潜能.本研究以斑翅果蝇为寄主,在实验室条件下,通过饲养与观察,研究了日本细毛环腹瘿蜂的寿命、行为节律、寄主选择、生长发育及繁殖.结果显示:不同营养条件下,寄生蜂寿命长短依次为20％蜂蜜水＞10％蜂蜜水＞清水＞对照.寄生蜂羽化期为8d,第4天为羽化高峰期,羽化期每日10:00-12:00为羽化高峰期,16:00-18:00为产卵活动高峰期.寄生不同龄期的斑翅果蝇幼虫对寄生蜂幼虫存活率没有影响,对蛹存活率、后代性比、总发育历期有显著影响,寄生2龄幼虫对寄生蜂有更好的适合度,也对寄主2龄幼虫有选择偏好.日本细毛环腹瘿蜂在3日龄达到产卵高峰为13.38头,平均每雌产卵147.50个.日本细毛环腹瘿蜂卵、幼虫、雄蜂蛹、雌蜂蛹历期分别为1.30 d、8.67 d、8.86 d、10.27 d,雄蜂的羽化时间比雌蜂平均提前1.41 d.综上结果,日本细毛环腹瘿蜂可作为斑翅果蝇生物防治的重要材料加以应用.     

塑料大棚在杨梅园中对斑翅果蝇发生与危害影响

【目的】评价塑料大棚对斑翅果蝇Drosophila suzukii Matsumura在杨梅Myrica rubra Sieb.et Zucc.发生与危害的影响。【方法】在杨梅园修建塑料大棚,使用糖醋酒液监测棚内外的种群动态、日活动高峰;使用盐水浸泡果实和果蝇成虫羽化的方法调查棚内外杨梅虫果率。【结果】在杨梅成熟前,斑翅果蝇种群数量和杨梅虫果率在大棚内外无显著差异。而在杨梅成熟期,棚内的斑翅果蝇数量和杨梅虫果率显著少于棚外的。在果实采摘完成后,棚内斑翅果蝇数量显著多于棚外。田间观察实验显示,斑翅果蝇成虫日活动高峰期在清晨(7:00—9:00)和傍晚时分(17:00—19:00)。这种现象塑料大棚内外一致。【结论】在果园建立塑料大棚可显著减轻斑翅果蝇的危害。     

肠道细菌弗氏柠檬酸杆菌和产酸克雷伯氏菌对斑翅果蝇生长发育和物质代谢的影响

【目的】明确弗氏柠檬酸杆菌Citrobacter freundi和产酸克雷伯氏菌Klebsiella oxytoca两种肠道共生细菌对斑翅果蝇Drosophila suzukii生长发育和物质代谢的影响。【方法】以正常饲养条件下的斑翅果蝇、构建的斑翅果蝇无菌品系以及弗氏柠檬酸杆菌和产酸克雷伯氏菌单一共生菌感染的斑翅果蝇品系为材料,检测不同品系间斑翅果蝇的卵孵化率、3龄幼虫体重和化蛹率;测定不同斑翅果蝇品系3龄幼虫体内蛋白质、氨基酸、糖原和游离脂肪酸等代谢物的含量及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和过氧化物酶(POD)的活力。【结果】正常饲养条件下的斑翅果蝇卵孵化率、3龄幼虫体重、化蛹率及3龄幼虫体内蛋白质的含量均高于其他斑翅果蝇品系,且无菌品系中的最低。弗氏柠檬酸杆菌和产酸克雷伯氏菌感染的斑翅果蝇品系3龄幼虫中的氨基酸和糖原含量均低于斑翅果蝇无菌品系和正常品系。弗氏柠檬酸杆菌感染斑翅果蝇品系3龄幼虫体内游离脂肪酸的含量较其他品系的也降到最低。弗氏柠檬酸杆菌和产酸克雷伯氏菌感染斑翅果蝇品系3龄幼虫体内POD活力显著高于无菌品系和正常品系,而CAT活力显著低于无菌品系。【结论】斑翅果蝇肠道中无肠道共生细菌时生长发育迟缓,在食物中分别添加弗氏柠檬酸杆菌和产酸克雷伯氏菌后可一定程度上促进斑翅果蝇的发育,这与添加肠道共生菌后斑翅果蝇体内代谢物的变化密切相关。     

斑翅果蝇对四个樱桃品种的产卵选择性及其与樱桃生理指标的相关性

【目的】明确斑翅果蝇Drosophila suzukii对樱桃Cerasus pseudocerasus的产卵选择性以及与樱桃生理指标的相关性。【方法】测定了斑翅果蝇对4个樱桃品种(黄蜜、红灯、先锋和萨米拖)的产卵选择性,以及各樱桃品种果实的硬度及蛋白质、氨基酸、糖原和果胶的含量,并对各项指标分别进行相关性分析。产卵选择性试验采用完整樱桃供试产卵和切块樱桃诱导产卵两种处理方式,并统计产卵量。【结果】斑翅果蝇对糖原含量较高而果胶含量较低的樱桃(黄蜜和红灯)切块选择性较强。对于带有果皮的完整樱桃,斑翅果蝇的产卵选择性与樱桃果实的硬度有关,在果实硬度小的樱桃品种(先锋和萨米拖)中产卵量较高。但是,斑翅果蝇对樱桃的产卵选择性与樱桃蛋白质和氨基酸含量没有显著相关性。【结论】斑翅果蝇对不同樱桃品种的产卵选择性有显著差异,与其营养物质含量和果实硬度显著相关。     

食物中添加葡萄糖对斑翅果蝇发育与肠道细菌群落结构的影响

【目的】明确食物中添加葡萄糖对斑翅果蝇Drosophila suzukii发育及肠道细菌结构的影响,并筛选与斑翅果蝇糖代谢相关的肠道细菌种类。【方法】将添加不同浓度葡萄糖(0, 5%和10%)的食物饲喂斑翅果蝇的常规饲养品系和去除肠道微生物后的无菌品系,观察其生长发育情况以及体内葡萄糖含量的变化,并利用PacBio测序平台对各处理斑翅果蝇常规饲养品系成虫的肠道细菌进行多样性分析。【结果】与对照组相比,5%葡萄糖处理组斑翅果蝇常规饲养品系幼虫存活率和成虫羽化率分别提高60.44%和123.79%, 10%葡萄糖处理组幼虫存活率提高87.87%,但添加葡萄糖对斑翅果蝇无菌品系的发育无显著影响。无菌斑翅果蝇成虫无法利用葡萄糖,其体内葡萄糖含量明显高于常规饲养品系成虫体内的。肠道细菌多样性分析表明,斑翅果蝇常规饲养品系成虫肠道优势菌属主要为葡萄杆菌属Gluconobacter和醋杆菌属Acetobacter,食物中添加葡萄糖显著增加了肠道菌群多样性指数,醋杆菌属、普罗维登斯菌属Providencia和摩根氏菌属Morganella的丰度明显增加。斑翅果蝇常规饲养品系成虫肠道优势种为乳酸乳球菌L...     

Foreign exploration for Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and associated natural enemies on avocado (Persea americana Miller)

Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara was discovered attacking avocados in California, USA, in 1996. Host plant surveys in California indicated that S. perseae has a highly restricted host range with larvae being found only on avocados, while adults were collected from 11 different plant species. As part of a management program for this pest, a “classical” biological control program was initiated and foreign exploration was conducted to delineate the home range of S. perseae, to survey for associated natural enemies and inventory other species of phytophagous thrips on avocados grown in Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, and Brazil. Foreign exploration efforts indicate that S. perseae occurs on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1500 m) from Uruapan in Mexico south to areas around Guatemala City in Guatemala. In Costa Rica, S. perseae is replaced by an undescribed congener as the dominant phytophagous thrips on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1300 m). No species of Scirtothrips were found on avocados in the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, or Brazil. In total, 2136 phytophagous thrips were collected and identified, representing over 47 identified species from at least 19 genera. The significance of these species records is discussed. Of collected material 4% were potential thrips biological control agents. Natural enemies were dominated by six genera of predatory thrips (Aeolothrips, Aleurodothrips, Franklinothrips, Leptothrips, Scolothrips, and Karnyothrips). One genus each of parasitoid (Ceranisus) and predatory mite (Balaustium) were found. Based on the results of our sampling techniques, prospects for the importation of thrips natural enemies for use in a “classical” biological control program in California against S. perseae are not promising.     

Taxonomic status of the species of the green algal genusNeochloris

Komárek has recently reviewed the various species assigned to the green algal genusNeochloris Starr (Chlorococcales, Chlorococcaceae) and removed those with uninucleate vegetative cells to a new genus,Ettlia. Watanabe & Floyd, unaware ofKomárek's work, also reviewed the species ofNeochloris and distributed them among three genera—Neochloris, Chlorococcopsis gen. nov., andParietochloris gen. nov.—on the basis of details of the covering of the zoospore and the arrangement of the basal bodies of the flagellar apparatus. This paper reconciles these two treatments and makes additional recommendations at the ranks of genus, family, order, and class.     

Die GattungKarschia — Bindeglied zwischen bitunicaten Ascomyceten und lecanoralen Flechtenpilzen?

The genusKarschia, in the earlier sense, including saprophytes and parasites on lichens, has been thought to be a non-lichenized parallel genus of the lichen genusBuellia. Modern workers included it on the one hand inBuellia, on the other hand combined it with bitunicate ascomycetes. It is now proved thatKarschia is heterogeneous and contains but superficially similar members both of the genusBuellia of theLecanorales and of typical or masked bitunicateAscomycetes. Therefore, it can not be regarded as a link betweenLecanorales andDothideales. The type species ofKarschia belongs to theDothideales.

     

Systematic significance of mature embryo of bamboos

The mature embryo of seven species belonging to five genera of Indian bamboos is described. In all these the basic pattern of embryo organisation is same: the scutellar and coleoptilar bundles are not separated by an internode, the epiblast is absent, the lower portion of the scutellum and the coleorhiza are separated by a cleft and the margins of embryonic leaves overlap. The features unique to fleshy fruited bamboos are: presence of a massive scutellum, the juxtaposition of plumule and radicle and the occurrence of a bud in the axil of the coleoptile. The fleshy fruit bearing bamboos should be classified into one group, the tribeMelocanneae. Evidence is provided to recognise additional groups in the subfamilyBambusoideae.     

Phylogeny of cardinalfishes (Teleostei: Gobiiformes: Apogonidae) and the evolution of visceral bioluminescence

The cardinalfishes (Apogonidae) are a diverse clade of small, mostly reef-dwelling fishes, for which a variety of morphological data have not yielded a consistent phylogeny. We use DNA sequence to hypothesize phylogenetic relationships within Apogonidae and among apogonids and other acanthomorph families, to examine patterns of evolution including the distribution of a visceral bioluminescence system. In conformance with previous studies, Apogonidae is placed in a clade with Pempheridae, Kurtidae, Leiognathidae, and Gobioidei. The apogonid genus Pseudamia is recovered outside the remainder of the family, not as sister to the superficially similar genus Gymnapogon. Species sampled from the Caribbean and Western Atlantic (Phaeoptyx, Astrapogon, and some Apogon species) form a clade, as do the larger-bodied Glossamia and Cheilodipterus. Incidence of visceral bioluminescence is found scattered throughout the phylogeny, independently for each group in which it is present. Examination of the fine structure of the visceral bioluminescence system through histology shows that light organs exhibit a range of morphologies, with some composed of complex masses of tubules (Siphamia, Pempheris, Parapriacanthus) and others lacking tubules but containing chambers formed by folds of the visceral epithelium (Acropoma, Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia). Light organs in Siphamia, Acropoma, Pempheris and Parapriacanthus are distinct from but connected to the gut; those in Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia are simply portions of the intestinal tract, and are little differentiated from the surrounding tissues. The presence or absence of symbiotic luminescent bacteria does not correlate with light organ structure; the tubular light organs of Siphamia and chambered tubes of Acropoma house bacteria, those in Pempheridae and the other Apogonidae do not.     

Biological control of three floating water weeds,<Emphasis Type="Italic">Eichhornia crassipes,Pistia stratiotes</Emphasis>, and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Salviniamolesta</Emphasis> in the Republic of Congo

Since 1999, four specific weevils (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) were released in the Republic of Congo against three exotic floating water weeds: Neochetina eichhorniae Warner and N. bruchi Hustache against water hyacinth, Neohydronomus affinis Hustache against water lettuce, and Cyrtobagous salviniae Calder and Sands against water fern. Recoveries of exotic weevils were made from all 24 release sites except one, and all four species have established and spread (up to 800 km for water hyacinth weevils). Within a few years of releases, control of water fern and water lettuce was such that fishing and navigation could be resumed, while reductions of water hyacinth populations were only beginning.     

A molecular phylogeny of Hebeloma species from Europe

In order to widen the scope of existing phylogenies of the ectomycorrhizal agaric genus Hebeloma a total of 53 new rDNA ITS sequences from that genus was generated, augmented by sequences retrieved from GenBank, and analysed using Bayesian, strict consensus and neighbour joining methods. The lignicolous Hebelomina neerlandica, Gymnopilus penetrans, and two species of Galerina served as outgroup taxa. Anamika indica, as well as representatives of the genera Hymenogaster and Naucoria, were included to test the monophyly of Hebeloma, which is confirmed by the results. Hebeloma, Naucoria, Hymenogaster and Anamika indica cluster in a strongly supported monophyletic hebelomatoid clade. All trees largely reflect the current infrageneric classification within Hebeloma, and divide the genus into mostly well-supported monophyletic groups surrounding H. crustuliniforme, H. velutipes, H. sacchariolens, H. sinapizans, and H. radicosum, with H. sarcophyllum being shown at an independent position; however this is not well supported. The section Indusiata divides with strong support into three groups, the position of the pleurocystidiate Hebeloma cistophilum suggests the possible existence of a third subsection within sect. Indusiata. Subsection Sacchariolentia is raised to the rank of section.