云南西畴县草果山常绿阔叶林的数量分类研究

一、引言 在植物生态学中,植物群落数量分类的研究始于50年代。Goodall(1953)首次把数量分类方法引入植物生态学的研究中。以后,Williams和Lambert(1959、1960、1961)作了大量的工作。Greig-Smith于1957年出版了专著《定量植物生态学》(1964年增订再版),系统     

Gradient structure of forest vegetation in the central Washington cascades

Summary Forest vegetation located in three areas of the central Washington Cascades, arrayed along a gradient of increasing continentality and decreasing rainfall, were compared using ordination methods. Within each region, lower and upper elevation sites were analyzed separately and for each set of sites, trees and ground story vegetation were analyzed independently. Principal components analysis, reciprocal averaging, weighted averaging, and polar ordination were applied to each set. The characteristics of the data determined which method gave the most readily interpretable results, but RA and WA usually best ordered the stands along a complex, combined coenocline, while PO often decomposed the gradient into moisture and temperature components. PCA was of little use, even with relatively low beta diversity.Results are presented in the form of stand by species tables for each data set and the most appropriate two dimensional ordination. Both are correlated to the classification. A mosaic diagram for each region is synthesized from these analyses and habitat data. These diagrams indicate that community types occupy a smaller portion of the habitat as continentality increases.The ordination results were in close agreement with our earlier classification of these stands. The maritime (west) region contains stands of low richness and with relatively little coenocline differentiation. In contrast, the continental (east) region has high alpha and beta diversity. Species in the west tend to occupy a broad portion of the available habitat range, while species in the east do not. The analyses reveal that ordinations by different strata may produce similar stand sequences if both strata are responding directly to the same factors, but that the correspondence degenerates where the understory responds primarily to the nature of the canopy dominant species. Thus stand sequence correlations are highest in the lowland eastern region and lowest in the lowland western region.This study demonstrates that none of these metric ordination methods is fool-proof and that none should be used exclusively or in isolation. RA and PO are demonstrated to be useful general methods; WA gave results similar to those of RA. PCA never produced uniquely superior results. Analyses with too few species and moderate beta diversity often produce distortions as pronounced as those with many species and high beta diversity.Nomenclature follows Hitchcock & Conquist (1973).Funds provided by the Graduate School Research Fund, University of Washington and by grants GB-20963 and GB-36810X to the Coniferous Forest Biome, U.S.I.B.P. This is contribution # 318 to the Coniferous Forest Biome. M.F. Denton, R.S. Fleming, A.R. Kruckeberg, and R.H. Whittaker each made significant suggestions. We thank R.S. Fleming, S.G. Fleming, C. Brewer, B.C. Cannon, K.E. Wade, K. Loughney, and J.E. Canfield for their assistance with field work and data analysis.     

Effect of streaked shearwaterCalonectris leucomelas on species composition ofPersea thunbergii forest on Kanmurijima Island,Kyoto Prefecture,Japan

The effects of trampling and burrowing by streaked shearwaters were studied on thePersea thunbergii forest in Kanmurijima Is. The vegetation data were analysed using both the phytosociological tabulation method and principal component analysis (PCA). The vegetation ordination on the first axis reflected the environmental gradient from light to heavy disturbance by the streaked shearwater, and the vegetation ordination on the second axis represented the gradient from the latter phase of forest succession to retrogressive succession. The position of the three vegetation groups in the ordination diagram successfully explained the relation between the habitat and the species composition. The disturbance caused by activities of the streaked shearwater such as burrowing and trampling causes a decrease of species, especially character species of Camellietea japonicae, and also causes retrogressive succession: patches ofMallotus japonicus develop and many heliophytes occur.     

香港岛森林群落的聚类的排序

 本文应用聚类、极点排序、主分量分析等多元分析方法,对香港岛的森林群落进行了分类与排序。根据组平均法、离差平方和法、最近邻体法等三种聚类分析的结果,香港岛的森林群落可划分为三个植被亚型和七个群系。极点排序较好地反映了植被的连续性,以及群落所在地的海拔、干湿程度、土壤类型等生境条件的梯度变化,主分量分析表示出13个森林群落的相互关系,可以从原来60个彼此相关的变量降为13个互相独立的变量。主分量分析的二维排序图较好地划分出南亚热带常绿阔叶林为低地林,低山林和山地林等三个植被亚型。     

An application of ordination to the identification of forest types

Summary The problems of allocating new vegetation stands to an existing classification are outlined. As one solution, the vegetation samples from an area may be ordinated by reciprocal averaging and classified by dividing the ordination into community-types. The ordination scores for a short list of species present in a new sample may then be averaged to locate that sample on the ordination axes and in one of the community-types. The method is tested by comparing estimates from incomplete species lists with that from a complete list of species in an forest stand in southern Ghana.We gratefully acknowledge the assistance of Mr. M.O. Hill in the correct formulation of the coordinate estimation procedure.     

非度量多维测度及其在群落分类中的应用

排序与聚类分析法是近代最为常用的植被数量分析方法。原理上,排序较之于聚类法,一般具有较为严格的数学基础。在植被研究的应用方面,排序比聚类法能更好反映植被的连续性。同时,在反映植被分类结果上,排序图不仅象聚类树形图一样,使全部实体之间的划分关系得以反映,而且两两实体间的关系可以通过排序图上彼此间的距离比较而得以较好的反映。然而常规的排序方法主要适用于具有线性结构的数据分析,在2—3维排序图上常难以充分反映这些实体的生态学关系,造成大量生态学数据信息的损失。非度量多维测度(Non-metric multidimensional scaling)是近期发展起来的适用于非线性数据结构分析的一种复杂的迭代排序方法。它的基本思想是通过排序,n个实体在尽可能低维(t相似文献   

香港岛森林群落的聚类与排序

本文应用聚类、极点排序、主分量分析等多元分析方法,对香港岛的森林群落进行了分类与排序。根据组平均法、离差平方和法、最近邻体法等三种聚类分析的结果,香港岛的森林群落可划分为三个植被亚型和七个群系。极点排序较好地反映了植被的连续性,以及群落所在地的海拔、干湿程度、土壤类型等生境条件的梯度变化。主分量分析表示出13个森林群落的相互关系,可以从原来60个彼此相关的变量降为13个互相独立的变量。主分量分析的二维排序图较好地划分出南亚热带常绿阔叶林为低地林,低山林和山地林等三个植被亚型。     

Geographic variation in habitat structure for the wood warblers in Maine and Minnesota

The habitats occupied by species of wood warblers (Emberizidae) were compared at two study areas, Itasca State Park, Minnesota and Mount Blue State Park, Maine. Univariate comparisons of each variable of habitat structure show geographic differences for each species of warbler. Habitats available were also different because small trees were always more dense in Maine than in Minnesota. The Black-throated Green Warbler had the most dissimilar habitat with 9 of 11 variables different at the two sites.Cluster analysis identified four generalized habitat groups containing (1) species occupying territories with high percent shrub cover, (2) forest species from Maine, (3) forest species from Minnesota and (4) open country species. Reciprocal averaging ordination was used to identify habitat gradients at each site. The first axis of the Maine and Minnesota ordinations was a gradient from open country with dense ground cover to forest vegetation. The second axes differed, however. In Minnesota, the gradient separated medium deciduous trees from large conifers, whereas in Maine, vegetation graded from medium and large deciduous trees to coniferous habitats. Spearman rank correlation indicated that the warblers were similarly arranged along both habitat axes at each site despite differences in axis loadings of habitat variables.A combined reciprocal averaging ordination separated forest and shrub-forest edge species in Maine from the same two species groups in Minnesota along a smaller to larger tree axis. The results clearly demonstrate that habitat structure is not consistent throughout the range of many widely distributed species. It is suggested that the similar arrangement of species along the habitat axes probably results from an individualistic distribution of opportunistic bird species. Variation is probably induced at a site level by intraspecific competition for territories, small-scale vegetation dynamics, and resource fluctuation that occurs both within and between seasons.     

嵊州市公益林群落数量分类、排序及环境解析

为探讨群落分布和环境间的内在关系,采用二元指示种分析(TWINSPAN)和典范对应分析(CCA)法对嵊州市公益林植物群落94 块固定监测样地(20 m×20 m)进行数量分类与排序.结果表明,采用TWINSPAN 可将94 个公益林监测样地分成14 组,其中以马尾松为建群种的群丛最多,是该区域主要的优势群落类型.CCA 排序结果较好地反映了植物群落与环境因子的关系,其中坡向和坡位是植物群落分布的主导环境因子.此方法可有效解释植物群落分布格局与环境之间的内在联系,为区域公益林分类经营管理提供科学依据.     

On the integrated interpretation of indirect site ordinations: a case study using semi-arid vegetation in southeastern Spain

The need for rigorous methods of interpreting indirect site ordinations is discussed and the problem of oblique habitat and phytosociological trends is emphasized. A sequential approach, termed integrated interpretation, is introduced to overcome this problem. It first involves a technique termed rotational correlation a linear form of trend surface analysis, which locates the best fit between a habitat variable and the coordinates of a pluridimensional ordination. The coordinates at positions of best fit are then used to produce two-way site-species tables (seriation arrays) which summarize floristic variation in relation to each major habitat trend. The seriation arrays can also be used to identify groups of differential species. Integrated interpretation is demonstrated using semi-arid vegetation from Murcia Province, SE Spain. A two-axis site ordination of vegetation data by non-metric multidimensional scaling is shown to have two oblique trends related to aspect-induced topoclimates and types of past anthropogenic disturbance. Rotation of the configuration to maximum linear correlation achieves very high levels of explanation for each factor. Rotated ordination coordinates from the correlation analysis are used to obtain two seriation arrays and floristic noda which relate directly to the two underlying habitat trends. A floristic discontinuity is revealed on the topoclimate continuum and it is hypothesized that temperature conditions are a major determinant of floristic composition, but that moisture partly determines vegetational cover and phytomass. Several patterns of past cultivation are detected and associated with five main kinds of geomorphological unit, together with some evidence that the rate of succession is partly determined by topoclimate. The integrated approach to interpretation is compared with visual methods and other multivariate techniques. A case is made for increased interpretational rigour in site coordinate studies, especially the discontinuation of trend-seeking using individual unrotated ordination axes.Nomenclature of vascular plants follows Tutin et al. (1964–1980) Flora Europaea 5 Vols. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Nomenclature of syntaxa follows Rivas-Goday & Rivas-Martinez (1967).I am indebted to J. A. Michel, Dr M. A. Abdelrahman and Monica M. Dargie for field assistance. Field discussion with Dr R. L. Wright, Dr M. P. Austin and Professor F. Esteve Chueca was most helpful; the latter assisted with confirmation of vascular plant voucher specimens. Non-vascular taxonomy was determined by Dr C. Humphries (mosses and one alga) and Dr O. L. Gilbert (lichens). An anonymous referee suggested an approximation of the analytical solution to rotational correlation, and Dr N. R. J. Fieller assisted with its confirmation. The project was assisted by a grant from the University of Sheffield Research Fund.     

神农架川金丝猴栖息地森林群落的数量分类与排序

在神农架川金丝猴生境典型地段设立样方58块,根据样方资料对神农架川金丝猴栖息地的森林群落用组平均法分类和DCA排序.用组平均法将58块样地分为9个群系,依据《中国植被》的分类原则和系统将研究区植物群落划归为7个植被型.样地的DCA排序较好地揭示了该区森林群落的分布格局与环境梯度的关系;DCA第二轴明显地反映出森林群落的海拔梯度变化,沿DCA第二轴从右到左,海拔逐渐升高;第一轴表现了各植物群落或植物种所在环境的坡度、坡向,即水分和光照因素,沿第一轴从下到上,坡度渐缓、坡向渐向阳.其中海拔梯度是环境因子中对森林群落起决定性作用的因子.研究表明,巴山冷杉+糙皮桦-大齿槭+尾萼蔷薇-高原露珠草+星果草群系发育较好,高大树木占有较大的比例,是神农架川金丝猴最适宜栖息地.7个植被型物种丰富度指数在群落梯度上呈规律性波动.其中针叶林和针叶-阔叶混交林中,物种丰富度指数在群落梯度上的总体趋势表现为灌木层＞草木层＞乔木层;在常绿阔叶林和常绿-落叶阔叶混交林中,该趋势为灌木层＞乔木层＞草本层;在落叶阔叶林中,其丰富度指数的趋势为灌木层＞草本层和乔木层.不同植被类型川金丝猴食源植物种类在群落梯度上的变化趋势与物种丰富度指数相同,但地衣类植物作为川金丝猴冬季的重要食物只在针叶林和针叶-阔叶混交林中生长.本研究为制定栖息地保护计划,更好地保护神农架川金丝猴提供了科学理论依据.     

广东森林群落排序分析

本文应用极点排序和位置向量排序的方法对广东13个森林群落进行排序分析,并分别用极点排序图和位置向量排序的二维图和三维图表示排序的结果。同时对排序图的生态学意义及排序方法的优缺点进行讨论。结果表明,三维位置向量排序图能较好地把性质相近的群落类型聚在一起,可作为植被分类的辅助方法;积点排序图从一定程度上反映了植被的连续变化;极点排序与位置向量排序虽然取得一定结果,但由于同属线性排序,损失的信息量较多,寻求非线性排序方法是研究的方向。     

Classification and ordination in the Indian Peaks area,Colorado Rocky Mountains

Summary A mid-latitude, Northern Hemisphere alpine vegetation in the Colorado Rocky Mountains was suitable for analysis by syntaxonemie and numerical methods, which interpreted the Braun-Bianquet association data, distributed by habitat and vegetation dominance types, correspondingly. Classification and ordination yielded complementary, interpretable results, which combined were more informative than results of either technique alone. Syntaxonomic results can faeilitate the interpretation of numerical results; the syntaxonomic relationships can be clarified by the results of numerical analysis.Alliances and orders of the Braun-Blanquet hierarchy, and their diagnostic taxa groups were derived by numerical methods from an association/taxa matrix. On the basis of this matrix, numerical methods demonstrated some of the environmental gradient complexes controlling the compositional variation. The compositional distinctiveness and uniformity of orders and alliances parallel environmental distictiveness and uniformity.The following attributes of the sampled vegetation and environment were probably responsible for the successful combination of syntaxonomic and numerical results: 1. The sampled area as a geographically limited universe, characterized by relative environmental, biotic, and historical distinctiveness and uniformity, 2. The wide range, high diversity, and clear denfinition of habitat and vegetation dominance types. Because it effectively summarizes and simplifies field data, syntaxonomy can play an important role in building local vegetatio models.Most of the figures in this paper are from a book version of a University of Colorado, Department of Environmental, Population, and Organismic Biology, Ph. D. thesis which was produced at the Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research. I would like to thank Dr. P.J. Webber, the thesis advisor, for his support, for suggesting the numerical methods, and for computer programs which were written by W.F. Reid. Vicki Dow, Marilyn Joel, and Karen Sproul drafted the majority of figures. I am grateful to Gwen Archer for editorial help.     

Multivariate analysis of vegetational variation in different habitats at Omayed,Egypt

The application of indicator species analysis has proved useful in classifying stands into groupings coinciding with topographic variations. 41 indicator pseudo-species are identified in the vegetation along a phytosociological gradient: some are characteristic of specific habitats, and the others indicate transition between groups of habitats.The use of qualitative estimations (transformed density records) in multivariate analysis in the present study indicates that they may be more preferable than quantitative estimations, because of their easy and fast recording in the field, and the less comprehensive computations, while yielding precise results.The X-axis of the reciprocal averaging ordination is related to the salinity and fertility gradients, while the Y-axis reflects soil texture.The phytosociological gradients of the canonical variate axes reflect essentially contrasts between groups of species, each correlated with one or the other of the environmental gradients.Comparing the results obtained by the two ordination methods (reciprocal averaging and canonical variates) we find that the first method detects the overall phytosociological changes along strong environmental gradients which would be helpful in studying large surveys. On the other hand, the second technique, which is mainly predictive, is more sensitive to changes within both the phytosociological and environmental gradients and can detect the impact of these changes on the overall variance of each gradient.Nomenclature follows Täckholm (1964).The authors are grateful to Dr J. Jeffers and Mr and Mrs P. Howard of the Institute of Terrestrial Ecology, England, for their help with applying the multivariate techniques to the vegetation data.     

辽宁省冰砬山森林立地分类的研究

森林立地的研究是人工林集约经营的基础,正确地选择宜林地,科学造林,真正做到适地适树,必须进行森林立地分类。森林立地分类应是以现代森林生态学和生态系统理论为依据,研究植被(立木、下木、地被物)和地形、植被与土壤以及地形和土壤的关系。在揭     

宁波北仑山区植被的数量分类

本文运用组平均法、主成份分折法和主坐标分析法对宁波北仑山区28个样地进行了分类,三种分类结果得到较好的统一,初步划分出7个群系与10个群丛,建立了该地区森林植被的分类系统。     

Studies of a vegetation transect through brigalow (Acacia harpophylla) forest in central Queensland

Vegetation and environmental data were collected in 182 contiguous plots along a belt transect, 3.7 km long, in central Queensland through a relatively undisturbed forest dominated by brigalow (Acacia harpophylla). A subset of eighty-nine plots using percentage cover of 128 species was classified using a polythetic agglomerative approach. Dual stand and species ordinations by principal component analysis and reciprocal averaging were also undertaken. The cluster analysis and ordination of unstandardized cover data, grouped stands on the basis of abundance of the predominant canopy species, but only where these species were true dominants such as Macropteranthes leichhardtii did these same groupings appear in the ordination of standardized data. The latter ordination was ecologically more satisfying, but the complementary species ordination was unsatisfactory. The vegetation-species complex was best explained by dual species and stand ordinations using presence-absence data. Reciprocal averaging appeared to produce a marginally better ordination than principal component analysis. An ordination of eleven environmental factors indicated soil profile and presence of gilgai were the most important environmental variables. The ordination was enhanced by varimax rotation which focused on a more homogeneous environmental gradient and coincided more closely with the vegetation ordinations. An ordination using both species and environmental factors substantiated the explanation of the vegetation-environmental complex derived from separate ordinations. The main gradient revealed from the ordinations appeared to be a mesic-xeric gradient stretching from Macropteranthes leichhardtii semi-evergreen vine thicket at the mesic end diverging through various A. harpophylla - dominant communities to A. harpophylla - Eucalyptus melanophloia woodland on duplex soils and Dichanthium affine grassland on clay soils. Six plant communities are defined and described and each related to a particular set of environmental conditions. These communities are bonewood (Macropteranthes leichhardtii) - semi-evergreen vine thicket, brigalow (Acacia harpophylla) - semi-evergreen vine thicket, brigalow (A. harpophylla) continuum (clay soils), Dichanthium affine grassland, brigalow (A. harpophylla) continuum (duplex soils) and brigalow (A. harpophylla) - silver-leaved ironbark (Eucalyptus melanophloia) woodland.     

Book reviews

Editing of community data matrices is complementary to analyzing data by multivariate techniques of classification and ordination in the overall task of data analysis. A computer program, DATAEDIT, is described that can perform numerous editing functions, including data transformation, deletion of certain species or samples, deletion of rare species, deletion of outliers, separation of disjunet sample groups, reordering of the species or samples of a data matrix, and the formation of composite samples or of sample subsets. DATAEDIT can use the information in a nonhierarchical or hierarchical classification, and includes its own internal routine for reciprocal averaging ordination.We appreciate valuable suggestions from the late Robert H. Whittaker, and from Philip Dixon, David Hieks, Laura Huenneke, Linda Olsvig-whittaker, and Mark Wilson. Mark O. Hill kindly supplied a fast subroutine for reciprocal averaging.     

Predicting the habitat usage of African black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis) using random forest models

Species distribution models are often used in ecology to ascertain relationships between environmental variables and species presence. Modelling to understand this relationship can be used to aid conservation management strategies. In this paper, we applied the random forest classification method to predict habitat used by black rhino for browsing. The random forest model was created using detailed habitat data collected from Ol Pejeta Conservancy in Kenya. Variables from plots where rhino had been present were compared to those not used by rhino. Independent data were used to test the predictive accuracy of the rules generated. The model performed well with the independent test data, correctly classifying 69% of the sampling plots where black rhino were present. Important habitat features that affected rhino presence were browse availability and density of vegetation, with Vachellia drepanolobium (formerly Acacia) and Euclea divinorum being important components. The analysis also highlighted areas of potential high browse pressure, which should be the focus of continued monitoring and management.