用遗传标记监测不同环境和经营措施下的加勒比松森林群体遗传动态

对古巴加勒比松的6个群体（包括天然林、采伐林、母树林和种子园）进行了同功酶分析,根据5个酶系统8个位点的同功酶数据,对各群 交配系统以及群体遗传变异和结构进行了分析,天然林、种子园和母树林的多位点异交率和绝大多数单位点异交率都和完全异交无显著差异,过渡采伐的松树岛群体多位点异交率显著小于完全异交,而只有一半单位点异交率显著小于完全异交,而且该群体单位点平均异交率和多位点异交率均低于其它3个群体的估计值。采伐群体中同功酶变异和基因多样性与天然林群体JAG的相似,但低于其它群体,其近交系数较大,但小于天然林MAN和中国栽培群体的近交系数。中国引种栽培群体无论是同功酶变异还是基因多样性都显著高于古巴群体,与所有古巴群体的遗传距离都显著大于古巴群体之间的遗传距离。结果表明过度采伐导致群体自交程度增加,营建种子园可有效减少近交。自然分布区以外的引种栽培群体遗传变化量大,无论遗传变异和基因多样性都比参试其它群体大。     

用SSR标记分析福建漳浦野生稻的遗传多样性

应用平均分布于水稻基因组的21对SSR引物,对福建漳浦野生稻、海南野生稻共计62份材料的遗传多样性进行分析.结果表明:漳浦野生稻具有较高的遗传多样性,21个位点共检测到74个等位变异,平均等位变异数A=3.5238,有效等位变异数Ae=2.0629.平均期望杂合度He=0.4635,实际观察杂合度Ho=0.2465,香农指数I=0.8286;根据固定指数(F=0.3887)估算的异交率t=0.4308,说明漳浦野生稻的繁育系统属于一种自交率较高的混合交配类型;分化程度石潭湖群体高于古塘群体.     

花蔺和黄花蔺居群遗传结构比较研究

采用垂直板型聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳技术,分别通过１９和２１个等位酶位点测定了花蔺３个居群和黄花蔺４个居群的遗传结构与基因流。两类群都维持较高水平的遗传多样性。花蔺居群期望杂合度、固定指数、异交率和遗传分化分别为０．１４４、０．１７４、９４．０％和０．２００,显示出异交繁育系统类型。黄花蔺居群期望杂合度、固定指数、异交率和遗传分化分别为０．０７６、０．４１５、５８．５％和０．３９１。表明其异交＋自交的敏     

利用SSR标记分析海南普通野生稻的遗传多样性

选用平均分布于水稻基因组的28对SSR引物,对海南不同纬度5个普通野生稻居群的163份材料进行遗传多样性和遗传结构研究。结果表明:(1)海南普通野生稻具有较高的遗传多样性,28个位点共检测到227个等位变异,平均等位变异数A=8.1071,有效等位变异数Ae=4.4190,平均期望杂合度He=0.4004,实际观察杂合度Ho=0.7062,香农指数I=1.6048;(2)居群的遗传分化系数较大,总的遗传变异中有46.40%存在于居群间(Fst=0.4640);(3)居群内杂合体较高(F is=-0.7069),根据固定指数(F=0.0588)计算出的异交率t=0.8889,说明海南普通野生稻的繁育系统属于一种较高的异交混合交配类型。     

浙江天童国家森林公园红凉伞交配系统研究

 交配系统是影响植物种群遗传结构的重要因素之一,测定植物的交配系统不仅可以了解物种的繁殖格局,而且也有助于预测生境条件发生变化(如生境片断化)时物种遗传结构的变化趋势。红凉伞是常绿阔叶林伴生小灌木,雌雄同花。采用水平切片淀粉凝胶电泳法分析种子萌发幼苗的基因型,结合Ritland异交率估算模型(MLT),测定了浙江天童国家森林公园红凉伞的交配系统,共采用了3个酶位点(Adh-1,Fe-2和Amp-2)。两个红凉伞种群的异交率均大于1,分别为1.055和1.159,可能是由于处理过程中将小的集群合并处理的结果,因为小集群内家系数量少,无法计算异交率。计算的家系异交率大多很大,只是在小集群内存在异交率低的家系,表明当红凉伞聚生形成的集群内开花个体数少时,异交率将降低。分析了常绿阔叶林片断化对红凉伞种群交配系统的影响。     

华北落叶松种子园不同世代间遗传多样性变化

华北落叶松是我国华北地区营造针叶树丰产林的首选树种,我国自20世纪60年代开始营建华北落叶松种子园,现部分种子园已建至第3代。但选优导致的种子园亲子代群体间的遗传多样性水平变化情况并不清楚,其分子水平的群体遗传基础也不明确,造成高世代育种及造林工作中种质资源不清等问题。本研究利用10对EST-SSR引物,分析了河北省龙头山林场华北落叶松良种基地种子园中1代、2代、3代优树群体的遗传多样性。每对引物的等位位点数为2~5个不等。1、2、3代的平均有效等位位点数分别为1.9204个、1.81个、2.0693个,Shannon指数分别为0.7127、0.7052、0.7908,且群体中杂合子过量。结果表明,1~3代种子园群体遗传多样性水平没有明显的差异,子代群体与亲代群体间遗传分化较小,遗传变异主要存在于每代群体内,而非世代群体间。     

广东高州普通野生稻(Oryza rufipogon Griff)的遗传多样性和居群遗传分化研究

利用30对SSR引物对广东高州普通野生稻3个群体进行了遗传多样性分析和居群遗传分化研究.结果表明,30对引物中只有20对表现出多态,多态位点比率P为66.7%;在20个多态位点中共检测出81个等位变异,平均等位变异数(Ap)为4.05 个;3个群体总的遗传多样性(Ht)为0.61,其中,居群内的遗传多样性为居群间的遗传多样性的3倍多,说明总的遗传多样性主要来自居群内;虽然居群间的遗传分化系数(G ST)较低,仅为0.2427,但当遗传相似系数临界值增加时,3个群体在聚类图上相对独立 ,说明3个群体既存在着高度的遗传相似性,又具有一定程度的遗传分化,可以作为3个居群进行原生境保护.     

小麦地方品种繁殖更新过程中的遗传多样性变化分析

采用分别保存于长期库及中期库的3个小麦地方品种的6份材料,进行了9项农艺性状及35个与农艺性状相关的微卫星标记检测,每份材料选取30个单株进行遗传多样性与遗传结构分析。结果表明:(1)更新前,3个小麦地方品种均为遗传异质性群体,在SSR位点上的异质度分别为57.14%、48.57%和5.71%。(2)在农艺性状表现上,只有温泉小麦3在株高和穗粒数上更新后比更新前显著增加,其他材料无显著差异。(3)在SSR位点多态性表现上,3个品种在更新后均发生了遗传多样性变化,8个与粒重、产量、生育期性状相关位点存在等位位点丢失现象,其中2个与粒重、生育期相关位点频率变化显著。(4)综合农艺性状调查与SSR分子标记检测结果发现,3个品种更新前后在多样性指数上无显著差异,遗传分化系数Gst分别为0.0269、0.0324和0.0380,即更新前后遗传差异分别为2.69%、3.24%和3.80%。上述结果建议,经繁殖更新的小麦种质资源能够比较完好地保持其遗传多样性和遗传结构。对于遗传异质性小麦地方品种在繁殖更新后存在遗传多样性丢失的危险,为了保证更新前后的遗传完整性,建议在繁殖更新过程中每个品种至少应保持300个单株的群体。     

墨西哥湾扇贝与“中科红”海湾扇贝群体遗传多样性SSR分析

利用微卫星(SSR)分子标记技术,对墨西哥湾扇贝和"中科红"海湾扇贝2个群体共80个个体的遗传结构和遗传多样性进行分析。结果显示:6个微卫星位点共扩增出31个等位基因,各位点的等位基因数为4~8个,平均等位基因数为5.2个;墨西哥湾扇贝与"中科红"海湾扇贝群体平均有效等位基因数(Ne)分别为2.890、2.753;平均观测杂合度(Ho)分别为0.415、0.353;平均期望杂合度(He)分别为0.604、0.479;多态信息含量(PIC)分别为0.554、0.444;两群体具有相同的等位基因数(Na)(4.333)。Hardy-Weinberg平衡检验发现,2个群体各有3个位点(50%)偏离平衡(p0.05),且均表现为杂合子缺失。两群体的遗传分化指数(Fst)为0.109 7,遗传距离(Dxy)为0.316 4,遗传相似性系数为0.728 8。研究结果说明:两个群体均保持较高的遗传多样性,但经过多年的定向选育,"中科红"海湾扇贝群体的遗传多样性低于墨西哥湾扇贝群体且两个群体具有中等程度的遗传分化,存在一定的遗传差异。     

鹅掌楸不同交配组合子代遗传多样性分析

揭示不同交配类型与子代遗传多样性的关系, 对于林木杂交育种及种子园管理具有理论与实践意义。文章选取来自鹅掌楸、北美鹅掌楸及杂交鹅掌楸的16个交配亲本, 共组配14个杂交组合, 分属5种交配类型, 分别为种间杂交、种内交配、多父本混合授粉、回交、以及自交。每个交配组合随机抽取30个子代, 利用SSR分子标记检测各子代群体遗传多样性以及16个交配亲本间的遗传距离。结果表明, 总体上, 鹅掌楸交配子代群体具有较高的遗传多样性。5种交配类型子代群体中, 遗传多样性水平由高至低的趋势为: 多父本混合授粉子代、种间交配子代、杂种F1与亲本的回交子代、种内交配子代, 自交子代。子代遗传多样性与亲本间遗传距离呈显著正相关, 表明亲本间遗传距离大, 则子代遗传多样性高。相同亲本正反交子代群体的遗传多样性差别不明显。     

Estimation of outcrossing rates in Duglas-fir using isozyme markers

Summary Seeds produced under open-pollination were collected from eight natural stands and a plus-tree seed orchard of Douglas-fir. These seeds were germinated and both diploid embryos and haploid gametophytes were analyzed by starch-gel electrophoresis. Eleven variable loci were resolved for both kinds of tissue and used as genetic markers for estimating outcrossing rates. Estimates made with single-locus and multilocus methods both indicated that the proportion of viable embryos resulting from outcrossing is about 0.90 for the natural stands, and for the seed orchard. Comparison of single-locus and multilocus estimates of outcrossing rates indicated that little or no inbreeding other than selfing occurred. Estimated outcrossing rates were higher for seeds from the upper portion of the crown than for seeds from the lower crown. It was also found that some trees selfed at a much higher rate than other trees.     

Jatropha curcas L. (Euphorbiaceae) exhibits a mixed mating system, high correlated mating and apomixis

The hierarchical mating system among and within fruits of Jatropha curcas was investigated in a base population using five microsatellite loci, employing mixed mating and correlated mating models. Open-pollinated fruits were collected from 15 randomly selected seed trees, sampling seven fruits per tree for a total of 21 seeds from each tree. We detected multilocus genotypes identical to the mother tree in 13 % of offspring, implying the occurrence of apomixis in J. curcas. The presumed apomictic individuals were excluded from the analysis of the remaining results. Evidence of substantial selfing was provided by the average multilocus outcrossing rate (t _m?=?0.683), showing that the species exhibits a mixed mating system. The outcrossing rate showed a large variation among seed trees, ranging from 0.21 to 1.0, indicating that the species is not self-incompatible. Significant differences were detected between the multilocus and the single locus outcrossing rates (t _m???t _s?=?0.347) that suggested mating among related individuals, possibly because of the presence of individuals from the same progeny (sibs) in the base population. The multilocus paternity correlation was extremely high for the population (r _p(m)?=?0.999), indicating that the progenies were manly composed of full-sibs. As a consequence of selfing and a high paternity correlation, the co-ancestry coefficient within the progeny was higher (Θ?=?0.369) than expected for panmictic populations. Our results indicated that J. curcas produces seeds asexually by apomixis and sexually by a mixed mating system, combining selfing and outcrossing.     

Variation in the mating system of Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis): evidence for partial assortative mating

Five allozyme polymorphisms were used to analyze the mating system in a Sitka spruce seed orchard in Saanichton, British Columbia. Allelic frequencies differed between the pollen and maternal pools at three of the five loci, with alleles rare in the maternal pool being even rarer in the effective pollen pool. Minor differences in pollen allelic frequencies were observed in the upper vs. lower crown. The multilocus outcrossing rate of the upper crown (t_m = 0.909) exceeded that of the lower crown (t_m = 0.764). Single-locus estimates of the outcrossing rate were significantly heterogeneous, with the lowest estimate of outcrossing, t = 0.773, observed for PGM-2 locus. Analyses of the mating system for the three maternal PGM-2 genotypes revealed heterogeneous pollen allelic frequencies and heterogeneous outcrossing rates, possibly due to assortative mating at this locus.     

How multilocus genotypic pattern helps to understand the history of selfing populations: a case study in Medicago truncatula

The occurrence of populations exhibiting high genetic diversity in predominantly selfing species remains a puzzling question, since under regular selfing genetic diversity is expected to be depleted at a faster rate than under outcrossing. Fine-scale population genetics approaches may help to answer this question. Here we study a natural population of the legume Medicago truncatula in which both the fine-scale spatial structure and the selfing rate are characterized using three different methods. Selfing rate estimates were very high ( approximately 99%) irrespective of the method used. A clear pattern of isolation by distance reflecting small seed dispersal distances was detected. Combining genotypic data over loci, we could define 34 multilocus genotypes. Among those, six highly inbred genotypes (lines) represented more than 75% of the individuals studied and harboured all the allelic variation present in the population. We also detected a large set of multilocus genotypes resembling recombinant inbred lines between the most frequent lines occurring in the population. This finding illustrates the importance of rare recombination in redistributing available allelic diversity into new genotypic combinations. This study shows how multilocus and fine-scale spatial analyses may help to understand the population history of self-fertilizing species, especially to make inferences about the relative role of foundation/migration and recombination events in such populations.     

Inbreeding depression in Vriesea gigantea,a perennial bromeliad from southern Brazil

Inbreeding depression is a reduction of fitness in the progeny of closely related individuals and its effects are assigned to selfing or biparental inbreeding. Vriesea gigantea is a self‐compatible bromeliad species distributed in the Brazilian Atlantic rainforest and habitat destruction and fragmentation and collection have decreased the natural populations. We aim to describe the occurrence of inbreeding depression (δ) in three natural populations of V. gigantea and to correlate this phenomenon with previous studies of fertility, genetic diversity, population genetic structure, gene flow, mating system and seed dispersal in this species. Fifty‐four adult plants were sampled and 108 flowers were used for pollination treatments (selfing, outcrossing and control). For adult plants, we analysed plant and inflorescence height, flower numbers and seed set. In the progenies, evaluated parameters included seed germination and seedling survival rate. The results indicated low to moderate levels of inbreeding depression in V. gigantea (δ = 0.02 to 0.39), in agreement with molecular data from a previous study. Vriesea gigantea populations tolerate some degree of inbreeding, which is consistent with previous results on fertility, mating system, genetic diversity and gene flow. © 2012 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2012, 169 , 312–319.     

SEXUAL PARTNERS FOR THE STRESSED: FACULTATIVE OUTCROSSING IN THE SELF-FERTILIZING NEMATODE CAENORHABDITIS ELEGANS

Sexual reproduction shuffles genetic variation, potentially enhancing the evolutionary response to environmental change. Many asexual organisms respond to stress by generating facultative sexual reproduction, presumably as a means of escaping the trap of low genetic diversity. Self-fertilizing organisms are subject to similar genetic limitations: the consistent loss of genetic diversity within lineages restricts the production of variation through recombination. Selfing organisms may therefore benefit from a similar shift in mating strategy during periods of stress. We determined the effects of environmental stress via starvation and passage through the stress-resistant dauer stage on mating system dynamics of Caenorhabditis elegans , which reproduces predominantly through self-fertilization but is capable of outcrossing in the presence of males. Starvation elevated male frequencies in a strain-specific manner through differential male survival during dauer exposure and increased outcrossing rates after dauer exposure. In the most responsive strain, the mating system changed from predominantly selfing to almost exclusively outcrossing. Like facultative sex in asexual organisms, facultative outcrossing in C. elegans may periodically facilitate adaptation under stress. Such a shift in reproductive strategy should have a major impact on evolutionary change within these populations and may be a previously unrecognized feature of other highly selfing organisms.     

RECONSTRUCTING ORIGINS OF LOSS OF SELF‐INCOMPATIBILITY AND SELFING IN NORTH AMERICAN ARABIDOPSIS LYRATA: A POPULATION GENETIC CONTEXT

Theoretical and empirical comparisons of molecular diversity in selfing and outcrossing plants have primarily focused on long‐term consequences of differences in mating system (between species). However, improving our understanding of the causes of mating system evolution requires ecological and genetic studies of the early stages of mating system transition. Here, we examine nuclear and chloroplast DNA sequences and microsatellite variation in a large sample of populations of Arabidopsis lyrata from the Great Lakes region of Eastern North American that show intra‐ and interpopulation variation in the degree of self‐incompatibility and realized outcrossing rates. Populations show strong geographic clustering irrespective of mating system, suggesting that selfing either evolved multiple times or has spread to multiple genetic backgrounds. Diversity is reduced in selfing populations, but not to the extent of the severe loss of variation expected if selfing evolved due to selection for reproductive assurance in connection with strong founder events. The spread of self‐compatibility in this region may have been favored as colonization bottlenecks following glaciation or migration from Europe reduced standing levels of inbreeding depression. However, our results do not suggest a single transition to selfing in this system, as has been suggested for some other species in the Brassicaceae.     

Breakdown of self-incompatibility in the perennial Arabidopsis lyrata (Brassicaceae) and its genetic consequences

Mating systems in plants are known to be highly labile traits, with frequent transitions from outcrossing to selfing. The genetic basis for breakdown in self-incompatibility (SI) systems has been studied, but data on variation in selfing rates in species for which the molecular basis of SI is known are rare. This study surveyed such variation in Arabidopsis lyrata (Brassicaceae), which is often considered an obligately outcrossing species, to examine the causes and genetic consequences of changes in its breeding system. Based on controlled self-pollinations in the greenhouse, three populations from the Great Lakes region of North America included a minority of self-compatible (SC) individuals, while two showed larger proportions of SC individuals and all populations contained some individuals capable of setting selfed seeds. Loss of SI was not associated with particular haplotypes at the S-locus (as estimated by alleles amplified at the SRK locus, the gene controlling female specificity) and all populations contained similar numbers of SRK alleles, suggesting that some other genetic factor is responsible for modifying the SI reaction. The loss of SI has resulted in an effective shift in the mating system, as the two populations with a high frequency of SC individuals showed significantly lower microsatellite-based multilocus outcrossing rates and higher inbreeding coefficients than the other populations. Based on microsatellites, observed heterozygosities and genetic diversity were also significantly depressed in these populations. These findings provide the unique opportunity to examine in detail the consequences of mating system changes within a species with a well-characterized SI system.     

The demography and population genomics of evolutionary transitions to self-fertilization in plants

The evolution of self-fertilization from outcrossing has occurred on numerous occasions in flowering plants. This shift in mating system profoundly influences the morphology, ecology, genetics and evolution of selfing lineages. As a result, there has been sustained interest in understanding the mechanisms driving the evolution of selfing and its environmental context. Recently, patterns of molecular variation have been used to make inferences about the selective mechanisms associated with mating system transitions. However, these inferences can be complicated by the action of linked selection following the transition. Here, using multilocus simulations and comparative molecular data from related selfers and outcrossers, we demonstrate that there is little evidence for strong bottlenecks associated with initial transitions to selfing, and our simulation results cast doubt on whether it is possible to infer the role of bottlenecks associated with reproductive assurance in the evolution of selfing. They indicate that the effects of background selection on the loss of diversity and efficacy of selection occur rapidly following the shift to high selfing. Future comparative studies that integrate explicit ecological and genomic details are necessary for quantifying the independent and joint effects of selection and demography on transitions to selfing and the loss of genetic diversity.     

Hidden genetic variance contributes to increase the short‐term adaptive potential of selfing populations

Standing genetic variation is considered a major contributor to the adaptive potential of species. The low heritable genetic variation observed in self‐fertilizing populations has led to the hypothesis that species with this mating system would be less likely to adapt. However, a non‐negligible amount of cryptic genetic variation for polygenic traits, accumulated through negative linkage disequilibrium, could prove to be an important source of standing variation in self‐fertilizing species. To test this hypothesis, we simulated populations under stabilizing selection subjected to an environmental change. We demonstrate that, when the mutation rate is high (but realistic), selfing populations are better able to store genetic variance than outcrossing populations through genetic associations, notably due to the reduced effective recombination rate associated with predominant selfing. Following an environmental shift, this diversity can be partially remobilized, which increases the additive variance and adaptive potential of predominantly (but not completely) selfing populations. In such conditions, despite initially lower observed genetic variance, selfing populations adapt as readily as outcrossing ones within a few generations. For low mutation rates, purifying selection impedes the storage of diversity through genetic associations, in which case, as previously predicted, the lower genetic variance of selfing populations results in lower adaptability compared to their outcrossing counterparts. The population size and the mutation rate are the main parameters to consider, as they are the best predictors of the amount of stored diversity in selfing populations. Our results and their impact on our knowledge of adaptation under high selfing rates are discussed.