欺骗,契约,合作的ESS

动物竞争中的欺骗、契约、合作现象是极为常见的。本文就论述与此有关的ESS。一、欺骗某些动物竞争时信号a后跟随发生行为A,如一个体不出现A则为欺骗。欺骗是相对真实     

器官,组织,细胞水平的嫁接

目前,植物的嫁接技术已突破常规的整体嫁接方法,可以用器官、组织、细胞,在不同的水平上进行嫁接。这些新的嫁接方法,既有利于嫁接的基础理论研究,又为嫁接技术的应用开辟了新的途径。 一、离体茎段嫁接 该方法是将节间外植体在组织培养的条件下进行嫁接,主要用于嫁接过程的生理生化研究。与常规的整体植物嫁接相比,具有很多优点:     

Autophagosomes,phagosomes, autolysosomes,phagolysosomes, autophagolysosomes… Wait,I’m confused

When an autophagosome or an amphisome fuse with a lysosome, the resulting compartment is referred to as an autolysosome. Some people writing papers on the topic of autophagy use the terms “autolysosome” and “autophagolysosome” interchangeably. We contend that these words should be used to denote 2 different compartments, and that it is worthwhile maintaining this distinction—the autophagolysosome has a particular origin in the process of xenophagy that makes it distinct from an autolysosome.     

Autophagosomes,phagosomes, autolysosomes,phagolysosomes, autophagolysosomes… Wait,I’m confused

When an autophagosome or an amphisome fuse with a lysosome, the resulting compartment is referred to as an autolysosome. Some people writing papers on the topic of autophagy use the terms “autolysosome” and “autophagolysosome” interchangeably. We contend that these words should be used to denote 2 different compartments, and that it is worthwhile maintaining this distinction—the autophagolysosome has a particular origin in the process of xenophagy that makes it distinct from an autolysosome.     

牛磺酸,羟脯氨酸,γ—氨基丁酸,鸟氨酸和色氨酸的测定

在日立８３５－５０型氨基酸分析仪上,用７２ｍｉｎ程序进行分析,通常一次只能分析１７种氨基酸。采用本文所述方法则一次能分析２２种氨基酸。在不延长分析时间,不增加成本的情况下,一次多分析了五种氨基酸,提高了仪器工作效率。     

Der Einfluß endogener Faktoren auf den Asche-, Kalzium-, Magnesium-, Kalium-, Natrium-, Phosphor-, Zink-, Eisen-, Kupfer- und Mangangehalt der Schweineborste

The objective of the present study was to investigate physiological effects of a marginal copper and iron supply on pigs. Therefore an experiment was conducted with 4 × 12 growing pigs of the crossbreed Pietrain × Deutsche Landrasse. The animals were fed for a period of 119 days with a diet poor of copper (1.5 mg Cu/kg diet) and/or poor of iron (35 mg Fe/kg diet). Control animals were supplied adequately with copper (4.8 mg Cu/kg diet) and iron (85 mg Fe/kg diet). The diet was given according to weight. After reaching an average weight of 102.6 ± 3.5 kg the animals were slaughtered. Due to the activity of the coerulplasmin and katalase enzyme and the haematological parameters, the supply of copper and iron could be classified as marginal. There was no interaction between copper deficiency and iron metabolism. The protein metabolism was unchanged. Low copper intake reduced the copper concentrations in serum, liver, muscle and backfat, and low iron intake reduced the iron concentration in serum, liver and muscle. Marginal copper and iron supply had no relevant effect on either food intake and growth performance or carcass characteristics and meat quality.     

Der Mengen- und Spurenelementgehalt des Rinderhaares als Indikator der Calcium-, Magnesium-, Phosphor-, Kalium-, Natrium-, Eisen-, Zink-, Mangan-, Kupfer-, Molybdän- und Kobaltversorgung

Beyond the energy requirement of maintenance, the assimilated energy, occurring in bioproducts, is linearly proportional to the intake of metabolizable energy in non‐underfed conditions. In contrast, resting metabolic rate is differing between individuals within a population of an animal species. As adaptability to changed environmental conditions may play a role, young bulls were exposed to thermoneutral (18°C) and low (4°C) ambient temperatures and were fed at two feeding levels (1.0 and 1.6 times energy requirement in maintenance) to produce metabolic rate differences, using the same animals, metabolic rate was altered by reducing the sympathetic outflow in each case. Expression of sulfonylurea receptors in circulating mononuclear leukocytes and cells from skeletal muscle (m. semitendinosus) was studied by flow cytom‐etry. Changes of metabolic rate at rest corresponded to the portion of cells with sulfonylurea receptors expression. The data from reducing the sympathetic outflow and those from sulfonylurea receptors expression are useful to explain metabolic rate differences among individuals of an animal population.     

阿胶,五味子,刺五加,枸杞对双歧杆菌生长的影响

本文选用１５种传统抗衰老中药对双歧杆菌进行了体外生长促进实验。结果发现刺五加、五味子、宁夏枸杞子及阿胶对婴儿双歧杆菌有明显的促进作用。     

Der Mengen- und Spurenelementgehalt des Rinderhaares als Indikator der Calcium-, Magnesium-, Phosphor-, Kalium-, Natrium-, Eisen-, Zink-, Mangan-, Kupfer-, Molybdän- und Kobaltversorgung

Many health effects can be attributed to the Mediterranean herb oregano (Origanum vulgare L.) and several studies demonstrated the improving effect on performance, changes in blood count, antibacterial, antifungal and immunmodulating abilities. The majority of these investigations were carried out with processed essential oil, while whole plant material was only used in a few studies. Thus, the aim of the present experiment was to test the effect of increasing proportions of dried oregano in piglet feed on health and performance, with a special focus on immune modulation. A total of 80 male castrated weaned piglets (body weight [BW] 7.9 kg ±1.0 kg) were used in a feeding experiment lasting 5 weeks. They were assigned to 4 experimental groups: a control diet, and three diets with an oregano supplementation at 2 g, 4 g and 8 g per kg feed, respectively, corresponding to 23.5 mg, 46.9 mg and 93.9 mg carvacrol/kg DM. After 3 weeks, half of each group was challenged with 5 µg lipopolysaccharides (LPS) per kg BW. Blood samples were collected 2 h after LPS stimulation and analysed for T-cell phenotypes, granulocyte activity, clinical-chemistry as well as white and red blood count. The results indicate no effects of oregano on performance. In contrast, oregano altered the lymphocyte proportion and the ratio of CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T-cells as well as the triglyceride concentration in the serum of non-stimulated and in LPS-stimulated piglets. In conclusion, whole plant supplementation of oregano to piglet feed altered immune-related parameters, but did not modulate the acute inflammatory response induced by LPS stimulation.     

The Seven Carbohydrate Bioengineering Meeting,Braunschweig, Germany,April, 22–25, 2007

Stereocontrol in bakers' yeast reduction can be achieved by introduction of a sulfur functional group into substrates. α-Methylthio-β-keto esters are reduced to give exclusively (3S)-3-hydroxy esters. α-Substituted β-keto thiol esters and dithioesters afford (2R,3S)-3-hydroxy esters with high diastereo-and enantioselectivity. Ketones possessing 1,3-dithiane, phenylsulfenyl, or phenylsulfonyl groups at the α-position are transformed also into the corresponding (S)-secondary alcohols. Optically pure (S)-(phenylsulfinyl)acetones can be obtained by kinetic resolution of racemic derivatives with the yeast. Diastereo- and enantioselective reduction of 1,2-diketones leading into (1S,2S)-1,2-diol derivatives can be also achieved by introduction of 1,3-dithiane, phenylsulfenyl or phenylsulfonyl groups into the α-position. Reductions of carbon-carbon double bond of sulfur-functionalized prenyl derivatives provide both chiral (R)- and (S)-C₅-building blocks for terpenoid synthesis. The utility of the reduction products as chiral building blocks is demonstrated in the synthesis of biologically active natural products such as pheromones, sugars, antibiotics etc. by functional group transformation and carbon-carbon bond formation reactions with the aid of sulfur functional groups.     

胸怀祖国, 忘我工作, 为国争光

刘以训教授是我国著名的生物学家,中国科学院院士。他致力于生殖生物学研究,在排卵、黄体萎缩、精子发生和胚胎植入等系列研究上,成绩卓著,享有国际声誉。读罢此文,钦敬之情油然而生。     

人口,食物,资源,环境与生物学

人口、食物、资源、环境与生物学钱燕文（中国科学院动物研究所北京１０００８０）人家都说下一个世纪是生物学的世纪,人口、食物、资源、环境也是近２０年来的热门话题,因为这四个方面关系到我们人类的未来。为什么下个世纪是生物学的世纪？也得从人口、食物、资源、环...