VA菌根真菌、根瘤菌双接种对大豆增产效果的影响

本文论述了在自然状态下的土壤里,VA菌根真菌、根瘤菌双接种对大豆结瘤、菌根真菌侵染率、固氮酶活性及植株养分吸收状况的影响.研究结果表明,VA菌根真菌、根瘤菌双接种明显提高大豆结瘤能力与固氮酶活性,并可促进植物对养分的吸收,双接种比单接种VA菌根真菌处理提高产量140%,比单接种根瘤菌处理提高55.84%.     

2,4-D诱导固氮螺菌和慢生型大豆根瘤菌在小麦上的结瘤作用及其效果

分别在水培和砂培条件下进行了2,4-D诱导固氮螺菌和慢生型大豆根瘤菌在小麦根上的结瘤试验,结果表明2,4-D能诱发它们在小麦根系上形成“类根瘤”,扫描电镜结果证明只有个别细菌进入小麦根瘤细胞内,在细胞间隙有较多的细菌。用乙炔还原法仅检测到接种大豆根瘤菌的小麦根瘤有微量的固氮酶活性,但在盆栽植株的生长方面,看不到2,4-D,2,4-D+固氮螺菌或2,4-D+根瘤菌对小麦生长的促进作用。     

Cu2+污染土壤接种AM真菌对紫云英生长的影响

通过5个土壤Cu2 水平(0,20,50,100,150mgkg-1)的盆栽试验,研究了不同土壤Cu2 水平接种AM真菌对紫云英生长的影响。结果表明:(1)随着土壤Cu2 水平升高,紫云英生物量下降,与未接种相比,接种AM真菌明显提高了紫云英的生物量,接种G.intraradices对紫云英生物量的提高比接种G.mosseae更为明显,两者间呈显著性差异。(2)随着土壤Cu2 水平升高,紫云英根段浸染率下降,菌丝琥珀酸脱氢酶、碱性磷酸酶活性也下降。(3)在相同土壤Cu2 水平接种不同的AM真菌,紫云英根段浸染率有显著差异,接种G.intraradices的紫云英根段浸染率显著高于接种G.mosseae的处理,其菌丝琥珀酸脱氢酶活性及碱性磷酸酶活性也显著高于接种G.mosseae的处理。(4)接种G.intraradices能显著抑制Cu2 从紫云英地下部分向地上部分的运转,降低Cu2 的毒害,接种G.mosseae相对促进了Cu2 的运转。以上结果显示,Cu2 污染土壤中接种G.intraradices对紫云英生长具有促进作用。     

豇豆根瘤菌NGR234和紫云英根瘤菌109感染紫云英的比较研究

利用光学和电子显微镜对紫云英根瘤菌菌株109和广宿主的快生型根瘤菌菌株NGR234感染温带型豆科植物紫云英进行了研究,结果表明根瘤菌感染紫云英是通过在根毛中形成侵染线的途径。电子显微镜研究揭示了固氮根瘤中细胞内侵染线的存在。接种二天后,首先可观察到根毛的卷曲或分枝。接种四至五天后,在每株植物卷曲的根毛中可看到侵染线。接种八至十天后的植株出现肉眼可见的根瘤。菌株NGR234能够在紫云英上诱导根毛的卷曲,侵染线和根瘤的形成,但所形成的根瘤却未能固氮,根瘤中无明显的类菌体区,但有少数包有细菌的侵染线。NGR234抗抗菌素的衍生菌均未能使紫云英结瘤。将NGR234的共生质粒转移至三叶草、苜蓿、豌豆、快生型大豆根瘤菌和农杆菌,亦未能使这些细菌获得紫云英上结瘤的能力。     

不同磷源对红三叶草根际和菌根际磷酸酶活性的影响

以红三叶草为研究对象,利用三室培养系统,在接种菌根真菌(Glomus mosseae)的条件下研究了不同磷源对根际和菌根际磷酸酶活性的影响,植株生长8周后收获并测定根室、菌丝室的土壤磷酸酶活性、植株干重及含磷量．结果表明,根室酸性磷酸酶活性比碱性磷酸酶活性更裔,接种条件下二者都稍有增加,特别是在供给有机磷(植酸钠)的条件下明显增加了菌丝室土壤磷酸酶活性．接种菌根真菌显著增加了植株干重、磷含量和总磷吸收．施用磷酸二氢钾(KH2PO4)时菌丝吸磷量占吸磷总量的43．1%,而施用植酸钠(Na-phytate)时菌丝吸磷量占吸磷总量的60．8%。     

Cu2+污染土壤接种AM真菌对紫云英生长的影响

通过5个土壤Cu²⁺水平(0,20,50,100,150mgkg-1)的盆栽试验,研究了不同土壤Cu²⁺水平接种AM真菌对紫云英生长的影响。结果表明:(1)随着土壤Cu²⁺水平升高,紫云英生物量下降,与未接种相比,接种AM真菌明显提高了紫云英的生物量,接种G.intraradices对紫云英生物量的提高比接种G.mosseae更为明显,两者间呈显著性差异。(2)随着土壤Cu²⁺水平升高,紫云英根段浸染率下降,菌丝琥珀酸脱氢酶、碱性磷酸酶活性也下降。(3)在相同土壤Cu²⁺水平接种不同的AM真菌,紫云英根段浸染率有显著差异,接种G.intraradices的紫云英根段浸染率显著高于接种G.mosseae的处理,其菌丝琥珀酸脱氢酶活性及碱性磷酸酶活性也显著高于接种G.mosseae的处理。(4)接种G.intraradices能显著抑制Cu²⁺从紫云英地下部分向地上部分的运转,降低Cu2+的毒害,接种G.mosseae相对促进了Cu²⁺的运转。以上结果显示,Cu²⁺污染土壤中接种G.intraradices对紫云英生长具有促进作用。     

沙打旺根瘤菌对紫云英的侵染结瘤性能

沙打旺(Astragalus adsurgensPall)和紫云英(Astragalus sinicusL.)皆属豆科黄芪属植物,都能与根瘤菌共生。但是,这两种寄主植物互换根瘤菌接种也能有效共生吗?这是根瘤菌研究中的一个新问题。在我国开始大面积飞机播种沙打旺后,我们曾想用紫云英根瘤菌接种沙打旺。但试验结果表明,紫云英根瘤     

果胶菌加根瘤菌诱发油菜结瘤固氮研究新进展

果胶细菌（ｐｅｃｔｉｎ－ｌｙｔｉｃ ｂａｃｔｅｒｉａ）处理油菜幼根（二天苗龄,根长３ｃｍ）,同时接种紫云英根瘤菌突变菌株（Ｒｈｉｚｏｂｉｕｒｎ ｓｐｐ．ａｓｔｒａｇｌｕｓ）结瘤率为９６．８０％。根瘤石蜡包理切片观察,结果是从根瘤的外皮层到内皮层细胞均有细菌的分布。乙炔还原法测定出低固氮酶活性（７３．１０ｎｂ ＭＣ２Ｈ４／株／小时）。在植株全氮、干重和盆栽产量上都有不同程度的增加。     

石漠化地区根瘤菌的分离鉴定及盆栽抗旱效应

从云南文山峰丛洼地型石漠化地区白刺花(Sopnora riciisolia)、木蓝(Indigofera tinttorial)和三叶草(Trofolium repens)的根瘤中分离到3株细菌，编号为SWFU-B1、SWFU-B2和SWFU-B3,经形态特征、生理生化指标以及16S rDNA序列测定，3株细菌与豌豆根瘤菌(Rhizobium leguminosarum)、安徽根瘤菌(Rhizobium anhuiense)和栖稻根瘤菌(Rhizobium oryzihabitans)的相似性分别是100%、99.93%和99.78%。采用盆栽实验，将3株根瘤菌接种在不同干旱胁迫(正常水分、轻度干旱和中度干旱)下的蚕豆植株上，设置未接种(T0)、接种SWFU-B1(T1)、接种SWFU-B2(T2)和接种SWFU-B3(T3)4种接种处理，研究其对蚕豆株高、茎粗、根瘤数目、叶面积、抗氧化酶活性、渗透调节物质和丙二醛含量的影响。结果表明：随着干旱程度加重，蚕豆植株生长减缓，根瘤数量呈显著下降趋势；在同一水分条件下，与未接种相比，接种组蚕豆生长指标结果较好，接种根瘤菌对蚕豆有显著的促生长效...     

丛枝菌根真菌与根瘤菌互作及类黄酮对互作效果的影响

研究了中华根瘤菌与AM真菌互作或加入适量的类黄酮(150nmol·L^-1和1．5μmol·L^-1)对紫云英的生物量、结瘤数、AM真菌的侵染率、菌丝ALP和SDH酶活性的影响．结果表明,与对照组[0、AMF、Rh]相比,Rh+AMF组紫云英的生物量、结瘤数、AM真菌侵染率和菌丝酶活都有显著差异;与对照组及Rh+AMF组相比,类黄酮处理组紫云英的生物量、结瘤数、AM真菌侵染率和菌丝酶活差异更加显著,但不同类黄酮间(apigenin和hesperitin),或同一种类黄酮不同浓度处理问(150nmol·L^-1和1．5umol·L^-1)差异不明显,说明AM真菌与根瘤菌互作对紫云英的结瘤固氮、AM真菌的侵染和菌丝的生长都有促进作用．当Rh+AMF组加入适量的类黄酮时。这种促进作用更加显著．     

红壤旱地不同复种方式养地效果

为了提出适宜南方红壤区旱地质量提升的持续高效种植模式,在江西农业大学科技园开展田间试验,以传统复种方式为对照,从土壤理化性状、微生物及酶活性等多方面分析比较不同复种方式对土壤的养地效果,为提出可持续发展的农田耕作模式提供理论基础。结果表明:不同复种方式中,绿肥种植和绿肥翻压还田对土壤具有明显养地效果,其中处理C"黑麦草-花生‖玉米-粟‖荞麦"具有较高的土壤阳离子交换量、有机质、碱解氮、全磷含量以及土壤酶活性和较多的土壤微生物种类、数量,从而显著提高土壤肥力和土壤持续生产力,养地效果最佳;处理B"混播绿肥(油菜、紫云英、肥田萝卜)-大豆‖玉米-绿豆‖芝麻"降低土壤容重,增加土壤孔隙度,改善土壤的通气性、透水性,明显提高土壤pH值、全氮、有效磷、全钾和速效钾含量,养地效果次之。因此,大力推广应用冬季绿肥是促进红壤旱地生态系统可持续发展的有效耕作措施。     

Physiological shifts in the microbial community drive changes in enzyme activity in a perennial agroecosystem

Perennial agroecosystems have the potential to promote plant–microbial linkages by increasing the quantity of root carbon entering the soil. However, an understanding of how perennial cropping systems affect microbial communities remains incomplete. The objective of this study was to determine the potential for a fertilized perennial bioenergy cropping system to impact microbial growth and enzyme activity. Three times throughout the growing season we examined the activity of four enzymes involved in decomposition (ß-glucosidase, ß-xylosidase, cellobiohydrolase, and N-acetyl glucosaminidase) in replicated plots of an annual (corn) and perennial-based (switchgrass) cropping system. We also took simultaneous measurements of microbial biomass and potential rates of microbial respiration and net N mineralization. Microbial biomass was unaffected by cropping system. Mid-summer, however, we observed increases in enzyme activity and potential microbial respiration in the perennial system that were independent of microbial biomass, likely in response to labile carbon inputs. Further, we observed lower net N mineralization, higher microbial biomass nitrogen and higher activity of nitrogen liberating enzymes, which are indicative of a community with high nitrogen demands. Overall, our research demonstrates that perennial agroecosystems can affect the physiological capacity of the microbial community, yielding communities with greater nitrogen retention and greater rates of decomposition as a result of allocation of resources towards enzyme production and nitrogen mining. These results can inform biogeochemical models with respect to the importance of temporally dynamic changes in carbon and nitrogen availability and microbial carbon use efficiency as drivers of enzyme production.     

农林复合系统中物种间水肥光竞争机理分析与评价

低丘红壤农林复合系统被认为能通过引入树木而利用土壤深层水分及防治水土流失,从而作为亚热带地区应对季节性干旱的有效利用方式。然而,复合也可引起光能、水分和养分的竞争,导致农作物减产。通过作物生长量的测定、利用多年监测的土壤水文数据、15N微区试验及光合有效辐射的测量,综合探讨了南酸枣-花生复合系统引起的物种间水肥光的变化;通过其交互作用形成的协同,竞争关系分析,较为全面地评价了农林复合系统水肥光竞争特征。研究表明：低丘红壤上南酸枣与花生复合,促进了南酸枣生长,却减小了20％～50％的花生产量和生物量。其原因不单是南酸枣遮荫引起复合花生光合有效辐射减弱,还与水、肥竞争有关。复合系统在旱季加大利用50～100cm土层土壤水分,从而缓冲了干旱造成的影响;但南酸枣与花生间作系统也存在着一定的水分竞争。复合使得南酸枣能够利用施于花生区及淋失到60cm深处的养分,提高了养分的利用率;但同时也导致养分的竞争并影响花生的生长。在花生产量、生物量受复合南酸枣竞争影响因子中,以光最大、养分其次、水分最小。农林复合系统水肥光交互作用因其组分类型与时空配置而异,需从生态、经济、社会效益方面对复合模式加以优化。     

Rainfed vetch-barley mixed cropping in the Syrian semi-arid conditions

A field experiment on vetch and barley grown in monoculture and in mixed culture was conducted under rain-fed conditions throughout two growing seasons. Plants were either subjected to three sequential harvests, or were harvested only once, at physiological maturity. Our results showed the advantage of a mixed cropping system of vetch and barley over sole cropping under rainfed conditions in terms of dry matter production, total nitrogen content, and land use efficiency expressed as land equivalent ratio (LER). This advantage was more pronounced in the plants harvested once at the end of the season than those subjected to the three successive harvests. Based on this result, a single seasonal rather than several harvests would be recommended under similar rainfed conditions. Nitrogen fixation in vetch measured by the¹⁵N-isotope dilution method, varied with the number of harvests and with cropping system. The percentage of N derived from the atmosphere (%Ndfa) of vetch in mixed culture was in most cases higher than in monoculture. The poor competitiveness of vetch for soil N uptake was responsible for the higher soil N uptake by barley and therefore, a higher %Ndfa in vetch. Positive and high final nitrogen balance was observed in the mixture. We excluded, under the current experimental conditions, the possibility of N-transfer from vetch to barley.     

不同连作年限甜瓜种植土壤性质和微生物多样性

[背景]连作种植和化肥、农药过量施用导致设施甜瓜土壤质地恶化、病害严重,甜瓜产量和质量下降.[目的]明确甜瓜连作种植年限对土壤化学性质、土壤酶活性和微生物多样性的影响.[方法]以甜瓜种植1年、5年和10年的温室耕层土壤为研究对象,采用常规分析方法、土壤酶活测定试剂盒、稀释涂布平板法和Illumina MiSeq高通量测...     

苜蓿和小麦长期连作对土壤酶活性及养分的影响

在长武长期轮作与施肥定位试验的基础上,对黄土高原沟壑区苜蓿和小麦连作27年后的黄盖黏黑垆土土壤酶活性及土壤养分进行了测定,探讨苜蓿和小麦长期连作对土壤酶活性及肥力的影响.结果表明： 苜蓿和小麦连作施肥都能提高土壤酶活性;同一作物不同施肥措施的土壤蔗糖酶、脲酶、磷酸酶活性差异不显著,但相同施肥条件下,苜蓿连作比小麦连作的土壤蔗糖酶、脲酶、磷酸酶活性高;不同作物种类及施肥措施的土壤过氧化氢酶活性差异不明显;氮磷肥和有机肥配施(NPM)的土壤脲酶、磷酸酶和过氧化氢酶活性较高,而蔗糖酶活性较低;苜蓿连作比小麦连作更有利于土壤有机质、全氮及速效氮的积累,氮磷肥和有机肥配施有利于培肥土壤.
     

日光温室黄瓜长期连作自毒物质累积与土壤肥力因子的关系

以日光温室连作第2、6、10、14、18、20、24、26茬次的黄瓜根际土壤为研究材料,研究了长期连作对黄瓜根际土壤酚酸类物质的影响及其与土壤化学性质、酶活性、微生物活性的关系.结果表明:随着连作茬次的增加,酚酸类物质含量显著增加,且茬次间的总酚增长量在连作前期(0～2茬)和后期(20～26茬)显著高于连作中期(10～...     

Fertilization regimes affect the soil biological characteristics of a sudangrass and ryegrass rotation system

The sudangrass (Sorghum sudanense) and ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum L.) rotation is an intensive and new cropping system in Central China. Nutrient management practices in this rotation system may influence soil fertility, the important aspects of which are soil biological properties and quality. As sensitive soil biological properties and quality indicators, soil microbial community activity, microbial biomass, enzyme activities, soil organic matter (SOM) and total N resulting from different fertilization regimes in this rotation system were studied through a four-year field experiment from April 2005 to May 2009. Treatments included control (CK), fertilizer phosphorus and potassium (PK), fertilizer nitrogen and potassium (NK), fertilizer nitrogen and phosphorus (NP) and a fertilizer nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium combination (NPK). Soil microbial community activities in the NK, NP and NPK treatments were significantly lower than those in the CK and PK treatments after the sudangrass and ryegrass trial. The highest microbial biomass C, microbial biomass N, SOM, total N, sucrase and urease activities were found in the NPK treatment, and these soil quality indicators were significantly higher in the NK, NP and NPK treatments than in the PK and CK treatments. Soil microbial biomass and enzyme activities were positively associated with SOM in the sudangrass and ryegrass rotation system, indicating that fertilization regimes, especially N application, reduced microbial community activity in the soil. Proper fertilization regimes will increase microbial biomass, enzyme activity and SOM and improve soil fertility.     

不同蔬菜与番茄轮作对设施土壤微生物多样性、酶活性及土壤理化性质的影响

[目的]番茄是一种受连作障碍影响明显的蔬菜作物,本试验旨在研究不同蔬菜作物与番茄轮作后对设施土壤微生物多样性、酶活性及土壤理化性质的影响,以期筛选出适宜与番茄轮作的蔬菜作物,为从设施栽培模式选择角度缓解或避免番茄连作障碍提供理论依据.[方法]试验以连续两茬种植番茄后分别种植大白菜(A)、黄瓜(B)、辣椒(C)、茄子(E...     

轮作和连作对胡萝卜根际和非根际细菌多样性的影响

细菌是土壤最重要的组成部分,土壤细菌的群落结构对土壤的健康至关重要,可以直接影响植物的生长。胡萝卜的长年连作导致其产量低、质量差等一系列问题的发生,连作问题已成为不可忽视的问题。本研究通过HiSeq PE250高通量测序和生物信息学方法获得了玉米胡萝卜轮作种植和胡萝卜连作种植中胡萝卜根际和非根际土壤细菌的组成结构。研究结果表明,相较于胡萝卜连作,玉米胡萝卜轮作种植改变了胡萝卜根际土壤细菌的组成和群落多样性。RM.M (玉米胡萝卜轮作根际土壤样品)样品中的优势菌门为放线菌门和厚壁菌门,RM.R (胡萝卜连作根际土壤样品)的优势菌门是变形菌门;有益菌如芽孢杆菌属和根瘤菌属在玉米胡萝卜轮作种植中的胡萝卜根际富集。RM.M与RM.R的细菌类群差异显著,群落多样性较低;NRM.M(玉米胡萝卜轮作非根际土壤样品)和NRM.R (胡萝卜连作非根际土壤样)的细菌类群差异不明显,群落多样性较高。与连作根际土壤相比,轮作根际土壤中有益菌的相对丰度较大,细菌相对丰度明显增加。本研究结果对通过调节根际土壤细菌组成来保证胡萝卜产量和质量的稳定,解决连作问题具有重要的意义。