翘嘴鳜NADPH氧化酶三个调节亚基cDNA的克隆及表达特征

吞噬细胞NADPH氧化酶能生成用于清除病原微生物的活性氧簇 (reactive oxygen species, ROS),在机体的防御体系中起着非常重要的作用。该文利用RT-PCR结合RACE-PCR的方法,对翘嘴鳜 (Siniperca chuatsi) NADPH氧化酶的3个调节亚基p40phox、p47phox和p67phox的cDNA进行了克隆。结果显示p40phox基因cDNA序列全长为1 406 nt,开放阅读框长度为1 050 nt,翻译成349个氨基酸;p47phox 基因cDNA序列全长为1 686 nt,开放阅读框为1 209 nt,翻译成402个氨基酸;p67phox基因cDNA序列全长为2 185 nt,开放阅读框长度为1 488 nt,翻译成495个氨基酸。半定量PCR分析显示在翘嘴鳜血液、脑、鳃、性腺、心脏、头肾、肠、肾、肝、脾、胸腺组织中都能检测到这3个亚基的mRNA表达,然而,它们在不同组织中的表达强度具有差异。经柱状黄杆菌灭活苗FKG₄免疫后,p40phox亚基mRNA在翘嘴鳜血液和头肾中的表达量显著上升,p47phox在头肾和脾脏中的表达量显著上升,而p67phox在血液、头肾和脾脏中的表达量均显著上升。由此推断NADPH氧化酶参与了翘嘴鳜机体的抗菌免疫应答。     

鳜肌肉生长抑制素Myostatin cDNA克隆与组织表达分析

利用RT-PCR和cDNA末端快速扩增法(RACE)克隆了鳜(Siniperca chuatsi)肌肉生长抑制素(myostatin,MSTN)cDNA序列,并分析了该基因的结构特征和亲缘关系。鳜MSTN cDNA序列全长2627bp,包括5′端非翻译区117bp、3′端非翻译区1376bp和开放阅读框(ORF)1134bp,共编码377个氨基酸,含22个氨基酸的信号肽。鳜MSTN具有脊椎动物MSTN的共同序列特征,含有1个蛋白酶水解位点RARR和9个保守的半胱氨酸残基。脊椎动物MSTN氨基酸序列的亲缘关系分析表明,鳜与其他鱼类聚为一支。RT-PCR分析表明,鳜MSTN在成体不同组织中的表达情况不同,其中,卵巢、肾、眼、肌肉、心、脑、皮肤和胃中有表达,肝胰脏未见表达。     

植物NADPH氧化酶研究进展

植物NADPH氧化酶又被称为Rboh(respiratory burst oxidase homologue),是动物巨噬细胞NADPH氧化酶主要功能亚基gp91phox的同源物。在受到外来信号的刺激时,该酶能通过自身的激活或失活迅速引起活性氧(reactive oxygen species,ROS)的升高或降低,进而在植物生长发育及应答生物或非生物胁迫中发挥重要作用。该文总结了近兼来植物中NADPH氧化酶的结构和功能,以及信号调节机制等方面的研究进展。     

鳜胰岛素样生长因子-I cDNA全长克隆及组织表达分析

采用RT-PCR、cDNA末端快速扩增法(RACE)等技术克隆了鳜(Siniperca chuatsi)肝组织胰岛素样生长因子-I(IGF-I)cDNA全长序列.结果表明,鳜IGF-I cDNA全长1 784 bp,包括5'端非翻译区233bp,3'端非翻译区990 bp和开放阅读框561 bp,共编码186个氨基酸;前肽由信号肽、成熟肽、E肽三部分组成,其中,信号肽44个氨基酸,成熟肽68个氨基酸,E肽74个氨基酸;成熟肽由B、C、A、D 4个区域组成,E肽分析表明,鳜IGF-I属Ea-4型.鳜IGF-I氨基酸序列与其他脊椎动物IGF-I氨基酸序列相似度达81%～99%,表明IGF-I在脊椎动物进化中较为保守.运用实时荧光定量RT-PCR技术检测了鳜IGF-I在成鱼不同组织中的表达水平,其中,肝中表达量最高,肾、脑、后肠、皮肤、性腺表达量次之,胃、脾、前肠、鳃、心、肌肉表达量较低.本研究结果为该基因的时序表达、生长调控等研究奠定了分子基础.     

鳜胰岛素样生长因子-ⅠcDNA全长克隆及组织表达分析

采用RT-PCR、cDNA末端快速扩增法(RACE)等技术克隆了鳜(Siniperca chuatsi)肝组织胰岛素样生长因子-I(IGF-I)cDNA全长序列.结果表明,鳜IGF-I cDNA全长1 784 bp,包括5'端非翻译区233bp,3'端非翻译区990 bp和开放阅读框561 bp,共编码186个氨基酸;...     

NOX家族蛋白的研究进展

NADPH氧化酶催化亚基gp91phox（NOX2）及其同源物NOX1、NOX3、NOX4、NOX5、DUOX1和DUOX2统称为NOX家族,它们作为NADPH酶的核心亚基,是该酶发挥作用的关键。NOX家族几乎存在于所有的细胞,吞噬细胞中NADPH氧化酶生成的ROS主要起细胞防御功能,与此不同的是非吞噬细胞中NADPH氧化酶产生的ROS作为信号分子,参与机体内信号转导途径,调节细胞分化、增殖、衰老和凋亡等活动;当NOX家族蛋白异常表达,ROS水平急剧增加时,则能诱导机体内多种疾病的发生。     

清开灵对小胶质细胞BV2缺氧再复氧损伤gp~(91phox)表达的影响

目的:建立小胶质细胞缺氧再复氧损伤模型,观察产生ROS的NADPH氧化酶的重要功能亚基gp91phox的表达变化及清开灵的干预作用,丰富清开灵基于解毒通络法以祛除内毒恢复脉络的作用内涵。方法:体外培养小鼠胶质细胞BV2,细胞分为正常组、模型组和清开灵高、中、低剂量组,在1%O2三气培养箱中缺氧12小时再复氧12小时模拟缺血再灌注损伤,正常对照组在培养箱中培养24小时,实时荧光定量PCR法检测gp91phoxmRNA的转录水平,Western blot法检测gp91phox蛋白表达。结果:缺氧再复氧损伤后,模型组gp91phox基因转录水平和蛋白表达提高(P0.05);与模型组比较,清开灵低、中、高剂量组都有明显改善作用,其中低剂量(0.0625%)对基因转录降低更明显,高剂量组(0.25%)对gp91phox蛋白表达的抑制更显著,具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:清开灵可通过降低缺氧再复氧后小胶质细胞gp91phox的表达,减少活性氧的产生而抑制脑缺血损伤氧化应激反应。     

高糖刺激下PKC/NADPH氧化应激途径对内皮细胞活性氧生成的影响及其机制探讨

目的:探讨高糖刺激下PKC/NADPH氧化应激途径对内皮细胞活性氧生成的影响。方法:实验分为正常对照组、NaOH对照组、DMSO对照组、20 mM葡萄糖处理4小时组(高糖组)、1 mol佛波酯预处理0.5小时再加入20 m M葡萄糖处理组(佛波酯组)和4 mol金丝桃素预处理0.5小时再加入20 mM葡萄糖处理组(金丝桃素组);Ⅱ型胶原酶消化法分离人脐静脉内皮细胞;流式细胞术检测细胞内活性氧;免疫荧光检测内皮细胞Ⅷ因子和NADPH氧化酶亚基p47phox定位。结果:1与正常对照组相比,高糖组细胞内活性氧增高(P0.05,n=3),与正常对照组和高糖组相比,佛波酯组HUVECs内活性氧的产生显著增加(P0.05,n=3),与正常对照组和高糖组相比,金丝桃素组HUVECs内活性氧的产生明显减少(P0.05,n=3);2正常对照组和金丝桃素组中细胞NADPH氧化酶亚基p47phox主要位于胞浆,而佛波酯组和高糖组的NADPH氧化酶亚基p47phox位于胞膜。结论:高糖通过PKC信号通路调节内皮细胞NADPH氧化酶亚基p47phox的移位从而增加细胞内活性氧的生成。     

翘嘴鳜性腺型芳香化酶基因CYP19a的克隆及表达研究

采用同源克隆与SMART RACE技术首次分离和克隆了翘嘴鳜性腺型芳香化酶基因CYP19a的c DNA全长,并通过实时荧光定量PCR(real-time quantitative PCR,q PCR)技术分析了其在翘嘴鳜成体不同组织及性腺不同发育时期的表达特点。序列分析结果显示,CYP19a基因全长1 873 bp(Gen Bank登录号为KX911988),其中开放阅读框长1 581 bp,编码526个氨基酸。通过多序列比对,发现该基因编码的蛋白质具有P450arom A特定的功能保守序列,包括I-螺旋区、Ozol肽区、亚铁血红素结合区域以及芳香化酶特异性结合区域;同时,CYP19a基因序列的同源性分析结果显示,其在脊椎动物中较为保守。此外,q PCR检测结果显示,CYP19a基因在翘嘴鳜成体组织中的表达存在显著差异(P0.05),主要在性腺中表达,其次在脑和肝脏有少量表达;而且CYP19a基因在繁殖期性腺中的表达量显著低于非繁殖期性腺中的表达量(P0.05)。以上研究表明,CYP19a基因在鱼类性腺形成及发育过程中具有重要作用。     

鳜两种生长抑素受体cDNA全长克隆与组织表达

利用cDNA末端快速扩增(RACE)技术克隆了鳜(Siniperca chuatsi)脑中2种生长抑素受体(somatostatin receptor,SSTR2和SSTR3)cDNA全长序列。结果显示,鳜SSTR2 cDNA全长1 820 bp,含开放阅读框1 146 bp,编码382个氨基酸;SSTR3 cDNA全长1 874 bp,含开放阅读框1 458 bp,编码486个氨基酸。SSTR均由5个结构区域组成:N端、7个转膜区(TMD)、3个细胞外袢(ECLs)、4个细胞内袢(ICLs)和C末端。NJ系统进化树分析显示,鳜SSTR2和SSTR3分别形成相对独立的分支,两者间的氨基酸序列相似度为51.2%,表明它们是由不同基因编码而成。利用实时荧光定量RT-PCR技术检测了鳜SSTR2和SSTR3 mRNA的组织表达特征,它们均在多种组织中广泛表达,SSTR2 mRNA在肝中表达量最高,SSTR3 mRNA在胃中表达量最高。SSTR2、SSTR3表达差异反映它们可能参与不同生理调控作用。     

Deletion mutagenesis of p22phox subunit of flavocytochrome b558: identification of regions critical for gp91phox maturation and NADPH oxidase activity

The heterodimeric flavocytochrome b558, comprised of the two integral membrane proteins p22phox and gp91phox, mediates the transfer of electrons from NADPH to molecular oxygen in the phagocyte NADPH oxidase to generate the superoxide precursor of microbicidal oxidants. This study uses deletion mutagenesis to identify regions of p22phox required for maturation of gp91phox and for NADPH oxidase activity. N-terminal, C-terminal, or internal deletions of human p22phox were generated and expressed in Chinese hamster ovary cells with transgenes for gp91phox and two other NADPH oxidase subunits, p47phox, and p67phox. The results demonstrate that p22phox-dependent maturation of gp91phox carbohydrate, cell surface expression of gp91phox, and the enzymatic function of flavocytochrome b558 are closely correlated. Whereas the 5 N-terminal and 25 C-terminal amino acids are dispensable for these functions, the N-terminal 11 amino acids of p22phox are required, as is a hydrophilic region between amino acids 65 and 90. Upon deletion of 54 residues at the C terminus of p22phox (amino acids 142-195), maturation and cell surface expression of gp91phox was still preserved, although NADPH oxidase activity was absent, as expected, due to removal of a proline-rich domain between amino acids 151-160 that is required for recruitment of p47phox. Antibody binding studies indicate that the extreme N terminus of p22phox is inaccessible in the absence of cell permeabilization, supporting a model in which both the N- and C-terminal domains of p22phox extend into the cytoplasm, anchored by two membrane-embedded regions.     

Mutagenesis of p22(phox) histidine 94. A histidine in this position is not required for flavocytochrome b558 function

The NADPH oxidase is a multicomponent enzyme that transfers electrons from NADPH to O2 to generate superoxide (O2*-), the precursor of microbicidal oxygen species that play an important role in host defense. Flavocytochrome b558, a heterodimeric oxidoreductase comprised of gp91(phox) and p22(phox) subunits, contains two nonidentical, bis-histidine-ligated heme groups imbedded within the membrane. Four histidine residues that appear to serve as noncovalent axial heme ligands reside within the hydrophobic N terminus of gp91(phox), but the role of p22(phox) in heme binding is unclear. We compared biochemical and functional features of wild type flavocytochrome b558 with those in cells co-expressing gp91(phox) with p22(phox) harboring amino acid substitutions at histidine 94, the only invariant histidine residue within the p22(phox) subunit. Substitution with leucine, tyrosine, or methionine did not affect heterodimer formation or flavocytochrome b558 function. The heme spectrum in purified preparations of flavocytochrome b558 containing the p22(phox) derivative was unaffected. In contrast, substitution of histidine 94 with arginine appeared to disrupt the intrinsic stability of p22(phox) and, secondarily, the stability of mature gp91(phox) and abrogated O2*- production. These findings demonstrate that His94 p22(phox) is not required for heme binding or function of flavocytochrome b558 in the NADPH oxidase.     

Mapping of functional domains in the p22(phox) subunit of flavocytochrome b(559) participating in the assembly of the NADPH oxidase complex by "peptide walking".

The superoxide-generating NADPH oxidase complex of phagocytes consists of a membranal heterodimeric flavocytochrome (cytochrome b(559)), composed of gp91(phox) and p22(phox) subunits, and four cytosolic proteins, p47(phox), p67(phox), p40(phox), and the small GTPase Rac (1 or 2). All redox stations involved in electron transport from NADPH to oxygen are located in gp91(phox). NADPH oxidase activation is the consequence of assembly of cytochrome b(559) with cytosolic proteins, a process reproducible in a cell-free system, consisting of phagocyte membranes, and recombinant cytosolic components, activated by an anionic amphiphile. p22(phox) is believed to act as a linker between the cytosolic components and gp91(phox). We applied "peptide walking" to mapping of domains in p22(phox) participating in NADPH oxidase assembly. Ninety one synthetic overlapping pentadecapeptides, spanning the p22(phox) sequence, were tested for the ability to inhibit NADPH oxidase activation in the cell-free system and to bind individual cytosolic NADPH oxidase components. We conclude the following. 1) The p22(phox) subunit of cytochrome b(559) serves as an anchor for both p47(phox) and p67(phox). 2) p47(phox) binds not only to the proline-rich region, located at residues 151-160 in the cytosolic C terminus of p22(phox), but also to a domain (residues 51-63) located on a loop exposed to the cytosol. 3) p67(phox) shares with p47(phox) the ability to bind to the proline-rich region (residues 151-160) and also binds to two additional domains, in the cytosolic loop (residues 81-91) and at the start of the cytosolic tail (residues 111-115). 4) The binding affinity of p67(phox) for p22(phox) peptides is lower than that of p47(phox). 5) Binding of both p47(phox) and p67(phox) to proline-rich p22(phox) peptides occurs in the absence of an anionic amphiphile. A revised membrane topology model of p22(phox) is proposed, the core of which is the presence of a functionally important cytosolic loop (residues 51-91).     

Identification of non-mitochondrial NADPH oxidase and the spatio-temporal organization of its components in mouse spermatozoa

Though the spermatozoa are known to produce superoxide anion radicals, the enzyme system(s) that produce superoxide in these cells are not yet identified. Using Western blot assays and confocal laser scan microscopy, we detected gp91(phox) and p67(phox) associated with spermatozoa from testis and epididymis. We could not detect p22(phox) in any of the sperm samples analyzed. While the expression of gp91(phox) p67(phox) appeared to be constitutive, p47(phox) was detectable only in spermatozoa from testis and vas deferens. Importantly, p40(phox) could be seen in very high quantities in testicular spermatozoa, which also showed the highest levels of NADPH-oxidase activity. Spermatozoa from cauda epididymidis and vas deferens also showed the presence of p40(phox), though the amount was low when compared with that of testicular spermatozoa. The absence of p22(phox) and the striking correlation between the presence of p40(phox) and the NADPH-oxidase activity suggest that the NADPH oxidase associated with spermatozoa is p22(phox)-independent and that its activity is positively modulated by p40(phox). Further, since the confocal imaging detected that the subunits of the NADPH oxidase are located significantly on the head domains, the spermatozoa appear to present a case with dominant non-mitochondrial superoxide anion producing capabilities.     

Intracellular localization and preassembly of the NADPH oxidase complex in cultured endothelial cells

The phagocyte-type NADPH oxidase expressed in endothelial cells differs from the neutrophil enzyme in that it exhibits low level activity even in the absence of agonist stimulation, and it generates intracellular reactive oxygen species. The mechanisms underlying these differences are unknown. We studied the subcellular location of (a) oxidase subunits and (b) functionally active enzyme in unstimulated endothelial cells. Confocal microscopy revealed co-localization of the major oxidase subunits, i.e. gp91(phox), p22(phox), p47(phox), and p67(phox), in a mainly perinuclear distribution. Plasma membrane biotinylation experiments confirmed the predominantly (>90%) intracellular distribution of gp91(phox) and p22(phox). After subcellular protein fractionation, approximately 50% of the gp91(phox) (91-kDa band), p22(phox), p67(phox), and p40(phox) pools and approximately 30% of the p47(phox) were present in the 1475 x g ("nucleus-rich") fraction. Likewise, approximately 50% of total NADPH-dependent O(2)() production (assessed by lucigenin (5 microm) chemiluminescence) was found in the 1475 x g fraction. Co-immunoprecipitation studies and measurement of NADPH-dependent reactive oxygen species production (cytochrome c reduction assay) demonstrated that p22(phox), gp91(phox), p47(phox), p67(phox), and p40(phox) existed as a functional complex in the cytoskeletal fraction. These results indicate that, in contrast to the neutrophil enzyme, a substantial proportion of the NADPH oxidase in unstimulated endothelial cells exists as a preassembled intracellular complex associated with the cytoskeleton.     

Mutagenesis of an arginine- and lysine-rich domain in the gp91(phox) subunit of the phagocyte NADPH-oxidase flavocytochrome b558

Site-directed mutagenesis was used to generate a series of mutants harboring point or multiple substitutions within the hydrophilic, polybasic domain of gp91(phox) encompassed by residues 86-102, which was previously identified as a site of interaction with p47(phox) during phagocyte NADPH oxidase assembly. Recombinant wild-type or mutant gp91(phox) was expressed in a human myeloid leukemia cell line in which the endogenous gp91(phox) gene was disrupted by gene targeting. NADPH oxidase activity was measured in a cytochrome c reduction assay following granulocytic differentiation of cells that expressed recombinant gp91(phox). Expression of a gp91(phox) mutant in which amino acids 89-97 were replaced with nine alternate amino acids abolished NADPH oxidase activity. Expression of gp91(phox) mutants R89T, D95A, D95R, R96A, R96E, or K102T did not significantly affect NADPH oxidase activity. However, mutations of individual or paired arginine residues at positions 91 and 92 had substantial effects on superoxide generation. The R91E/R92E mutation completely abolished both NADPH oxidase activity and membrane-translocation of the cytosolic oxidase proteins p47(phox), p67(phox), Rac1, and Rac2. The phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate-induced rate of superoxide production was reduced by approximately 75% in cells expressing R91T/R92A, R91E, or R92E gp91(phox) along with an increased lag time to the maximal rates of superoxide production relative to cells expressing wild-type gp91(phox). Taken together, these results demonstrate that Arg91 and Arg92 of gp91(phox) are essential for flavocytochrome b558 function in granulocytes and suggest that these residues participate in the interaction of gp91(phox) with the cytosolic oxidase proteins.     

Angiotensin preconditioning of the heart

Angiotensin II (Ang II) has been found to exert preconditioning-like effect on mammalian hearts. Diverse mechanisms are known to exist to explain the cardioprotective abilities of Ang II preconditioning. The present study hypothesized, based on the recent report that Ang II generates reactive oxygen species (ROS) through NADPH oxidase, that Ang II preconditioning occurs through redox cycling. To test this hypothesis, a group of rat hearts was treated with Ang II in the absence or presence of an NADPH oxidase inhibitor, apocynin; or a cell-permeable ROS scavenger, N-acetyl cysteine (NAC). Ang II pretreatment improved postischemic ventricular recovery; reduced myocardial infarction; and decreased the number of cardiomyocyte apoptosis, indicating its ability to precondition the heart against ischemic injury. Both apocynin and NAC almost abolished the preconditioning ability of Ang II. Ang II resulted in increase in ROS activity in the heart, which was reduced by either NAC or apocynin. Ang II also increased both the NADPH oxidase subunits gp91 phox and p22phox mRNA expression, which was abolished with apocynin and NAC. Our results thus demonstrate that the Ang II preconditioning was associated with enhanced ROS activities and increased NADPH oxidase subunits p22phox and gp91phox expression. Both NAC and apocynin reduced ROS activities simultaneously abolishing preconditioning ability of Ang II, suggesting that Ang II preconditioning occurs through redox cycling. That both NAC and apocynin reduced ROS activities and abolished Ang II-mediated increase in p22phox and gp91phox activity further suggest that such redox cycling occurs via both NADPH oxidase-dependent and -independent pathways.