不同镉污染土壤下水稻镉富集与转运效率

选取适合湖南种植的48个水稻品种(系)在中轻度和重度镉污染土壤上进行盆栽试验,通过分析水稻籽粒产量、各器官富集系数、转运系数及植株净化效率,探明不同镉污染土壤对水稻镉富集、转运及净化效率的影响。结果表明:中轻度和重度镉污染土壤下糙米Cd含量、籽粒产量分别为0.010~0.048 mg·kg~(-1)、96.63~152.55 g·盆~(-1)和0.105~0.476mg·kg~(-1)、101.10~165.12 g·盆~(-1),重度镉污染土壤明显促进糙米镉含量增加,但对籽粒产量影响不大;中轻度和重度镉污染土壤下糙米镉富集效率和产量均不存在显著相关性;依据产量和糙米镉富集效率进行聚类分析,将所有品种在中轻度镉污染土壤下分为低镉低产组、低镉高产组;重度镉污染土壤分为高镉低产组、高镉高产组;两种镉污染土壤水稻各器官镉富集大小顺序均为糙米叶茎秆根系,转运效率则为土-根茎-叶茎-糙米根-茎,土壤镉主要转运至根部并富集于根部;水稻镉富集及转运效率受产量因素影响较小,但受土壤镉浓度影响较大;重度镉污染土壤明显增强水稻各器官镉富集和根-糙米各环节镉转运效率,较中轻度镉污染土壤增幅显著;水稻根部的净化效率远高于地上部分。     

沈阳张士灌区彰驿站镇土壤与水稻植株镉污染分析

采集张士灌区下游彰驿站镇水田土壤及水稻植株样品,测定土壤和水稻植株各部位中总镉浓度及土壤中不同形态镉浓度,采用单因子污染指数法分析了水田土壤及糙米的镉污染现状,并根据镉在水稻中的迁移系数、富集系数、土壤中不同形态镉对植株的贡献率及镉形态与土壤理化性质的关系探讨了影响植株镉吸收因素。结果表明:采样区土壤镉含量在0.47~2.49 mg·kg-1,均已超过国家土壤环境质量二级标准(GB 15618—1995),且超过当地背景值1.47~12.11倍;土壤中镉形态特征分布为残渣态弱酸提取态可还原态可氧化态;水稻植株各器官镉含量分布趋势为根茎叶糙米;有41.6%的糙米样品超过国家相应的食用标准,目前多以轻度污染为主;水稻对镉的富集能力、镉在水稻植株中的迁移能力及土壤中镉的形态分布是影响水稻吸收土壤中镉的重要因素,其中土壤中弱酸提取态和可还原态对水稻植株镉的吸收贡献率最大,且二者与土壤pH和CEC之间的相关性达到显著性水平。     

水稻土施硅对土壤-水稻系统中镉的降低效果

水稻中镉的积累造成人类健康的风险,增加水稻硅素能减轻镉中毒症状,降低稻米镉积累,但是硅对重金属的作用机理尚不清楚。主要研究了在中度和高度镉污染的土壤中,通过施用固态和液态的富硅物质对土壤-水稻系统中镉的吸收和转运的影响,探明决定镉和硅在根与芽的质外体和共质体中的作用机理。试验结果表明:(1)在中度和高度污染的土壤中,镉在土壤-作物系统中的转移和积累情况是不同的,可以通过富硅物质中的单硅酸与镉离子的相互作用,增加镉在硅物质表面的吸附来减少镉在土壤中的流动;(2)富硅物质可以降低水稻根和芽中镉的积累,在高度镉污染的情况下,施用硅可以使镉大量积累在水稻根及其共质体中,并降低根及其共质体中镉的转换和积累;(3)新鲜土壤中水萃取态的单硅酸含量与镉在土壤-作物系统中的流动性、转运以及积累等主要参数密切相关。     

土壤镉污染与作物

通过土壤镉污染对作物影响的盆栽模拟试验,以揭示重金属镉在土壤—植物系统中的转移、分布规律及其对植物生长、发育的影响。试验证明不同化合形态的镉施入土壤(砂壤质褐土,pH值8.2),水稻对镉吸收的多寡依次为CdCl2>CdSO4>CdO>CdS>CdCO3。白菜的镉吸收表现为CdSO4>CdCl2>CdO>CdCO3。土壤的不同镉浓度(施加CdCl2,以纯镉计)对作物影响的试验结果表明,可食部位达到食品污染标准(谷物含镉量0.4ppm、蔬菜0.2ppm为暂定标准)时的土壤镉污染临界值分别为：小麦、莴苣、白菜<1ppm,茄子、萝卜<2.5ppm,番茄、菜豆<20ppm。土壤因子的处理影响镉的活动性;降低土壤pH值,水稻的镉吸收增加。增施有机肥、ZnSO4、S、CaO、CaSO4可降低糙米含镉量13.4%一30%。白菜的镉吸收,由于增施有机肥、FeSO4、Fe2O3、CaO或S而降低菜叶含镉量28%一61%。以Cd,Zn比1:100或1:200施入土壤,叶内含镉量分别下降61%和76.4%,但白菜产量减少61%和76%。     

一株短小芽孢杆菌及其在降低镉污染中的应用

镉进入人体后可蓄积并抑制机体的酶系统,从而导致一系列疾病的出现。水稻能够吸收高含量的镉,这对以大米为主食的人群造成了巨大的安全隐患。为了了解微生物修复技术在低镉污染条件下对水稻安全生产的作用,本研究采用短小芽孢杆菌Bacillus pumilus SD1-1对土壤进行修复,结果表明在供试土壤镉浓度为0.5 mg/kg (纯Cd计)时,添加短小芽孢杆菌SD1-1 (10 g/kg土壤)的水稻根部,茎叶部以及籽实中的镉浓度相对于对照组减少11.36%、11.9%和11.76%。这表明特定微生物在土壤中对镉具有吸附作用,从而降低水稻根部对镉的积累,进而减少镉向茎叶部的运输,最终达到降低水稻籽实镉浓度的作用。本研究对低镉污染环境下水稻的安全生产提供了一定的理论基础和指导意义。     

施硅对镉胁迫下水稻镉吸收和转运的调控效应

探讨镉(Cd)胁迫下,施硅处理对水稻镉积累的影响。以水稻"泰优390"为材料,通过营养液培养的方法,研究水稻在3种镉胁迫浓度(Cd1、Cd2、Cd3)下施用4种不同浓度硅(Si0、Si1、Si2、Si3)对水稻镉积累的影响。结果表明:施用硅浓度越高,水稻产量增加越大,对水稻各部位镉含量具有显著降低效果;施硅能显著降低水稻各部位转运系数,阻控镉向地上部转移,且对水稻伤流液中镉含量也能起到显著降低的作用;表明施硅能有效阻控水稻吸收镉,且施硅浓度越高效果越显著,但考虑成本因素,不同程度镉污染应该施用相应量的硅,以达到国家食品中污染物限量标准;施硅与镉胁迫对水稻农艺性状以及镉吸收和转运存在交互作用。本试验结果为科学管理和合理利用重金属污染土壤以及适量施用硅肥提供依据,对生产安全稻米有一定的指导意义。     

磷肥对土壤中镉的植物有效性影响及其机理

为寻求保障镉污染农田稻米质量安全的有效措施,采用盆栽方法研究了低镉磷肥(Cd＜0.2 mg·kg^-1)及不同施磷量(0.10、0.20 g P₂O₅·kg^-1)对污染稻田土壤中(潮泥田)镉的植物有效性影响,并探讨了相关机理.结果表明： 在0.10 g·kg^-1磷剂量水平下,与对照(无磷肥)相比,钙镁磷和磷酸二氢钾处理显著提高了土壤pH和降低了土壤镉活性,钙镁磷和过磷酸钙处理显著降低了水稻对镉的吸收累积;当施磷量增至0.20 g·kg^-1时,磷酸氢钙处理显著提高了土壤pH和降低了土壤镉活性,钙镁磷、磷酸二氢钾和磷酸氢钙处理下DTPA提取态镉含量降低11.8%、9.8%和11.8%,NH₄OAc提取态镉含量降低9.5%、7.1%和7.1%;5种磷肥处理均显著降低了水稻茎叶中镉含量(降幅24.9%～50.8%),除磷酸氢钙处理外,糙米镉含量的降幅均达到显著水平,钙镁磷和过磷酸钙处理下糙米镉含量接近国家粮食卫生标准(GB 2715-2005).5种供试磷肥中,能提高土壤pH的磷肥(钙镁磷、磷酸二氢钾和磷酸氢钙)降低土壤镉有效性的效果显著,含钙磷肥(钙镁磷和过磷酸钙)降低水稻镉积累的效果较好.磷肥化学性质的差异可能是影响其效果的主要原因,选择碱性含钙磷肥对控制污染农田中作物吸收累积镉更有效.     

磷肥对土壤中镉的植物有效性影响及其机理

为寻求保障镉污染农田稻米质量安全的有效措施,采用盆栽方法研究了低镉磷肥(Cd＜0.2 mg·kg-1)及不同施磷量(0.10、0.20 g P2O5·kg-1)对污染稻田土壤中(潮泥田)镉的植物有效性影响,并探讨了相关机理.结果表明:在0.10 g·kg-1磷剂量水平下,与对照(无磷肥)相比,钙镁磷和磷酸二氢钾处理显著提高了土壤pH和降低了土壤镉活性,钙镁磷和过磷酸钙处理显著降低了水稻对镉的吸收累积;当施磷量增至0.20 g·kg-1时,磷酸氢钙处理显著提高了土壤pH和降低了土壤镉活性,钙镁磷、磷酸二氢钾和磷酸氢钙处理下DTPA提取态镉含量降低11.8％、9.8％和11.8％,NH4OAc提取态镉含量降低9.5％、7.1％和7.1％;5种磷肥处理均显著降低了水稻茎叶中镉含量(降幅24.9％ ～ 50.8％),除磷酸氢钙处理外,糙米镉含量的降幅均达到显著水平,钙镁磷和过磷酸钙处理下糙米镉含量接近国家粮食卫生标准(GB 2715-2005).5种供试磷肥中,能提高土壤pH的磷肥(钙镁磷、磷酸二氢钾和磷酸氢钙)降低土壤镉有效性的效果显著,含钙磷肥(钙镁磷和过磷酸钙)降低水稻镉积累的效果较好.磷肥化学性质的差异可能是影响其效果的主要原因,选择碱性含钙磷肥对控制污染农田中作物吸收累积镉更有效.     

土壤中镉、铅、锌及其相互作用对作物的影响

通过作物盆栽模拟试验(砂壤质褐土、pH值8.2)揭示：土壤中分别施入镉(CdCl2)、铅[Pb(CH3COO)2]或锌(ZnSO4)其影响表现为,植物各器官镉的含量超过对照植物的数倍至500倍。土壤镉浓度<5ppm和<10ppm分别造成某些蔬菜和水稻的污染。铅主要积累在植物根部,土壤铅污染对作物的影响较小。锌主要积累在植物叶片和根部,对水稻产生生长抑制的土壤锌浓度临界值不大于200ppm,此浓度对旱作无影响。土壤中同时施入镉和铅,植物对镉的吸收增加。而土壤中镉的增加却减少了植物体内铅的含量。土壤中由于镉、锌或铅、锌相互作用的结果,水稻对它们的吸收都有增加。在旱地土壤锌浓度的增高,降低了植物对镉、铅的吸收。镉、铅、锌同时施入土壤由于相互作用的结果,除锌之外,植物对镉、铅的吸收有明显下降。评价土壤重金属污染,不仅要看它们的含量及其存在形态,而且要分析它们之间的相互作用(促进或拮抗)特点。     

铁对小麦吸收不同形态镉的影响

采用营养液培养方法,研究了在供铁与铁与缺铁条件下小麦对不同镉化合物和镉污染土壤中镉的吸收和转移,同时不他陪伴阴离子对小麦吸收镉的影响。结果表明：缺铁培养小麦植株地上部及根中的含镉量均显著高于下沉供铁培养的小麦,小麦对小同化合物的吸收量不同,其吸收的多寡顺序依次为：Ｃｄ（ＮＯ３）２〉ＣｄＳＯ４〉ＣｄＯ。     

Application of Silicon and Selenium in Rice for Reducing Cadmium Stress

Rice is an essential part of the human diet in most parts of the world; On the other hand, the industrialization of societies has led to pollution of the environment, including heavy metal contamination of soil and water, which negatively affects rice production and quality. Therefore, finding ways to increase the yield and quality of this strategic crop seems essential. Several studies have been conducted in recent decades to find effective and inexpensive solutions to reduce the adverse effects of heavy metals in rice fields. Due to the negative effect of cadmium pollution on rice quality and yield, the current study aimed to investigate cadmium absorption and transfer mechanisms in rice (from absorption by roots to loading in grains), and its effects on rice morphology, physiology, and biochemistry (such as biomass, nutrient absorption, antioxidant defenses). Also, rice’s natural mechanisms for detoxifying cadmium were discussed. This study also intended to identify the absorption and transfer pathways of silicon and selenium in rice, their roles in improving rice structures, and their antagonistic effects on reducing cadmium stress (absorption, transport, and toxicity of cadmium).     

Cadmium,copper, and zinc levels in the rice and rice field soil of Houston,Texas

Fifty-one pairs of hulled rice samples and the soil from which each rice sample was grown were analyzed for heavy metals in August, 1979, in order to estimate the background contamination of cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn) in rice grown in the Houston, Texas area. Both samples were divided into three groups by soil types and colors. The cadmium concentration in Texas rice was only one-half to one-quarter lower than that of Asian rice. However, the levels of Cu and Zn in rice in Texas were similar to those reported. Soil heavy metals were lower than ever reported, but these values were consistent with the geochemical characteristics of the Texas Houston area. No particular relationship was found between the three metals in rice and the metals in soil where the sampled rice was grown.     

镉污染对水稻土微生物量、酶活性及水稻生理指标的影响

水稻盆栽条件下,研究了外源Cd不同处理对土壤微生物学指标、土壤酶活性及部分水稻生理指标的影响.结果表明,土壤微生物量C和N开始随Cd浓度增加而上升,到一定浓度时则随Cd浓度增加而下降,其转折点因土壤性质有所差异.同时土壤酶活性变化规律与土壤微生物量C、N变化规律相似,但其转折点浓度因土壤类型及土壤酶种类不同而有差异.Cd污染后的变异系数依次为:脱氢酶＞酸性磷酸酶＞脲酶.土壤呼吸作用强度和代谢熵都随Cd浓度增大而缓慢增加.水稻叶绿素含量随Cd处理浓度增加表现出先上升后下降,其转折点受供试土壤性质不同而不同;脯氨酸含量与过氧化物酶活性随着Cd处理浓度增大而增加.Cd污染后水稻生理指标的变异系数在黄松田水稻土中依次为过氧化物酶活性＞叶绿素含量＞脯氨酸含量;黄红壤性水稻土中依次为过氧化物酶活性＞脯氨酸含量＞叶绿素含量.相关分析表明,种植水稻条件下Cd污染对土壤微生物量、酶活性及水稻生理指标的影响是相辅相成的.     

镉污染条件下水稻对假单胞菌TCd-1微生物修复的生理响应

微生物在修复重金属污染土壤中发挥重要作用。为阐明假单胞菌TCd-1降低水稻镉吸收的机理,通过加镉土培盆栽试验,在10 mg/kg镉处理下,对比研究了接种菌株对2种镉耐性不同水稻品种(特优671、百香139)镉含量、根系活力、光合作用、抗氧化酶活性及抗氧化物质含量的影响。结果表明：与10 mg/kg镉处理相比,接种假单胞菌TCd-1后水稻“特优671”和“百香139”的根、茎、叶、糙米的镉含量分别依次降低了30.4%、39.1%、40.7%、29.2%和52.2%、51.7%、18.4%、38.8%;提高了2种水稻的根系活力、光合作用,促进了水稻的生长;“特优671”、“百香139”叶片的超氧化物歧化酶(Superoxide dismutase, SOD)活性分别提高了7.3%、138.5%,过氧化物酶(Peroxidase, POD)活性提高了82.0%、106.2%,过氧化氢酶(Catalase, CAT)活性提高了58.8%、172.7%;叶片的类黄酮含量提高了139.4%、73.6%,总酚含量提高了27.2%、23.1%;超氧阴离子含量降低了44.2%、29.0%,丙二醛(Mal...     

Bioaccessibility and Risk Assessment of Cadmium from Uncooked Rice Using an In Vitro Digestion Model

Cadmium (Cd)-contaminated rice is one of the most important sources of cadmium exposure in the general population from some Asian countries. This study was conducted to assess cadmium exposure from uncooked rice in rural mining areas based on the bioaccessible fraction of cadmium using an in vitro digestion model. The biotoxic effects of cadmium in uncooked rice from mining areas were much higher than those in the control area, based not only on their higher total concentration (52.49 vs. 7.93 μg kg⁻¹), but also on their higher bioaccessibility (16.94% vs. 2.38%). In the mining areas, the bioaccessible fraction of cadmium in uncooked rice has a significant positive correlation with the total concentration of cadmium in rice and there was quarterly unsafe rice to the public in the mining areas. The results indicated that the in vitro digestion model could be a useful and economical tool for providing the solubilization or bioaccessibility of uncooked rice in the mining area. The results could be helpful in conducting future experiments of cooked rice in the vitro model.     

Terrestrial isopods: useful biological indicators of urban metal pollution

Summary Environmental pollution by toxic metals is widespread in urban areas. In contrast to many industrialized sites, however, metal pollution in most urban regions occurs at low or moderately elevated levels. Reliable criteria of environmental quality have therefore to be established, with the consequence that there is an increasing need for sensitive monitoring of pollution. In this present study, the isopod species Porcellio scaber was used as a bioindicator of lead and cadmium pollution in Innsbruck, Austria. During May 1988, isopods were collected at 356 points over the whole city area; lead and cadmium in whole animals were measured using flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Lead and cadmium contamination of urban districts were correlated with traffic density, the only exception being higher cadmium contamination of one district in which several factories are situated. Concentrations of lead, but not of cadmium, increased along the main arterial roads with increasing traffic density and with decreasing distance from the city centre. On a large scale, concentrations of lead and cadmium increased in the direction of the prevailing wind, from south-west to north-east. On a small scale, the variability of metal concentrations can be explained by the irregular distribution of active business centres, by different degrees of contamination between exposed and non-exposed sites, and by contamination gradients depending on wind direction. Compared to highly polluted sites around industrial factories and metal smelting works, lead contamination in Innsbruck can be considered as moderately elevated, whereas cadmium contamination is low.     

Effect of selenium fertilization on the accumulation of cadmium and lead in rice plants

Background and Aims

The accumulation of cadmium and lead in rice (Oryza sativa L.) grains is a potential threat to human health. In this study, the effect of selenium fertilization on the uptake and translocation of cadmium and lead in rice plants was investigated.

Methods

Rice plants were cultivated using cadmium and lead contaminated soils with selenium addition at three concentrations (0, 0.5 and 1 mg kg^?1). At maturity, plants were harvested, and element concentrations in rice tissues were analyzed by using ICP-MS.

Results

Selenium application significantly increased selenium accumulation in rice grain, and markedly decreased cadmium and lead concentrations in rice tissues. In brown rice grains, selenium application reduced cadmium concentrations by 44.4 %, but had no significant effect on lead accumulation. Selenium application significantly decreased metal mobility in soils, at 0.5 mg kg^?1 treatment, the translocation factor of cadmium and lead from soil to iron plaque decreased by 71 and 33 % respectively.

Conclusions

The mechanism of selenium mitigating of heavy metal accumulation in rice could be decreasing metal bioavailability in soil. Selenium fertilization could be an effective and feasible method to enrich selenium and reduce cadmium levels in brown rice.     

镉与磷、锌、铁、钙等元素的交互作用及其生态学效应

镉是动物和植物的非必需元素 ,也是毒性最大的重金属之一。环境镉污染对植物、动物和人体均产生毒害作用。镉与许多生命必需营养元素存在着交互影响关系 ,相互影响着对方的功能发挥。镉污染胁迫可影响动植物和人体对营养元素的吸收 ,相反补充营养元素可减轻镉的毒害。但是 ,由于每个元素的性质和功能不一样 ,因此不同元素与镉的交互作用存在着差异性。镉与营养元素的交互作用研究可为生物镉污染防治提供科学依据。     

Photosynthetic responses of Oryza sativa L. seedlings to cadmium stress: physiological,biochemical and ultrastructural analyses

In the present study, photosynthetic responses induced by cadmium stress in chlorophyll biosynthesis, photochemical activities, the stability of thylakoid membranes chlorophyll-protein complexes and the chloroplast ultrastructure of the cereal crop Oryza sativa L. were characterized. Cadmium inhibited the biosynthesis of chlorophyll by interfering with activity of δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase in the rice seedlings. For the photochemical activities analyses, the extent of the decrease in photosystem II activity was much greater than that in the PS I activity. The variations in the chlorophyll a fluorescence parameters also indicated that cadmium toxicity drastically affected the photochemistry of PS II. Biochemical analyses by BN-PAGE and protein immunoblot showed that cadmium toxicity considerably affected the stability of PS II-core, cytb ₆ /f, RuBisCO, PSI + LHCI and LHCII (Trimeric). We observed the rate of the thylakoid membranes protein degradation, was mainly at the level of RbcL, PsaA, Lhca1 and D1. In addition, the damages to chloroplast structure and thylakoid stacking analyzed by transmission electron microscopy were indicative of general disarray in the photosynthetic functions exerted by cadmium toxicity. These results are valuable for understanding the biological consequences of heavy metals contamination particularly in soils devoted to organic agriculture.