西花蓟马取食与机械损伤对菜豆叶片抗氧化系统的影响

本文研究了西花蓟马Frankliniella occidentalis(Pergande)取食和机械损伤诱导对菜豆抗氧化系统的影响,比较了不同损伤形式诱导的抗氧化酶活力和抗氧化物质含量的变化差异。结果表明,西花蓟马取食和机械损伤均可诱导菜豆叶片内过氧化物酶(POD)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)3种抗氧化酶活性有不同程度的升高,但两种处理诱导的抗氧化酶活性变化规律不完全相同,各种酶活性达到最高点时间不同,西花蓟马取食对抗氧化酶活力的诱导作用大于机械损伤的。两种处理诱导下的类胡萝卜素的含量变化不大,但不论西花蓟马取食还是机械损伤均导致菜豆叶片内类黄酮和总酚含量整体呈下降趋势,西花蓟马的取食诱导的下降幅度大于机械损伤的。因此,西花蓟马取食诱导明显高于机械损伤对菜豆抗氧化系统的影响。     

西花蓟马和花蓟马在温度逆境下的存活率比较

以外来入侵害虫西花蓟马(Frankliniella occidentalis)和本地种花蓟马(F.intonsa)为对象,研究了高温和低温逆境下两种蓟马各虫态存活率的差异.结果表明:在36℃～44℃高温下暴露2h和4h,不论是西花蓟马还是花蓟马,各虫态的存活率均随温度的升高而降低,但在相同高温处理条件下,同一虫态西花蓟马的存活率要高于花蓟马;在-2℃～-10℃低温下暴露2h和4h,西花蓟马和花蓟马各虫态的存活率均随随温度的降低而下降;在相同低温处理条件下,同一虫态西花蓟马的存活率也要高于花蓟马.由此表明,2种蓟马对高温和低温的适应能力不同,本地种花蓟马对高温和低温均比较敏感,而外来入侵害虫西花蓟马对极端温度具有较强的适应性.     

温度胁迫对茶淡黄刺蛾四种保护酶活力和总抗氧化力的影响

【目的】温度适应性是决定昆虫分布和扩散的重要因素。为探索茶淡黄刺蛾Darna trima(Moore)对温度胁迫的耐受性,本研究测定了温度胁迫对4种抗氧化酶的活力和总抗氧化能力的影响。【方法】分别将茶淡黄刺蛾老熟幼虫置于﹣5、0、5、26(对照)、35、37.5、40℃下处理2、4、6 h,测定其体内超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、谷胱甘肽巯基转移酶(GST)和总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)的活力变化。【结果】茶淡黄刺蛾的4种抗氧化酶的活力和总抗氧化能力在不同温度和时间之间均存在显著变化,但不同指标对温度胁迫具有不同的响应模式。低温胁迫尤其是﹣5℃对各指标影响最为显著,而高温胁迫影响较小。【结论】SOD、CAT、POD、GST和T-AOC在茶淡黄刺蛾应对温度胁迫中具有重要作用,本研究可为判断茶淡黄刺蛾在茶区的分布范围提供一定的理论依据。     

西花蓟马的快速冷驯化及其生态学代价

西花蓟马是我国蔬菜、果树和观赏植物上的一种重要入侵害虫.该害虫通过取食寄主汁液和传播多种植物病毒造成危害,而后者危害造成的经济损失更大.温度是影响西花蓟马生长发育和繁殖的一个重要非生物因子,而该虫对温度的耐受性决定了它的越冬存活率和地理分布.为探明低温对西花蓟马的不利影响,研究了西花蓟马若虫和成虫的快速冷驯化对其存活、发育和繁殖的影响.结果表明,随着温度降低,西花蓟马若虫和成虫存活率逐渐下降,但若虫对低温更为敏感.当成虫和若虫暴露于-13℃和-13.5℃下2h后,其存活率分别为25％和27％.根据识别温度定义,这两个温度分别被定义为若虫和成虫的识别温度.将西花蓟马成、若虫在0℃或5℃驯化2h后,再置于各自识别温度下,其存活率都得到了明显提高,但雌雄成虫间的存活率并无差异;然而,在0℃下驯化2h后,若虫和雌雄成虫的存活率得到了最大幅度的地提高,分别达46％、54％、49％.西花蓟马若虫经不同低温处理后,其发育历期、羽化后的成虫寿命、产卵时间与对照相比无显著差异,但产卵量显著降低;成虫经过低温处理后,其寿命,产卵量和产卵时间明显降低.研究结果支持昆虫快速冷驯化与其适合度之间存在平衡的假说;同时,也可为该虫的分布和治理研究提供相应的基础信息.     

温度胁迫对腐食酪螨抗氧化能力的影响

【目的】以储藏物主要害螨腐食酪螨Tyrophagusputrescentiae(Schrank)为研究对象,采用温度胁迫处理,探讨其体内抗氧化系统对不同温度胁迫的响应机制。【方法】采用低温(0、5、10、15、20℃)、常温(25℃)、高温(30、33、36、39、42和45℃)胁迫处理1、2、3h后,测定腐食酪螨超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶(GSTs)3种酶的活力以及总抗氧化(T-AOC)能力和丙二醛(MDA)含量的变化。【结果】腐食酪螨3种抗氧化酶的活力、总抗氧化能力和MDA含量变化都与胁迫温度和时间密切相关;无论低温还是高温胁迫,SOD酶和GSTs酶活性较对照组均显著增加,说明它们在清除活性氧(ROS)过程中发挥着重要作用。【结论】温度胁迫对腐食酪螨有重要作用,可提高其抗氧化酶活力。     

温度锻炼对西花蓟马温度耐受性及繁殖的影响

西花蓟马Frankliniella occidentalis(Pergande)是危害蔬菜和观赏植物的一种重要害虫,其种群数量随季节的变化而波动。温度被认为是影响种群动态的重要因子。为探究不利温度对对西花蓟马的影响,本研究将3日龄成虫置于18或31℃下分别锻炼1,2,3d后,检测了其温度耐受性和繁殖力。结果表明,在18℃下的持续锻炼明显提高了西花蓟马的耐寒性与耐热性,这证实了高低温胁迫间存在交互抗性;虽然经31℃的锻炼明显提高了其耐热性,但耐寒性未得到相应的增强。经18℃锻炼后,西花蓟马的繁殖力显著下降,31℃锻炼对其繁殖力没有明显影响。本研究结果表明温度的交互抗性可能有利于昆虫在自然界的存活,但这种获得的耐受性是以繁殖力的降低为代价的。     

吡虫啉胁迫对西花蓟马生长发育及种群性比的影响

为明确吡虫啉持续大量使用对外来入侵害虫西花蓟马Frankliniella occidentalis的影响。本研究通过毒力测定得到西花蓟马室内种群LC_(30)及LC_(50)的两种吡虫啉浓度162 mg/L和171 mg/L,在室内人工气候箱环境下研究了西花蓟马各虫态的发育历期、成虫寿命及性比等相关种群参数。结果表明,西花蓟马未成熟虫期的发育历期在经过吡虫啉处理后相比对照显著缩短(P0.05),且雌性西花蓟马的未成熟虫期明显短于雄性西花蓟马,其中以171 mg/L吡虫啉处理后西花蓟马的雌性种群未成熟虫期发育历期缩短最为明显(P0.05);西花蓟马雄性种群的寿命略长于雌性种群,且171 mg/L吡虫啉处理后雌雄虫寿命与对照相比均显著缩短(P0.05);吡虫啉处理后西花蓟马的平均产卵期低于对照,但单雌产卵量、日均产卵量均显著高于对照,171 mg/L吡虫啉处理后的单雌产卵量和日均产卵量最高(P0.05)。吡虫啉胁迫后,西花蓟马的雌性种群在整个种群中所占比例增速迅速上升,经过125 d(大约5代)之后,雌性种群已经占绝对优势,几乎取代雄性种群,即种群中90%以上均为雌性西花蓟马。西花蓟马雌性种群对吡虫啉的胁迫适应性强于雄性种群,吡虫啉胁迫是造成西花蓟马雌性种群比例迅速升高的主要原因之一,在吡虫啉浓度LC_(30)到LC_(50)胁迫的范围内,随着吡虫啉胁迫浓度的增加,种群中雌性种群所占比例增大。     

外源水杨酸甲酯(MeSA)处理茶树对茶园主要害虫及其天敌的影响

研究了4种豆科寄主植物及5个不同温度处理对西花蓟马生长发育的影响,并对各虫态的发育起点温度和有效积温进行了分析。结果表明:同一温度条件下,西花蓟马取食不同豆科寄主植物时,各虫态的发育历期差异显著,但不同温度下不同寄主处理间的差异性不同;西花蓟马的未成熟期取食四季豆叶片时发育最快,取食蚕豆叶片时发育最慢,两寄主间存在显著差异;取食同一寄主植物时,不同温度处理下,西花蓟马各虫态的发育历期差异显著,且随温度升高历期缩短,发育速率和温度之间为直线关系;西花蓟马各虫态在不同寄主植物上的发育起点温度和有效积温各不相同,未成熟期取食蚕豆叶片时发育起点温度最低为6.35℃,但需要的有效积温最高为331.36日度。     

寄主和温度对西花蓟马生长发育的影响

研究了4种豆科寄主植物及5个不同温度处理对西花蓟马生长发育的影响,并对各虫态的发育起点温度和有效积温进行了分析.结果表明:同一温度条件下,西花蓟马取 食不同豆科寄主植物时,各虫态的发育历期差异显著,但不同温度下不同寄主处理间的差异性不同;西花蓟马的未成熟期取食四季豆叶片时发育最快,取食蚕豆叶片时发育最慢,两寄主间存在显著差异;取食同一寄主植物时,不同温度处理下,西花蓟马各虫态的发育历期差异显著,且随温度升高历期缩短,发育速率和温度之间为直线关系;西花蓟马各虫态在不同寄主植物上的发育起点温度和有效积温各不相同,未成熟期取食蚕豆叶片时发育起点温度最低为6.35℃,但需要的有效积温最高为331.36日度.     

吡虫啉对西花蓟马和花蓟马种间竞争及后代发育的影响

本研究采用浸渍饲喂法测得吡虫啉对西花蓟马(Frankliniella occidentalis)和花蓟马(Frankliniella intonsa)的LC50浓度,并选取花蓟马2龄若虫的LC50浓度11.00 mg·L-1作为本试验用浓度,在此浓度胁迫下将2种蓟马以1∶1的种群数量比例用菜豆在同一养虫笼中饲养,进行室内种间竞争试验,测定2种蓟马的生长发育和繁殖力等参数。结果表明:在吡虫啉胁迫下,从25~150 d内西花蓟马与花蓟马种群数量比值不断升高,2种蓟马种内雌性种群数量所占比例均高于雄性种群,且西花蓟马种群中雌性种群所占比例(斜率为6.22)高于花蓟马种群中雌性种群所占比例(斜率为2.68)(P0.05);两种蓟马的未成熟虫期各虫态的发育历期在吡虫啉胁迫下均显著缩短,且西花蓟马的发育历期缩短更为明显(P0.05);在吡虫啉胁迫下西花蓟马种群的存活率、雌雄成虫寿命稍高于花蓟马种群但差异不显著(P0.05),西花蓟马的净生殖率(R0)、内禀增长率(rm)、周限增长率(λ)的值均要高于花蓟马的值;2种蓟马种群内雌雄成虫寿命、平均世代周期(T)和种群加倍时间(DT)与对照相比均显著缩短(P0.05);吡虫啉处理下西花蓟马的平均产卵量、R0、rm、λ值均显著高于对照(P0.05),而花蓟马的平均产卵量、R0、T和DT却显著低于对照。研究表明,在吡虫啉浓度11.00 mg·L-1胁迫下,西花蓟马种群的竞争能力和对吡虫啉胁迫的适应性强于花蓟马种群,蓟马种群内雌性种群的竞争力强于雄性种群,吡虫啉胁迫是加速西花蓟马对花蓟马种群种间取代的重要因子。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

The effects of glutamine of the maintenance of embryogenic cultures of Cryptomeria japonica

Summary Embryogenic tissues of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) were induced on a modified Campbell and Durzan (CD) medium containing 1 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 600 mg l⁻¹ glutamine, and subcultured in the medium of the same composition for over 1 yr. This resulted in a mixed culture of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells. When embryogenic cells were isolated and cultured independently, their capacity to form embryogenic aggregates was lost. Thus, the non-embryogenic cells present within a mixed culture system were essential to the formation of embryogenic aggregates. When embryogenic tissues were isolated and cultured independently on a high glutamine-containing (2400 mg l⁻¹) medium, dry weights and endogenous levels of glutamine increased, and the tissue could generate a large number of embryogenic aggregates. Amino acid analysis of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells from the maintenance culture indicated a higher level of glutamine was present in the latter. The high endogenous level of glutamine in the non-embryogenic portion of mixed cell masses may be the supplier of glutamine for maintaining the embryogenic property of the tissues.     

Specificity of action of piperidylcholine derivatives as substrates of cholinesterases of various origin

The review deals with study of enzymologic properties of a novel highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate, N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium iodomethylate (“piperidylcholine”), and its 30 derivatives that were tested as effectors of cholinesterases of mammals and various species of Pacific squids. It was proven for the first time that responsible for specificity of action was structure of cyclic ammonium grouping of the alcohol part of molecule of the ester substrate. Analysis of specificity is performed based on enzymatic hydrolysis parameters—activity of catalytic center of cholinesterases and bimolecular constant of the reaction rate that are determined at optimal and low substrate concentrations. Among the specially synthesized group of thioester compounds there is revealed one more highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate—N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium.     

医疗机构合理用药评价模型的构建研究

目的 针对医疗机构的合理用药水平进行评价研究。方法 根据医疗机构合理用药的具体要求,构建医疗机构合理用药评价指标体系,采用基于模糊群决策的方法和多指标评价分析法构建医疗机构合理用药评价模型。结果 构建了基于模糊群决策的医疗机构合理用药评价模型,并通过实例分析证明了评价模型的可行性。结论 建立的基于模糊群决策的医疗机构合理用药评价模型能够对医疗机构的合理用药水平进行科学评价,为提高医疗机构合理用药水平奠定基础。     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.