玫瑰茄中营养元素的分析研究

通过原子吸收火焰光度法对玫瑰茄中的营养元素进行测定分析,结果表明：玫瑰茄中富含钙、镁营养元素,富含铁、锰、锌微量元素,从而为玫瑰茄的食用、医用价值及保健功能提供科学理论依据。     

玫瑰茄发酵酸乳生产工艺研究

目的：将具有抗氧化活力的玫瑰茄与酸乳发酵结合起来,开发玫瑰茄发酵酸乳。方法：玫瑰茄活性物质采用温水浸提法,获得玫瑰茄花茶并将pH调整至6.0后进行酸乳的发酵。玫瑰茄活性物质通过测定540nm和280 nm吸光度值,分别对应玫瑰茄色素与精油的含量;玫瑰茄发酵酸乳的生产工艺以感官评价分数为响应值,通过单因素试验与响应面优化,最终获得玫瑰茄发酵酸乳的最佳生产工艺。结果：玫瑰茄浸液会对乳酸菌的生长造成一定的影响,玫瑰茄用量要小于0.5%;玫瑰茄浸提活性物质最佳条件为40℃温水浸提40 min。结论：最终确定的玫瑰茄发酵酸乳最佳生产工艺为玫瑰茄用量0.3%、奶粉用量5%、发酵时间24 h。     

玫瑰茄县浮细胞合成花青素的光效应研究

光照对悬浮培养的玫瑰茄细胞生物量无影响。随着光照强度增大,玫瑰茄细胞合成花青素的量增加,光照强度３１．０ｗ／ｍ＾２为饱和光照强度,超过该强度,玫瑰茄细胞合成花青素的量不再进一步增加;可见光中蓝光（４２０￣５３０ｎｍ）是促进玫瑰茄细胞合成花青素最有效单色光,光强为３０．０ｗ／ｍ＾２,接种量为０．２ｇ湿细胞的５０ｍｌ培养液经１６ｄ培养,花青素产量为８．９７ｍｇ／５０ｍｌ,高出相同光照强度全色光下的６．     

单色光玫瑰茄悬浮细胞合成花青素的影响

玫瑰茄悬浮细胞合成花青素受光调节。将不同的单色滤光膜覆盖在摇瓶表面,控制光照强度,判定了蓝光是促进玫瑰茄细胞产花青素的最有效单色光;红光和橙光无效;其它单色光随其波长接近蓝光,正交应增加。单色光对玫瑰茄细胞培养过程的其它参数,如ｐＨ、降糖、细胞生物量等影响不大。     

响应面法优化玫瑰茄粗多糖提取工艺及其抗氧化活性的研究

利用响应面法优化玫瑰茄粗多糖的提取工艺条件,测定粗多糖的抗氧化活性。按照Box-Behnken中心组合试验设计原理,以玫瑰茄粗多糖的得率为响应值,在单因素试验的基础上,进行响应面分析试验,考察料液比、提取时间和提取温度对得率的影响。玫瑰茄粗多糖最佳提取工艺条件为：料液比1∶26 (g/mL)、提取时间3.1 h、提取温度90℃,在该最优条件下所得玫瑰茄粗多糖的得率为14.41%,与预测值接近;玫瑰茄粗多糖对DPPH、羟基、超氧阴离子自由基具有一定的清除作用。研究结果为玫瑰茄粗多糖的研究、开发和利用提供了理论基础。     

玫瑰茄醇提物的抑菌活性及其作用机制

玫瑰茄具有多种药理活性,包括抗肿瘤、抗氧化和抑菌作用等,但目前关于玫瑰茄的抑菌作用研究较少,有关抑菌机制方面的研究尚未见报道. 本文通过测定玫瑰茄醇提物对大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌细胞膜、蛋白质和核酸的影响,及其与DNA的作用方式等,系统阐述玫瑰茄的抑菌作用机制. 电导率和大分子物质的测定结果显示,玫瑰茄醇提物只对菌体的细胞膜造成微小损伤,其抑菌作用的靶点不在细胞膜. SDS-PAGE和DAPI结果显示,玫瑰茄醇提物可抑制大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌蛋白质和核酸的合成. 琼脂糖凝胶电泳和紫外吸收光谱结果显示,玫瑰茄醇提物可与DNA结合,当DNA与药物的浓度比较低时,玫瑰茄醇提物与DNA以嵌入结合为主,当二者的浓度较高时,两者间发生的是氢键结合. 上述结果证明,玫瑰茄醇提物对大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌抑菌机制,主要是药物通过与DNA发生嵌入结合和氢键结合,使DNA不能进行正常的复制和转录,降低核酸的含量,进而影响蛋白质的合成,最终导致菌体生物学功能的丧失.     

单色光对玫瑰茄悬浮细胞合成花青素的影响

玫瑰茄悬浮细胞合成花青素受光调节。将不同的单色滤光膜覆盖在摇瓶表面,控制光照强度,判定了蓝光是促进玫瑰茄细胞产花青素的最有效单色光;红光和橙光无效;其它单色光随其波长接近蓝光,正效应增强。单色光对玫瑰茄细胞培养过程的其它参数,如ｐＨ、降糖、细胞生物量等影响不大。     

悬浮培养玫瑰茄细胞的生长行为及动力学方程的建立

以培养多年的玫瑰茄（Hibiscus sabdariffaL.)白色细胞株为材料,在以3％蔗糖为碳源,植物生长调节剂为4．5μmol/L2,4-D（2,4－二氯苯氧乙酸）,2．3μmol/L Kt（Kinetin,细胞激动素）的悬浮培养条件下,研究了玫瑰茄细胞的生长及泛醌积累动态、培养液PH值的变化以及培养过程中玫瑰茄细胞对碳源、氮源、磷源的消耗动态,并以此数据建立了悬浮培养玫瑰茄细胞的生长、蔗糖消耗、泛醌形成的非结构动力学模型,经验证表明,模型与实际情况有较高的拟合度。     

玫瑰茄悬浮细胞合成花青素的光效应研究

光照对悬浮培养的玫瑰茄细胞生物量无影响。随着光照强度增大,玫瑰茄细胞合成花青素的量增加,光照强度３１．０ｗ／ｍ２为饱和光照强度,超过该强度,玫瑰茄细胞合成花青素的量不再进一步增加;可见光中蓝光（４２０～５３０ｎｍ）是促进玫瑰茄细胞合成花青素最有效单色光,光强为３０．０ｗ／ｍ２,接种量为０．２ｇ湿细胞的５０ｍｌ培养液经１６ｄ培养,花青素产量为８．９７ｍｇ／５０ｍｌ,高出相同光照强度全色光下的６．５３ｍｇ／ｍｌ;黄光和绿光分别有一定的促进作用。当黑暗下的培养时间不超过８ｄ,后期经过不少于８ｄ的光照可以诱导出和全程光照相当的花青素产量,分别为６．６４和６．７２ｍｇ／５０ｍｌ（总培养时间不少于１６ｄ）。当黑暗下培养时间超过１２ｄ,由于营养成分消耗,光照延长,花青素产量也无法提高,添加１０ｍｌ新鲜培养基再进行光诱导,花青素产量可以提高（６．７５ｍｇ／５０ｍｌ）。     

膜技术提取玫瑰茄红色素工艺的初步研究

初步研究了用膜分离技术提取玫瑰茄红色素的工艺过程。选用微滤膜对浸提液进行精滤,再用纳滤膜浓缩滤液,确定微滤、纳滤膜的操作条件。研究表明,膜法提取玫瑰茄红色素是一种颇有前途的新技术。     

On the origin of the Hirudinea and the demise of the Oligochaeta

The phylogenetic relationships of the Clitellata were investigated with a data set of published and new complete 18S rRNA gene sequences of 51 species representing 41 families. Sequences were aligned on the basis of a secondary structure model and analysed with maximum parsimony and maximum likelihood. In contrast to the latter method, parsimony did not recover the monophyly of Clitellata. However, a close scrutiny of the data suggested a spurious attraction between some polychaetes and clitellates. As a rule, molecular trees are closely aligned with morphology-based phylogenies. Acanthobdellida and Euhirudinea were reconciled in their traditional Hirudinea clade and were included in the Oligochaeta with the Branchiobdellida via the Lumbriculidae as a possible link between the two assemblages. While the 18S gene yielded a meaningful historical signal for determining relationships within clitellates, the exact position of Hirudinea and Branchiobdellida within oligochaetes remained unresolved. The lack of phylogenetic signal is interpreted as evidence for a rapid radiation of these taxa. The placement of Clitellata within the Polychaeta remained unresolved. The biological reality of polytomies within annelids is suggested and supports the hypothesis of an extremely ancient radiation of polychaetes and emergence of clitellates.     

On the ontogeny of the haptor and the evolution of the Monogenea

Data on the ontogeny of the posterior haptor of monogeneans were obtained from more than 150 publications and summarised. These data were plotted into diagrams showing evolutionary capacity levels based on the theory of a progressive evolution of marginal hooks, anchors and other attachment components of the posterior haptor in the Monogenea (Malmberg, 1986). 5 + 5 unhinged marginal hooks are assumed to be the most primitive monogenean haptoral condition. Thus the diagrams were founded on a 5 + 5 unhinged marginal hook evolutionary capacity level, and the evolutionary capacity levels of anchors and other haptoral attachement components were arranged according to haptoral ontogenetical sequences. In the final plotting diagram data on hosts, type of spermatozoa, oncomiracidial ciliation, sensilla pattern and protonephridial systems were also included. In this way a number of correlations were revealed. Thus, for example, the number of 5 + 5 marginal hooks correlates with the most primitive monogenean type of spermatozoon and with few sensillae, many ciliated cells and a simple protonephridial system in the oncomiracidium. On the basis of the reviewed data it is concluded that the ancient monogeneans with 5 + 5 unhinged marginal hooks were divided into two main lines, one retaining unhinged marginal hooks and the other evolving hinged marginal hooks. Both main lines have recent representatives at different marginal hook evolutionary capacity levels, i.e. monogeneans retaining a haptor with only marginal hooks. For the main line with hinged marginal hooks the name Articulon-choinea n. subclass is proposed. Members with 8 + 8 hinged marginal hooks only are here called Proanchorea n. superord. Monogeneans with unhinged marginal hooks only are here called Ananchorea n. superord. and three new families are erected for its recent members: Anonchohapteridae n. fam., Acolpentronidae n. fam. and Anacanthoridae n. fam. (with 7 + 7, 8 + 8 and 9 + 9 unhinged marginal hooks, respectively). Except for the families of Articulonchoinea (e.g. Acanthocotylidae, Gyrodactylidae, Tetraonchoididae) Bychowsky's (1957) division of the Monogenea into the Oligonchoinea and Polyonchoinea fits the proposed scheme, i.e. monogeneans with unhinged marginal hooks form one old group, the Oligonchoinea, which have 5 + 5 unhinged marginal hooks, and the other group form the Polyonchoinea, which (with the exception of the Hexabothriidae) has a greater number (7 + 7, 8 + 8 or 9 + 9) of unhinged marginal hooks. It is proposed that both these names, Oligonchoinea (sensu mihi) and Polyonchoinea (sensu mihi), will be retained on one side and Articulonchoinea placed on the other side, which reflects the early monogenean evolution. Except for the members of Ananchorea [Polyonchoinea], all members of the Oligonchoinea and Polyonchoinea have anchors, which imply that they are further evolved, i.e. have passed the 5 + 5 marginal hook evolutionary capacity level (Malmberg, 1986). There are two main types of anchors in the Monogenea: haptoral anchors, with anlages appearing in the haptor, and peduncular anchors, with anlages in the peduncle. There are two types of haptoral anchors: peripheral haptoral anchors, ontogenetically the oldest, and central haptoral anchors. Peduncular anchors, in turn, are ontogenetically younger than peripheral haptoral anchors. There may be two pairs of peduncular anchors: medial peduncular anchors, ontogentically the oldest, and lateral peduncular anchors. Only peduncular (not haptoral) anchors have anchor bars. Monogeneans with haptoral anchors are here called Mediohaptanchorea n. superord. and Laterohaptanchorea n. superord. or haptanchoreans. All oligonchoineans and the oldest polyonchoineans are haptanchoreans. Certain members of Calceostomatidae [Polyonchoinea] are the only monogeneans with both (peripheral) haptoral and peduncular anchors (one pair). These monogeneans are here called Mixanchorea n. superord. Polyonchoineans with peduncular anchors and unhinged marginal hooks are here called the Pedunculanchorea n. superord. The most primitive pedunculanchoreans have only one pair of peduncular anchors with an anchor bar, while the most advanced have both medial and lateral peduncular anchors; each pair having an anchor bar. Certain families of the Articulonchoinea, the Anchorea n. superord., also have peduncular anchors (parallel evolution): only one family, the Sundanonchidae n. fam., has both medial and lateral peduncular anchors, each anchor pair with an anchor bar. Evolutionary lines from different monogenean evolutionary capacity levels are discussed and a new system of classification for the Monogenea is proposed.In agreeing to publish this article, I recognise that its contents are controversial and contrary to generally accepted views on monogenean systematics and evolution. I have anticipated a reaction to the article by inviting senior workers in the field to comment upon it: their views will be reported in a future issue of this journal. EditorIn agreeing to publish this article, I recognise that its contents are controversial and contrary to generally accepted views on monogenean systematics and evolution. I have anticipated a reaction to the article by inviting senior workers in the field to comment upon it: their views will be reported in a future issue of this journal. Editor