华蟹甲草对几种植物病原真菌的离体抗菌活性研究

从华蟹甲草共获得46个提取、分离样品,首先测定这些样品在100 mg/L浓度下对5种植物病原真菌菌丝生长的抑制活性,然后测定活性较高的Y-S16/23～90/96号样品对9种真菌菌丝生长的有效抑制中浓度(EC50)以及对辣椒炭疽病菌孢子萌发的抑制作用.结果表明:对于华蟹甲草的不同组织器官,花提取物的活性相对最高,对供试的5种植物病原菌均有不同程度的抑制活性,其次是叶片提取物,但均是对辣椒炭疽病菌的活性最高;而在所有样品中,Y-S16/23～90/96号样品的活性最高,在100 mg/L浓度下对辣椒炭疽病菌和番茄灰霉病菌的菌丝生长抑制率均超过50%,其作用谱较广,对供试的9种植物病原真菌均有抑制活性,其中对番茄灰霉病菌和辣椒炭疽病菌的活性最高,EC50分别为68.96和99.17 mg/L,对黄瓜疫霉病菌、苹果腐烂病菌、玉米小斑病菌等3个病菌的活性次之,EC50介于137.37～161.68 mg/L之间,对水稻稻瘟病菌、辣椒疫霉病菌、苹果斑点落叶病菌、小麦赤霉病菌等4个病菌的活性相对较差,EC50介于303.05～362.54 mg/L之间;Y-S16/23～90/96号样品对辣椒炭疽病菌分生孢子萌发的抑制活性较低.     

灰色链霉菌YD3309菌丝体抗菌活性成分研究

采用生物活性跟踪法,从一株灰色链霉菌菌丝体中分离得到2个具有抑菌活性的化合物,通过核磁共振波谱和质谱等技术鉴定2个化合物的结构为新刺孢霉素A(1)和N-乙酰基色氨醇(2);化合物1首次从放线菌中分离得到。抑菌活性测定结果表明:化合物1和2对番茄灰霉病菌(Botrytis cinerea)、茄子黄萎病菌(Verticillium dahliae)和辣椒枯萎病菌(Fusarium oxysporum)等多种蔬菜病原真菌有抑制作用,其中化合物1对番茄灰霉病菌和番茄早疫病菌菌丝具有强烈的抑制作用,化合物2对茄子黄萎病菌的菌丝具有强烈的抑制作用;化合物1对番茄灰霉病菌和番茄早疫病菌菌丝生长的半抑菌浓度(IC_(50))分别为30.6和28.8 mg/L,化合物2对茄子黄萎病菌菌丝生长的半抑菌浓度(IC50)为34.3 mg/L。     

辣椒疫病拮抗菌株筛选、鉴定及其防效

从疫病发病严重田块的健康辣椒植株根际分离到98株拮抗菌,从中筛选出两株具有广谱抗性并可在贫营养条件下生长良好的高效拮抗菌株HL-3和LZ-8.通过形态观察、生理生化特性和16S rDNA序列分析,确定HL-3为多粘类芽孢杆菌,LZ-8为短小芽孢杆菌.HL-3和LZ-8对辣椒疫霉菌丝生长抑制率分别为72%和68%.HL-3和LZ-8还对黄瓜枯萎病菌、辣椒枯萎病菌、棉花黄萎病菌、黄瓜立枯病菌、烟草黑胫病菌和番茄青枯病菌具有显著的抑制作用.盆栽试验表明,HL-3和LZ-8对辣椒苗期疫病防治效果分别为72%和83%,且对辣椒生长表现出明显的促生作用.     

银杏内生真菌No.1028的培养条件及其代谢产物对作物真菌病害的抑制作用

通过大量筛选从银杏茎中分离到一株内生真菌(编号为No.1028),其代谢产物对重要作物真菌病害病原菌具有明显的抑制作用。结果表明:离体条件下内生真菌发酵液对番茄早疫病菌、黄瓜枯萎病菌、菜豆炭疽病菌、葡萄炭疽病菌、水稻纹枯病菌、黄瓜立枯病菌均有较强的抑制作用,对上述不同病原菌的抑制率分别为:66.7%、48.3%、64.6%、36.5%、57.1%和23%。同时也研究了不同碳源、氮源、无机离子对内生真菌No.1028生物学特性和生长的影响。结果发现玉米粉、黄豆饼粉比较适合其生长和抑菌代谢产物的合成,Na+对抑菌代谢产物的合成有较明显的促进作用。     

孜然种子提取物枯茗醛和枯茗酸抑菌作用研究

以番茄早疫病菌、棉花黄萎病菌、小麦纹枯病菌、烟草赤星病菌、小麦全蚀病菌、油菜菌核病菌、辣椒疫霉病菌、水稻纹枯病菌、小麦白粉病菌和番茄灰霉病菌等为供试菌种,采用离体与活体相结合的方法系统地测定了枯茗醛和枯茗酸的抑菌活性。离体抑菌活性测定结果表明,枯茗醛和枯茗酸对多种病原菌具有一定的抑制效果,其中对油菜菌核病菌菌丝生长的抑制效果高于其它供试病原菌,有效中浓(EC50)分别为2.1和7.3 mg/L;枯茗醛和枯茗酸对小麦白粉病的防治实验结果表明,供试浓度为1000 mg/L时,两种药剂的保护防效均高于50%;相同处理浓度下,枯茗酸对油菜菌核病的保护防效与速克灵处理相当,达到57.52%。     

嗜线虫致病杆菌的抑菌物质及抑菌活性

嗜线虫致病杆菌北京变种(Xenorhabdus nematophilavar.pekingense)是从北京地区采集的小卷蛾斯氏线虫(Steinernema carpocapsae)肠道内分离的共生细菌,具有自主知识产权,分离纯化出其发酵代谢物中的抗菌物质,进行抗菌活性测定,对研究该菌的抑菌机理以及开发利用具有重要意义。本文从该菌株代谢物中分离获得的抗菌物质经紫外光谱、红外光谱、核磁共振、高分辨质谱以及理化性质分析,鉴定为Xenocoumacin 1。用平板含毒培养基法测定了该物质对12种植物病原真菌的抑菌活性,研究表明,分离的活性物质具有较强的抑制活性,浓度在10μg/mL时,对黄瓜疫霉病菌、苎麻疫霉病菌、辣椒疫霉病菌,西葫芦灰霉病菌,苹果斑点落叶病菌的菌丝抑制率为100%。对草莓疫病病菌、苹果腐烂病菌、苹果褐斑病菌、蕃茄灰霉病菌、苹果轮纹病菌抑制率分别为86.8%、79.4%、79.5%、62.6%、53.6%;对其中6种真菌的EC50为0.25~4.17μg/mL,该物质对疫霉属真菌抑制作用最强,并能引起番茄晚疫病菌的菌丝生长畸形,原生质外溢。本文对开发新型生物杀菌剂的研究奠定了基础。     

杀真菌素链霉菌AL-04的筛选与鉴定

对13株来源于青藏高原土壤的放线菌进行活化,再分别采用琼脂扩散法、生长速率法、孢子萌发抑制法和离体叶片法筛选出一株抗菌活性高且抗性稳定的菌株AL-04。抗菌活性结果表明,该菌株对4种常见的土传病害病原真菌:辣椒疫霉病菌(Phytophthora capsici)、黄瓜枯萎病菌(Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.cucumerinum)、西瓜枯萎病菌(Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.niveum)、番茄灰霉病菌(Botrytis cinerea)都有较强的抑制效果,抑菌率均在70.0%以上,其中对辣椒疫霉病菌(Phytophthora capsici)抑菌率高达93.0%。通过形态特征、生理生化特征分析和16S rDNA序列分析,将该菌株鉴定为杀真菌素链霉菌(Streptomyces fungicidicus)。     

珍珠柴粗提物对13种植物病原菌的抑制活性

以生长速率法测定了珍珠柴7种溶剂粗提物对棉花黄萎病菌V991、棉花黄萎病菌V43-1、棉花枯萎病菌、茄子黄萎病菌、稻曲病病菌、苹果黑星病菌、番茄枯萎病菌、番茄叶霉病菌、黄瓜黑星病菌、西瓜炭疽病菌、芦笋茎枯病菌、扩展青霉和梨黑斑病菌13种植物病原菌的抑制活性。结果表明,不同溶剂粗提物的抑菌活性差异很大,某些溶剂粗提物对个别病菌表现出较强的抑制作用,如水粗提物对棉花黄萎病菌V991,石油醚粗提物对苹果黑星病菌的抑制率分别达100%和91.89%;有的溶剂粗提物的病菌抑制作用较弱,如二氯甲烷粗提物对13种病菌的抑菌率均较低;有些还表现出一定的促进生长作用,如甲醇粗提物对梨黑斑病菌表现为明显的促进生长作用。     

大花金挖耳内生菌的分离及抑菌活性筛选

从菊科植物大花金挖耳（Carpesium macrocephalum）的花、茎、叶、果实和根中分离出92株内生菌,其中真菌68株,细菌16株,放线菌8株;对峙法生物活性测定结果表明,其中22株内生菌分别对小麦赤霉病菌、黄瓜灰霉病菌、辣椒疫霉病菌、玉米大斑病菌和苹果炭疽病菌均有较好的拮抗作用;采用生长速率法测定22株内生菌发酵产物的抑菌活性,结果表明,内生细菌H-32的发酵液稀释10倍和内生真菌H-18、Y-12、G-4、G-6的菌丝丙酮提取物在0.5 mg·mL^-1（菌丝干重）的剂量下,均对番茄灰霉病菌和玉米大斑病菌菌丝生长具75%以上的抑制效果;活体组织法测定结果,H-32的发酵液和H-18、J-1、Y-17、G-6的菌丝丙酮提取物在2.0 mg·mL^-1（菌丝干重）的剂量下,对番茄灰霉病的防治效果均在50%以上.综合分析认为,H-32、H-18和G-6等内生菌的抑菌作用值得进一步研究.     

大花金挖耳内生真菌H-18菌株的鉴定及其抑菌活性研究

对大花金挖耳内生真菌H-18菌株的菌丝提取物进行了抑菌活性研究并对菌株进行了鉴定.离体试验结果表明,H-18菌株菌丝体丙酮提取物在500mg/L浓度下对玉米大斑病菌、番茄灰霉病菌和辣椒疫霉病菌的菌丝生长抑制率均大于80%;组织法和盆栽试验结果表明,H-18菌株菌丝体丙酮提取物在2000mg/L浓度下对番茄灰霉病和辣椒疫霉病的保护效果和治疗效果均在50%以上.结合形态分类学和ITS-5.8S rDNA序列分析结果鉴定菌株H-18为同色镰孢菌(Fusarium concolor).     

Investigations on fungicides: X. The antifungal activity of 2-deoxy-D-glucose

The fungitoxicity of 2-deoxy-D-glucose was examined in spore germination tests using Botrytis cinerea, B. fabae, Alternaria brassicicola, Aspergillus niger, Cladosporium cucumerinum, C. fulvum, Sclerotinia fructigena, Verticillium albo-atrum and Glomerella cingulata. It proved to be toxic, at concentrations below 10 μg./ml., to all of these fungi except G. cingulata which was resistant to concentrations up to 2000 μg./ml. The effect of a-deoxy-D-glucose on the mycelial growth of these fungi was assessed and again G. cingulata proved to be resistant to high concentrations of the compound, as also did A. niger.
The results are discussed in relation to the known inhibitory nature of 2-deoxy-D-glucose in other systems.     

抗灰葡萄孢霉菌乳酸菌的筛选

从80株乳酸菌中筛选出45株具有抗灰葡萄孢霉菌活性的乳酸菌菌株,其中10株具有较强抗灰葡萄孢霉菌活性。对这10株乳酸菌菌株的抗植物致病真菌谱进行了研究,这10株乳酸菌对番茄早疫病菌,甜瓜疫霉菌,甜瓜枯萎病菌,苹果炭疽病菌的生长均有较强的抑制作用。其中1株具有广谱抗植物致病真菌活性的乳酸菌菌株BX6-4为植物乳杆菌。经番茄离体叶片接种试验发现,植物乳杆菌BX6-4的发酵液能够在体外强烈地抑制灰葡萄孢霉菌的生长。     

Carboline derivatives based on natural pityriacitrin as potential antifungal agents

Carboline alkaloids are a class of important heterocyclic natural products, which usually present extensive bioactivities. During the course of our research for active compounds from natural products, the pityriacitrin and pityriacitrin B belonged carboline alkaloids have been isolated from a Chinese Burkholderia sp. NBF227, which indicated potential antifungal activities. So, in order to develop these carboline alkaloids as potential fungicidal agents, a series of pityriacitrin derivatives were investigated for their antifungal activities against Phytophthora capsici, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Botrytis cinerea and Rhizoctonia solani, and the results demonstrated that compounds 4, 10 and 19 displayed broad-spectrum antifungal activities. In addition, in vivo bioassay also indicated that compounds 4 and 10 could protect the pepper leaves and grape fruits against infection by P. capsici and B. cinerea, respectively. The possible mechanism of antifungal action for these compounds was also explored.     

林下参内生球毛壳菌FS-01对人参病原真菌的抑制作用

为探究林下参内生真菌球毛壳菌(Chaetomium globosum)FS-01菌株对人参病原菌的抑菌作用,该研究在实验室条件下,测定了FS-01菌株菌丝、发酵液和孢子悬浮液对人参黑斑病菌(Alternaria panax)、人参菌核病菌(Sclerotinia schinseng)、人参灰霉病菌(Botrytis cinerea)、人参立枯病菌(Rhizoctonia solani)、人参根腐病菌(Fusarium solani)5种人参病原菌的抑制作用。结果表明:内生真菌球毛壳菌FS-01对5种病原菌均有抑制作用,其中,对人参黑斑病菌的抑制作用最高,为30.80%,其次是人参立枯病菌、人参菌核病菌、人参根腐病菌和人参灰霉病菌; 发酵液抑菌实验结果表明,在加入内生真菌球毛壳菌FS-01菌株发酵液的PDA培养基上,对人参灰霉病菌的抑制作用最高,为82.09%,其次是人参菌核病菌、人参黑斑病菌、人参立枯病菌和人参根腐病菌; 孢子抑菌实验结果表明,在加入内生真菌球毛壳菌FS-01菌株孢子悬浮液的PDA培养基上,对人参黑斑病菌的抑制作用最高,为83.72%,其次是人参灰霉病菌、人参立枯病菌、人参菌核病菌和人参根腐病菌。综上结果认为,内生真菌球毛壳菌FS-01菌株对人参病原菌均有很高的抑菌作用,可作为人参病原菌的生防菌株资源。     

Phytoalexin Induction as a Factor in the Protection of Capsicum annuum L. Fruits Against Infection by Botrytis cinerea Pers.

Immature Capsicum annuum fruits treated at wound-sites with glucans from the hyphal walls of Glomerella cingulata and incubated for 24 h or longer accumulated levels of capsicannol phytoalexins sufficient to inhibit rot development by Botrytis cinerea. Elicitor application to intact fruits induced the accumulation of relatively low levels of capsicannol compounds but further phytoalexin accumulation in fruits after wound-inoculation with B. cinerea was much more rapid than in untreated fruits and rot development was suppressed. Capsicannol phytoalexins were produced in the live cells of the epidermis and little or no necrosis was associated with quantities produced in intact tissues. Elicitor treatment of intact fruits to protect against rot development by B. cinerea was achieved without the fruits sustaining unsightly damage.     

Purification and characterization of antifungal compounds from Bacillus coagulans TQ33 isolated from skimmed milk powder

Bacillus coagulans TQ33, isolated from skimmed milk powder, displays strong antifungal activity against plant pathogenic fungi. The antifungal compound of the B. coagulans TQ33 culture was extracted by thin-layer chromatography and column chromatography, and its structure was elucidated based on HPLC, LC-MS, and NMR analysie. The antifungal compound was identified as phenyllactic acid (PLA), and it was found to have a minimum inhibitory concentration on Phytophthora drechsleri Tucker of 18 mg/mL. Bio-control activity tests indicated that PLA has a wide spectrum of antagonistic effects against Fusarium oxysporum, Botrytis cinerea, Glomerella cingulata, Penicillium citrinum, Penicillium digitatum, particularly against F. oxysporum. PLA is the most notable antimicrobial compound with broad and effective antimicrobial activity against both bacteria and fungi that has been isolated and identified to date. These results indicate that B. coagulans TQ33 has the potential for application in biological pesticides.     

菊芋叶片提取物抑菌活性与化学成分的研究

为了开发新型植物源杀菌剂和充分利用菊芋(Helianthus tuberosus L.)资源,本文尝试用石油醚、乙醚、乙酸乙酯和水等4种溶剂对菊芋叶片进行平行提取,采用生长速率法测定菊芋叶片提取物对水稻纹枯菌(Rhizoc-tonia solaniKühn)、小麦赤霉菌[Gibberella zeae(Schw.)Petch]、番茄早疫菌[Alternaria solani(Ellis et Martin)Jones et Grour]和番茄灰霉菌(Botrytis cinerea Pers.)生长量的抑制活性;并通过试管法和滤纸法对菊芋叶片内化学成分进行初步预试。抑菌实验结果表明:(1)菊芋叶片各溶剂提取物处理与对照处理相比差异显著;(2)菊芋叶片水提取物处理与各有机溶剂提取物处理差异也基本显著;(3)菊芋叶片各溶剂提取物同浓度处理对水稻纹枯菌、番茄早疫菌和番茄灰霉菌抑制效果较好;(4)菊芋叶片乙酸乙酯提取物抑菌效果最为显著,浓度为20mg/mL时对番茄早疫菌和番茄灰霉菌已达到完全抑制,对水稻纹枯菌抑制率也达到77.91%。初步化学预试结果说明,菊芋叶片中含有蛋白质、氨基酸、还原糖类、有机酸、酚类和鞣质、黄酮类、内酯类、强心甙以及油脂等化学成分。     

Chemical composition and antifungal activity of essential oil and various extract of Silene armeria L

The aims of this study were to examine the chemical composition of the essential oil isolated from the floral parts of Silene armeria L. by hydrodistillation, and to test the efficacy of essential oil and various leaf extracts (n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and methanol) as an antifungal potential. The GC-MS analysis determined that 28 compounds, which represented 89.03% of total oil, were present in the oil containing mainly 1-butene, methylcyclopropane, 2-butene and caryophyllene oxide. The oil (1000ppm/disc) and the leaf extracts (1500ppm/disc) revealed remarkable antifungal effect against Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium solani, Phytophthora capsici, Colletotrichum capsici, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Botrytis cinerea and Rhizoctonia solani, in the growth inhibition range of 39.6-67.6% and 9.3-61.3%, respectively, along with their respective MIC values ranging from 62.5 to 1000mug/ml and 125 to 2000mug/ml. The essential oil had also a strong detrimental effect on spore germination of all the tested plant pathogens along with concentration as well as time-dependent kinetic inhibition of B. cinerea. Thus, the results obtained in this study demonstrate that S. armeria essential oil and various organic extracts possess a wide range spectrum of fungicidal activity and could become an alternative to synthetic fungicides for controlling certain important plant fungal diseases.     

Inhibitory effect of chitinases isolated from Semillon grapes (Vitis vinifera) on growth of grapevine pathogens

Characteristics and antifungal activity of chitinases in Semillon grapes were investigated. Chitinases were isolated from the juice of Semillon grapes by chitin affinity chromatography. Native and SDS-PAGE analyses of the fraction showing chitin affinity (active fraction) demonstrated only the presence of protein bands of chitinases. Three types of class IV chitinases (chi-1a, chi-1b and chi-2) were purified from the active fraction. These chitinases actively hydrolyzed chitin under acidic conditions (pH 4.0–4.5). The isoelectric points and the molecular weights of chi-1a, chi-1b and chi-2 were 4.73, 4.60, and 7.87, and 32.1 kDa, 31.6 kDa, and 29.0 kDa, respectively. The active fraction was found to inhibit Botrytis cinerea mycelial growth and the inhibitory effect was due to the activity of chitinases. The active fraction inhibited twenty strains of B. cinerea collected from the experimental vineyard. The effect of chitinases was enhanced in media containing more than 20% sugar. When the active fraction was tested on Glomerella cingulata, the growth inhibitory effect observed was markedly less than that seen on B. cinerea.