传统农业生态系统中桤木改良土壤效应研究综述

桤木(Alnus nepalensis)是一种重要的非豆科固氮植物,广泛分布于喜马拉雅山脉东部地区。在东南亚地区的传统农业生态系统中,多用桤木作为休耕树种,或将其与农作物间作。桤木根瘤固氮量随季节和年龄而变化,在桤木-小豆蔻(Elettaria cardamomum)系统中15年达到高峰(155 kg·hm^-2);桤木通过共生固氮对系统产生的氮增加量在纯桤木林中7年达到高峰(117 kg·hm^-2)。桤木与农作物间作可显著提高农作物的产量,桤木-小豆蔻立地上小豆蔻的经济产量是在森林-小豆蔻立地上的2.2倍。桤木休闲地的休闲效果明显好于自然休闲地,其地上部分生物量在休闲6年后是自然休闲地的4倍,N蓄积量是自然休闲地的3倍,P、K蓄积量是自然休闲地的2倍。桤木根系特征似乎最适合混农林系统,其细根生物量(FRB)集中于土壤剖面上层10 cm范围内,在此范围内,FRB在“树+农作物”间作条件下比在“只有树”条件下高5%;在两种立地条件下,60%以上的细根都分布于树干周围0.5 m内,大部分木质根(直径>0.5 mm)都分布于土壤上层0~10 cm处,长度都不超过1 m。桤木可加速系统的养分循环。桤木凋落物降解速率比非固氮植物快,并且与其它植物凋落物混合后的降解速率与自身凋落物降解速率一样快。在传统刀耕火种系统中,用桤木替代自然林休闲在3~6年内即可恢复土壤肥力,改善土壤理化性质,显著缩短休闲周期。该文综述了近30年来桤木在传统农业生态系统中改良土壤效应的研究成果,以提高人们对桤木的生态作用的重视程度,使人们更好地将桤木利用到农业生态系统中,达到发展山区农业和保护生态环境双赢的目的。     

贡嘎山典型植被地上生物量与碳储量研究

采用典型样地调查和异速生长模型相结合的方法,测定了贡嘎山东坡垂直带谱上常绿与落叶阔叶混交林、针阔叶混交林、亚高山暗针叶林、高山灌丛4种典型植被类型的地上部分生物量与碳储量.结果表明,(1)随着海拔的升高,植被地上生物量呈先上升后下降的趋势,其生物量分别为:常绿与落叶阔叶混交林233.49 t/hm2、针阔叶混交林524.55 t/hm2、暗针叶林415.81 t/hm2、高山灌丛20.86 t/hm2,而相应的单株树木平均地上生物量分别为320.11 kg、1 140.78 kg、623.15 kg、11.89 kg,显示出与植被垂直带生物量相一致的变化趋势.(2)不同树木器官的含碳率中,以叶片的平均含碳率(48.25％)最高,依次为树枝(4 6.29％)、树干(4 4.65％);海拔从低到高的4个垂直带植被碳储量分别为103.60 t/hm2、245.26 t/hm2、192.99 t/hm2、9.82 t/hm2.研究认为,年平均降水量与地上生物量显著相关,是影响贡嘎山植被垂直带地上生物量分异的重要气候因子.     

江西千烟洲湿地松人工林碳蓄积及其与水分的关系

为揭示人工造林对碳循环的贡献以及碳蓄积同水分利用的关系,通过树干解析方法建立南方湿地松（Pinus elliottii）生长模型,并利用树干液流计测定水分消耗过程,分析了从个体到群落尺度的生物量积累特征以及水分消耗规律,包括材积方程、生物量方程、树木生长方程,同时计算单位面积年耗水量及其与生物量积累的相关关系。试验区内湿地松的直径连年生长量从造林初期开始就一直呈下降趋势;20年生的湿地松人工林密度为1599株/hm^2（初植密度5000株/hm2）,蓄积量为157m3/hm2,最大蓄积量为209m3/hm^2。目前湿地松林地上生物量为72.061t/hm^2,生物量积累速率为8493kg/（hm^2.a）（折合碳约为4370kg/（hm^2.a））,与通量观测得到的净交换量（NEE）结果基本一致。树干液流测定结果显示,湿地松树干液流速度平均为21495cm3/（cm^2a）,林地通过树木蒸腾耗散的水分为4769.643t/（hm^2.a）,相当于477mm的降水量,为全年降水的48%;最大耗水量相当于634mm降水;水分消耗量与地上干物质形成的比例为562∶1,将生物生长量折算成蓄积量计算则水分消耗系数为1091∶1。NPP与林分耗水速度之间呈显著的正相关关系,包括日变化和月变化。     

关中地区'陕253'品质与氮、磷、钾配比间关系的研究

选用强筋小麦品种‘陕253’,在关中东、西和中部采取不同的氮(N)、磷(P)、钾(K)肥配比处理,用GGE Bi-plot叠图软件分析肥料配比对不同地区籽粒品质性状的效应。研究结果表明:不同N、P、K配比对强筋小麦品质性状的效应与生态区有关。关中西部蛋白质含量、容重、硬度、稳定时间之间呈显著正相关,蛋白质含量、容重和硬度的最优N、P、K配比是N 135 kg/hm2、P2O5225 kg/hm2、K2O 120 kg/hm2,降落值、出粉率、湿面筋含量和稳定时间是N 225 kg/hm2、P2O5225 kg/hm2、K2O 120 kg/hm2;关中中部蛋白质含量、稳定时间、沉淀值、容重之间呈显著正相关,其最优N、P、K配比为N 225 kg/hm2、P2O5225 kg/hm2、K2O 120 kg/hm2,降落值和吸水率最优N、P、K配比为N 135 kg/hm2、P2O5225 kg/hm2、K2O 180 kg/hm2;关中东部籽粒蛋白质含量与吸水率之间显著正相关,其最优N、P、K配比为N 225 kg/hm2、P2O5225 kg/hm2、K2O 180 kg/hm2,湿面筋含量、降落值、沉淀值、容重、出粉率和硬度间表现极限著的正相关关系,最优N、P、K配比是N 135 kg/hm2、P2O5120 kg/hm2、K2O 120 kg/hm2。     

银杉单株生长规律与种群生物量的研究

通过对银杉 ( Cathaya argyrophylla)生长规律的研究 ,发现银杉早期生长需要一定的荫蔽 ,但过分荫蔽导致植株生长缓慢而逐渐死亡。银杉的整个生长过程可分为 4个时期 ,在 30～ 4 0 a内具有明显的胸径生长盛期。银杉单株地上部分生物量的 60 %分布在 1 /2树高以下 ,树干材重量占全部地上部分生物量的比重超过 2 /3。银杉种群地上部分生物量在不同群落类型间差别很大 ,介于 330 0 0～ 1 1 70 0 0 kg.hm- 2 。     

红灵山亚热带常绿阔叶林维管植物组成与群落结构特征

为了弄清四川天全县红灵山亚热带常绿阔叶林的群落类型及结构特征,在红灵山中山地段(海拔1700～2000 m)设置6个20 m×30 m的代表性样地,采用典型群落调查法,对其物种组成、群落结构、生物量和自然更新能力等进行研究。结果显示:(1)样地内调查到182个物种,属72科117属,显示出典型亚热带常绿阔叶林的植物区系组成特征;(2)以扁刺栲群系为主,可分为3个群丛组、5个群丛;(3)乔木层密度为2583～5383株/hm2,生物量为2.42×105～4.26×105kg/hm2,冠层藤本植物地上生物量为1.01×103kg/hm2,死木质残体生物量为1.65×105kg/hm2,次生性特征明显;(4)幼苗丰富,其种类组成与乔木层的相似度为88.89%,说明其自然更新良好,群落结构正渐趋稳定。综合分析表明,红灵山的常绿阔叶林以扁刺栲群系为主,虽次生性明显,但目前保存较为完好,值得进一步强化生态保育。     

两种农作体系施肥对土壤质量的影响

不同农作体系施肥措施差异引起的土壤环境质量变化 ,会进一步影响该体系的生产力并对大气和水体环境产生潜在影响。选取中国北方两种重要的集约化种植体系 (大棚蔬菜和小麦 -玉米轮作体系 ) ,研究了经过长期施肥后 ,0～ 30 cm土壤有机质、全氮、微量元素与重金属的差异以及 0～ 90 cm土壤剖面的硝态氮、铵态氮、速效磷、速效钾、p H和电导率的变化。结果表明 ,大棚菜地氮、磷、钾化肥投入量达 N 2 82 3、P 92 8和 K 92 5 kg/(hm2 · a) ,分别为小麦 -玉米轮作农田的 4 .7、10 .1和 2 3.4倍。大棚菜地还施用了大量的有机肥。菜地土壤养分大量积累 ,尤其是硝态氮和速效磷 ,0～ 90 cm土层二者分别达 1389.8kg N/hm2和 132 1.1kg P/hm2 ,为农田的 5 .6和 8.4倍。速效钾和铵态氮累积量分别为 1817.3kg K/hm2 和 10 0 .4 kg N/hm2 ,为农田的2 .2倍和 1.8倍。同时 ,大棚菜地土壤中的养分还存在严重的淋溶现象。大棚菜地有机质、全氮和有效铁、锰、铜、锌含量分别为农田的 1.3、1.4、1.2、1.3、1.3和 1.4倍。镉含量为农田的 3.8倍。镉与土壤速效磷含量呈显著正相关 ,可见 ,磷肥的大量投入是镉在土壤中累积的主要原因。大棚菜地各层土壤 p H均明显低于农田相应土层 p H,而 0～ 30 cm和 30～ 6 0 cm土层的电导率则     

北京人工侧柏林的化学元素含量特征

31年生人工侧柏（Platycladus orientalis)林内,侧柏各器官中以有机C含量最高,Ga的浓度亦大,其次为N,K,Mg,P的浓度较低,Fe的浓度相对较高,除C和Al外,大部分元素在侧柏叶中含量较多,各种灌木叶的元素浓度均高于茎,还明显地高于侧柏叶,侧柏乔木层元素积累量是以地上部分高于地下部分,51％的C被积累在树干内,其他元素在叶部最高。灌木层元素积累量除N以外,均以地下部分高于地上部分,人工林C的积累量为17000kg/ha,Ca为400kg/ha,N为104kg/ha,K为87kg/ha,Mg为30kg/ha,Al,P,Fe为11－16kg/ha,Na为2．5Ka/ha,Mn,Cu,Zn小于1kg/ha, 乔木和灌木层化学元素存留量以C最高,在乔木层Ca的存留量次之,N,K,更次之,灌木层N的存留量高于Cat K,侧柏林的元素存留量C约2700kg/ha.a,Ca 为70kg/ha.a,N和K为15－20kg/ha.a,P,F,A,M 2－5g/ha.a,其他元素存留量不到1kg/ha.a,土壤中化学元素贮存量是C＞Ca>N>Fe>Mg>K>P>Na>Al,Mn>Cu>Zn。在相同土壤条件下,各种植物对土壤元素的富集系数不同,各种灌木的元素富集系数均高于侧柏,侧柏林元素积累量,存留量与土壤元素贮存量之间具极显著相关,它们的相关系数分别为R＝0．9723（P＜0．001,n=11)和R＝0．9765(P<0.001,n=11),侧柏林对元素的需要量是C＞Ca>N>K>Mg>Fe>P>Al>Na>Mn>Cu>Zn。     

不同配比施肥对马尾松幼苗生长特征的影响

为获得马尾松幼苗最佳施肥配方,该文以1年生马尾松幼苗为试验材料,采用L₁₆（4³）正交设计,并通过测定幼苗苗高、地径、生物量、叶绿素含量、叶片N、P、K含量,探讨不同N、P、K配比施肥对马尾松幼苗生长特征影响。结果表明：（1）不同配比施肥处理间马尾松幼苗苗高、地径、生物量、质量指数、叶绿素和养分含量存在显著差异,其中,处理12生物量、质量指数、叶绿素a和总叶绿素含量、隶属值最高。（2）施N对幼苗生长及生理指标均有极显著影响;施K对苗高、地径、地上生物量、总生物量有显著影响,对叶绿素和针叶养分有极显著影响;施P对叶绿素a、叶绿素b、针叶N和P含量有极显著影响,对苗高、地下生物量、总叶绿素含量有显著影响。（3）施N对苗高、地径、地上生物量、总生物量、质量指数、叶绿素a含量、总叶绿素含量和针叶N含量的影响最大,K次之,P最小。各因素对地下生物量和针叶P含量的影响均表现为N>P>K。（4）N3水平利于幼苗苗高地径的生长及生物量的积累,N4水平利于叶绿素a和总叶绿素含量及针叶N、P含量的积累,P4水平利于生物量、叶绿素含量和养分P含量的积累...     

川西亚高山次生桦木林恢复过程中的生物量、生产力与材积变化

采用空间代替时间的样地调查方法,利用异速生长方程和一元材积表计算不同林龄桦木林的生物量、生产力与材积,结果表明,桦木林乔木层及平均单株地上生物量均随林龄增加而增加,在50 a时达到最大;生产力则先增加而后逐渐减少,乔木层30 a时生产力为7.88 t.hm-.2a-1,到40 a和50 a时,分别下降到5.17 t.hm-.2a-1和1.19.thm-.2a-1;单株平均生产力在30 a时达到最大值1.13 kg.a-1,40 a时下降为0.96 kg.a-1,50 a时略有上升。林分蓄积量随林龄增加而增加,平均生长量在50 a达到最大值3.78 m.3hm-2,连年生长量在30 a时达到最大值6.07 m.3hm-2。平均单株材积增长速度随林龄增加而增加,50 a时平均生长量和连年生长量达到最大值。     

Nutrient stocks in managed and natural humid tropical fallows

Managed fallows which recover nutrients more rapidly than natural secondary vegetation may improve the performance of shifting agriculture systems operating under inadequately long fallow cycles. Our objective was to construct nutrient balances for the soil, vegetation, and litter compartments of six planted leguminous fallows and natural secondary vegetation during 53 months. The fallows were planted on a previously cultivated Ultisol (Acrisol) in the Peruvian Amazon and included:Centrosema macrocarpum (Centrosema),Pueraria phaseoloides (Pueraria),Stylosanthes guianensis (Stylosanthes),Desmodium ovalifolium (Desmodium),Cajanus cajan (Cajanus), andInga edulis (Inga). In addition, in the natural fallow treatment secondary vegetation was allowed to establish and grow naturally. Quantities of extractable P, K, Ca, and Mg, total N, and organic C in soil to a 45 cm depth, and macrouttrients in aboveground biomass, roots, and litter were estimated at fallow planting, at 8, 17, and 29 months afterward, and at fallow clearing (53 months). Total N stocks increased by 10% in the Stylosanthes, Desmodium, Pueraria, and Inga treatments, but changed little in the Cajanus, Centrosema and natural fallows. This difference was largely due to greater net increases in both soil and vegetation compartments in the former group of treatments. In the Inga, Desmodium, and natural fallows, total stocks of P and K at 53 months were about 40% to 80% greater and 12% greater, respectively, than initial values, but Ca and Mg stocks were reduced by 25% to 40%. In the other treatments, there was generally little change in P stocks, but large (30% to 60%) reductions in K, Ca, and Mg during the course of the fallow. Although there were net decreases of stocks of P, K, Ca, and Mg in soil in all treatments during the fallow, storage of P and K in vegetation and litter in the Inga, Desmodium, and natural fallows offset losses of these nutrients from soil. These treatments also tended to accumulate more Ca and Mg in biomass and litter than the other treatments. These results suggest that leguminous fallow vegetation that accumulates large amounts of biomass may increase N, P, and K stocks, but that incomplete recuperation of Ca and Mg may limit the sustainability of short-rotation fallow-based systems on acidic, infertile soils. ei]Section editor: G R Stewart     

Woody species and nutrient accumulation during the fallow period of milpa farming in Belize,C.A.

Plant lifeform composition and levels of nutrients accumulated by fallows aged 1, 2 and 3 years under shifting (milpa) cultivation in Belize were measured. Levels of N, P and K allocated to leaves rapidly reached a plateau in 1 year old fallows with little increase in 2 and 3 year old sites. In stem material, K was accumulated rapidly, with little increase after the first year of fallow growth, while N and P accumulation proceeded at steady rates during three years of fallow development. Total biomass in 3 year old fallows averaged 2070 g m^–2 with 10.3 g m^–2 N, 0.73 g m^–2P and 13.2 g m^–2K. Nutrient concentrations in early successional species were higher than in species of later successional status, suggesting different strategies for nutrient utilization.Woody lifeforms dominated the fallow vegetation, accounting for 80% of total biomass in first year fallows and eliminating herbaceous species after 2 and 3 years of fallow growth. The importance of rapid recovery of woody species is discussed as it relates to fallow management and weed control.     

Rotational fallows as overwintering habitat for grassland arthropods: the case of spiders in fen meadows

Regular mowing of grassland is often necessary for plant conservation, but uncut vegetation is needed by many arthropods for overwintering. This may lead to conflicting management strategies for plant and arthropod conservation. Rotational fallows are a possible solution. They provide a spatio-temporal mosaic of mown and unmown areas that may combine benefits to both plants and arthropods. We tested if rotational fallows enhance spider overwintering in fen meadows. Rotational fallows consisted of three adjoining strips 10 m wide and 35–50 m long. Each year, one of these strips was left unmown (fallow) in an alternating manner so that each strip was mown two out of three years. Spiders were sampled during spring with emergence traps in nine pairs of currently unmown fallow strips and completely mown reference plots. Fallows significantly enhanced orb-weavers (Araneidae), sac spiders (Clubionidae) and ground spiders (Gnaphosidae). However, only 4.7% of the total variation in community composition was attributable to fallows. Community variation was larger between landscapes (34.5%) and sites (38.2%). Also β diversity was much higher between landscapes (45 species) and sites (22 species) than between fallows and mown reference plots (10 species). We conclude that the first priority for spider conservation is to preserve as many fen meadows in different landscapes as possible. Locally, rotational fallows enhance overwintering of the above-mentioned spider families, which are sensitive to mowing in other grassland types as well. Thus, rotational fallows would probably foster spider conservation in a wide range of situations. However, stronger effects can be expected from larger and/or older fallow areas.     

The effect of fallow and continuous cultivation on the chemical and physical properties of an alfisol in western Nigeria

Summary Soil properties under continuous cropping were compared with those under planted fallows and natural bush regrowth for three years after forest clearing. The cropping treatments consisted of continuous maize with and without stover returned as surface mulch, continuous soybean, and maize and cassava intercropped. The fallow treatments included pigeon pea, leucaena, Guinea grass and natural bush regrowth.In the continuous soybean and unmulched maize plots, soil organic matter and pH declined rapidly; whereas the mulched maize plots maintained a soil organic matter level comparable to the fallow treatments. To maintain soil organic matter in the surface soil at a level comparable to soil under secondary forest, two to three applications of a total amount of 16 MT/ha/annum of dry plant materials (maize stover or grass) are required when the material is applied as surface mulch.In the cropped plots, favorable physical characteristics in the surface soil were also maintained when sufficient plant residue was returned; whereas the deterioration of subsoil structure of the forest soil occurred in all cropping treatments.Guinea grass fallow has a distinct advantage in recycling mineral nutrients and maintaining soil physical properties and organic matter. It is suggested that soils may be planted with a combination of Guinea grass and pigeon pea fallow for one or two years after three or four years of arable cultivation.IITA Journal Paper No. 65 IITA Journal Paper No. 65     

Relocating plants from swidden fallows to gardens in Southwestern China

As upland farmers in Southeast Asia change from shifting cultivation to permanent agriculture and lose access to swidden-fallow forests and their resources, they are introducing economically important forest and fallow plants into their house gardens. We describe this process in Daka, a village of Hani ethnicity in Yunnan Province, China. Daka smallholders collect both seeds and seedlings from fallow forests and transfer the plants to house gardens, initiating the transformation of wild species to a cultivated or semi-domesticated one. Two kinds of species are commonly transferred from swidden fallows to house gardens. Some are particularly rare, others are plants in great demand. Between 1998 and 2000 Daka households earned an average of US$68.20 annually from the products of fallow forests. We also found that villagers harvest and use 76 plant species from fallow forests and 126 species from house gardens. Twenty-two species found in house gardens that had been transferred from fallow forests. Households vary widely in the frequency with which they engage in this pattern. We believe that local knowledge of these practices is a potentially important resource in the development of other areas of smallholder farming.     

Variation in plant biodiversity across sacred groves and fallows in Western Highlands of Cameroon

The study was conducted to compare species richness and diversity in different ecosystems and abiotic factors. The results showed that the sacred groves had a plant genetic diversity composed of a total of 42, 65 and 82 ethno‐botanical species of herbs, shrubs and trees, respectively, with varied qualities. There were six herbaceous species common in the fallow ecosystem and the sacred groves, 35 herbaceous species found in the sacred grove and absent in the fallow vegetation and 70 herbaceous species in the fallow vegetation and absent in the ground layer of the sacred groves. Thirty‐two regenerated species and 49 nonregenerated tree species were found in the sacred groves. The herbaceous α‐diversity was significantly higher in the fallows than the sacred groves at the low altitude. The tree species richness was higher at the low altitude compared to the high altitude with tree β‐diversity increasing with altitude. Varying combinations of soil pH, total P, total K, CEC and slope per cent were related to some of the parameters evaluated. Biodiversity changes in the sacred groves may be governed by biophysical drivers, while a combination of human and biophysical explained the variation in rotational fallow vegetation.     

Effects of planted tree fallows on soil nitrogen dynamics,above-ground and root biomass,N2-fixation and subsequent maize crop productivity in Kenya

The effects of planted fallows of Sesbania sesban (L.) Merr. and Calliandra calothyrsus (Meissner) on soil inorganic nitrogen dynamics and two subsequent maize crops were evaluated under field conditions in the highlands of eastern Kenya. Continuous unfertilised maize, maize/bean rotation and natural regrowth of vegetation (weed fallow) were used as control treatments. The proportion of symbiotic N₂-fixation was estimated by measuring both leaf ¹⁵N enrichment and whole-plant ¹⁵N enrichment by the ¹⁵N dilution technique for Sesbania and Calliandra, using Eucalyptus saligna (Sm.) and Grevillea robusta (A. Cunn) as reference species. Above- and below-ground biomass and N contents were examined in Sesbania, Calliandra, Eucalyptus and Grevillea 22 months after planting. Both the content of inorganic N in the topsoil and the quantity of N mineralised during rainy seasons were higher after the Sesbania fallows than after the other treatments. Compared to the continuous unfertilised maize treatment, both residual crop yields were significantly higher when mineral N (one application of 60 kg N ha^–1) was added. Furthermore, the second crop following the Sesbania fallow was significantly higher than the continuous maize crop. The above-ground biomass of the trees at final harvest were 31.5, 24.5, 32.5 and 43.5 Mg ha^–1 for the Sesbania, Calliandra, Grevillea and Eucalyptus, respectively. For the total below-ground biomass the values for these same tree species were 11.1, 15.5, 17.7, and 19.1 Mg ha^–1, respectively, of which coarse roots (>2 mm), including tap roots, amounted to 70–90%. About 70–90% of the N in Sesbania, and 50–70% in Calliandra, was derived from N₂-fixation. Estimates based on leaf ¹⁵N enrichment and whole-plant ¹⁵N enrichment were strongly correlated. The N added by N₂-fixation amounted to 280–360 kg N ha^–1 for Sesbania and 120–170 kg N ha^–1 for Calliandra, resulting in a positive N balance after two maize cropping seasons of 170–250 kg N ha^–1 and 90–140 kg N ha^–1, for Sesbania and Calliandra, respectively. All the other treatments gave negative N balances after two cropping seasons. We conclude that Sesbania sesban is a tree species well suited for short duration fallows due to its fast growth, high nutrient content, high litter quality and its ability to fix large amounts of N₂ from the atmosphere.     

四川桤柏混交林生物量的研究

 对四川省盐亭县桤柏混交林单株干重、平均净生产量、林分生物量和生产力动态的系统研究表明：桤木和柏木不同器官生物量随年龄积累变异显著,积累最多的是树干,其它器官积累较少。桤木各器官平均净生产量在2～12年上升,在12～14年左右达到峰值,随后下降,其生物量结构和垂直分布也程相同的趋势,表明桤木在16年以后已成熟,主伐年龄可定在18～20年间。柏木叶积累量的增长在幼龄期有“超前现象”。其各器官平均净生产量在2～18年内增长呈“J”型曲线．生物量结构和垂直分布仍处于剧烈分化期。在我国人工混交林中,桤柏混交林的生物量和生产力都比较高。     

呼伦贝尔草原不同草地利用方式下生物多样性与生物量的关系

生物多样性与生产力的关系是当前生态学中研究的重点之一,以呼伦贝尔草原为研究对象,通过连续两个生长季的野外监测,从草地植物功能型的角度探讨了在不同利用方式下草地物种丰富度与地上生物量的关系,结果表明：（1）不同草地利用方式显著影响草地生物多样性和生产力,在3种不同利用方式中,生物多样性总体的趋势是割草〉围封〉放牧,其中Shannon-Wiener指数、Simpson指数和物种丰富度均差异显著;割草草地地上生物量最高,围封草地次之,放牧草地最少。（2）将草地植物按照植物功能型分类,放牧草地1、2年生植物占优势,随着物种丰富度的增加,1、2年生植物生物量没有明显的变化趋势;割草草地以禾本科植物和非禾本科植物为主,随着物种丰富度的增加,禾本科植物生物量呈下降趋势,而非禾本科植物变化不明显;围封草地中禾本科植物占优势,其他功能型植物分布较均匀,多度、频度和生物量等差异不显著。（3）3种草地利用方式中只有围封草地物种丰富度和地上生物量存在显著的正相关,即随着物种丰富度的增加,生物量也随之升高。其他两种利用方式下,物种丰富度对地上生物量没有显著影响。