Changes in soil and vegetation following stabilisation of dunes in the southeastern fringe of the Tengger Desert, China

Properties of the soil and sand-binding vegetation were measured at five sites plus a control on dunes of the Tengger Desert stabilized for periods of up to 50 years. In the topsoil, fine particles, total N, P, K and organic matter increased significantly with increasing site age. However, there were no significant changes in deeper soil profiles (>0.4 m depth). Soil pH, calcium carbonate content, and total salt content tended to increase with age. Soil water in the topsoil changed little with increasing age, but was closely related to rainfall during the 50-year period. For deeper soil layers (0.4–3.0 m) soil water decreased significantly with age. After revegetation, the number of herbaceous species increased up to 30 years and then levelled off to 12–14 species, whereas the number of shrub species decreased from the 10 initial sand-binding species to only 3 species. Shrub cover decreased from a highest average of about 33% to the current 9%, whereas cover and biomass of herbaceous species increased throughout succession from 1956 to 2006. The development of soil and cryptogamic crusts on the surface of stabilized dunes enhanced the colonization and establishment of herbaceous plants due to increasing water availability, clay and silt content and soil nutrients. We propose that changes in properties of the surface soil led to increased interception of water, favoring shallow rooted grasses and forbs over perennial shrubs.     

腾格里沙漠人工植被区固沙灌木影响深层土壤水分的动态模拟研究

灌木是我国沙漠地区主要的优势植物类型,固沙灌木的存在有益于沙丘的固定进而有利于退化沙漠生态系统的生态恢复。基于腾格里沙漠沙坡头地区50多年的人工植被区长期观测研究,建立生态-水文模型模拟了该地区固沙灌木盖度和深层土壤水分的动态变化过程,结果表明,固沙灌木的建立改变了沙区原有的生态-水文过程,在固沙灌木建立40多年后,固沙灌木的盖度和深层土壤水分达到了新的平衡状态。灌木盖度逐渐稳定在(10±0.9)%左右,而深层土壤水分稳定在(2.58±0.2)%左右。因此,在年均降雨量为186mm的腾格里沙漠沙坡头地区,土壤水分的最大植被承载力为:灌木和生物土壤结皮的盖度分别维持在10%和60%,深层土壤水分维持在3%左右。     

人工小叶锦鸡儿(Caragana microphylla)灌丛土壤水分动态研究

采用由植被空间序列断时间系列的方法。分析了1984,1987,1995和1999年建立的人工小叶锦鸡儿固沙植被土壤水分的时空变化特征,结果表明,受沙地土壤机械组成的影响,沙地土壤组成以物理性沙粒为主,＞0.01mm沙粒占97％以上,凋萎湿度为1．55％,田间持水量5．5%,大有效水为3．95％,随着固沙植被优势度的增加,小叶锦鸡儿灌丛下土壤含水量持续下降,1984年建立的植被区土壤含水量明显低于1999年建立的植被区;在年内土壤水分季节变化中,4个阶段植被区土壤水分状况在4－6月不断降低,到6月达到最低值,7－10月逐渐回升;对于建立较早的植被区（1984和1987年）,土壤水分垂直变化表现出随着土层深度的增加,土壤含水量逐递减的趋势,特别是70cm下土层中,土壤含水下降明显,含水量低于凋萎湿度,由于对根际区域土壤水分的利用,加剧了固沙植被区深层土壤（70cm下）水分的亏缺,进而影响植被物种的组成,随着小叶锦鸡儿灌丛年龄的增加,浅根性植物所占比重增加。     

民勤沙区植被退化与年际降水量关系的定位研究

民勤沙区荒漠植物盖度随年际降水量变化明显,植被在随年际降水量变化的波动中退化。在一般年份,白刺、梭梭、沙蒿等灌木上部发生枯梢,在降水量偏少或分布异常年份会整株枯死,所以有的年份植被盖度和灌木高度反而会降低。不同植被群落分布的地貌条件和土壤条件有较大差异:白刺以白刺沙丘的形式存在,白刺沙丘0～30cm土壤含水率在1.4%～2.0%之间;膜果麻黄仅分布在粘砾石质滩地上,0～30cm土壤含水率<0.8%;沙蒿分布在低缓的半固定沙丘、流动沙丘和覆沙滩地上,0～30cm土壤含水率在0.9%～1.7%之间。植物通过土壤水分变化对降水作出反应,土壤水分条件对降水的反应受土壤颗粒的影响,细砂粒对降水反应灵敏。优势种植物高度与7月下旬～9月下旬的降水量之间存在较大的正相关;草本植物平均盖度与7月下旬～9月下旬和5月下旬～7月下旬期间的降水量之间存在较大的正相关。全年降水量主要影响植被总盖度。5月下旬～7月下旬的降水量对植被的影响较全年降水量更为明显。     

亚热带湖滨沙地典型下垫面土壤水分变化

亚热带湖滨沙化作为南方荒漠化的一种典型类型,阐明沙化土壤水分变化规律对该地区植被恢复与重建具有重要指示意义。研究于2013年2月至2014年2月对鄱阳湖多宝湖滨沙地的土壤水分动态进行了监测,分析了不同覆被条件下沙地土壤水分在年内及极端气候条件下的动态特征。结果如下:(1)湖滨沙地土壤水分在梅雨和伏旱时期差异显著。在梅雨期及其前后,土壤水分主要受降水控制,各下垫面土壤平均含水量相对较高(0.063 cm~3/cm~3),且差异较小;而在伏旱及其后期,覆盖条件的差异起关键作用,湿地松样地的土壤平均含水量均低于0.035 cm~3/cm~3。(2)持续高温干旱天气下,浅层10cm土壤含水量迅速降低,之后维持在极低水平(0.01 cm~3/cm~3);随着深度增加,不同样地土壤含水量差异将会增强。(3)在多雨季节,17年生湿地松能有效增加土壤表层的持水能力;在干旱季节,湿地松对降水的截留及吸附作用强烈地影响土壤水分的补给量及补偿深度,当降水强度较低时,17年生湿地松样地的浅层土壤水分难以获得补给。因此,在亚热带沙地进行湿地松种植时,应增大初植密度,并且对于植株过高的湿地松林,也应采取适当措施降低其密度,以抵御愈加频发的极端干旱事件带来的风险,促使沙化地区发生持续的正向演替。     

荒漠草原区柠条固沙人工林地表草本植被季节变化特征

研究荒漠草原人工林固沙区地表草本植被季节变化特征及其和柠条林龄的关系,对于分析柠条人工林地表草本植物的季节适应性和制订合理的人工林管理措施均具有重要的科学意义。选择6、15、24年生和36年生柠条人工林为研究对象,通过调查每个样地5月、8月和10月地表草本植物密度、物种数、盖度和高度,分析了荒漠草原区柠条人工固沙林生长过程中地表草本植被季节变化特征及其影响因素。结果表明,地表草本植物物种数在柠条林龄6和15a时受季节改变的影响较小,在24a之后受到季节变化的显著影响(P0.05)。地表草本植物密度在柠条林龄6a时受季节改变的影响较小,但在15a之后季节变化显著影响地表草本植物个体数分布(P0.05),而且在10月具有最多的地表草本植物个体数。地表草本植被盖度和高度均受到季节变化的显著影响(P0.05),而受林龄的影响较小;不同年龄林地地表草本植被盖度和高度均表现为10月和8月较高,5月较低。研究表明,荒漠草原柠条人工林固沙区,柠条林发育生长和灌木形态的改变不仅影响土壤营养条件,而且还可以调控由于季节改变而引起的土壤温湿度变化,柠条林龄和季节更替二者交互作用,共同影响地表草本植被的季节变化特征。     

荒漠草原两种类型土壤的水分动态对比

基于2017—2018年的定位监测数据,分析了宁夏东部的盐池荒漠草原2种不同类型土壤(灰钙土和风沙土)的水分时空动态特征。结果表明: 2017和2018年生长季(5—10月),研究区降雨量分别为208.2和274.8 mm,降雨在各月份的分配差异较大。2018年除5月存在极端降雨事件(129.6 mm)外,其余各月降雨量均低于2017年。土壤水分变化的季节动态规律大致可以分为两个阶段:土壤水分补偿期(5月初至6月初)和土壤水分波动期(6月中旬至9月底)。0～20 cm土层土壤含水量在降雨后呈骤增骤减的脉冲式特点,深层土壤含水量较稳定。灰钙土土壤含水量随土层加深表现为“升-降-升”的变化,风沙土土壤含水量在0～60 cm土层出现井喷式增加,而后增加缓慢,但随着土层深度的增加土壤含水量逐渐增大。2017年,灰钙土全剖面(0～100 cm)土壤水分表现为积累型,风沙土表现为消耗型;2018年,两种类型的土壤水分在全剖面均表现为消耗型。两种土壤类型土壤水分的时间稳定性随土壤深度的增加而增强,灰钙土和风沙土全剖面的平均土壤含水量代表性土层分别为80～100和40～60 cm。2种类型土壤的土壤水分时空分布不同,风沙土受降水的影响高于灰钙土。降水会降低土壤水分的变异性,改变土壤水分的时间稳定性。     

半干旱沙地封育草场的植被变化及其与土壤因子间的关系

封育措施是一种主要的草场恢复和重建的措施。通过对半干旱沙地完全封育、季节封育和未封育地的比较分析,量化了不同封育措施下植被变化及其与土壤因子的关系。对3种封育措施群落组成和生物多样性的多响应置换过程(M RPP)分析结果表明,封育改变了群落的组成成分并增加了生物多样性,群落的指示种分析及样方相似性指数计算结果则显示,完全封育(>10a)的群落逐渐向旱生化发展,各植物种分布的空间异质性显著提高,放牧价值开始降低,而季节性封育则明显处于一种非平衡的稳定状态。对不同措施下植物种与土壤因子间关系除趋势对应分析(DCA)和除趋势典范对应分析(DCCA)排序结果表明,土壤水分状况是限制3种措施中植物种组成的决定性因子,生物结皮盖度、土壤有机质和土壤容重等因子均在一定的程度上对水分产生影响,其中最为突出的因子是生物结皮盖度,由于长期缺少牲畜的践踏,完全封育区内结皮发育较好,这也是导致群落向旱生化发展的原因之一,同时一些重要因子诸如降水的时空变化或由此而引发的土壤水分的时空变化在本研究中可能被忽略。相关分析表明3种措施的生物多样性除了受土壤水分状况(土壤含水量和结皮盖度)的影响外,还与土壤速效氮呈正相关,与速效磷呈负相关。     

Ecological restoration and recovery in the wind-blown sand hazard areas of northern China: relationship between soil water and carrying capacity for vegetation in the Tengger Desert

The main prevention and control area for wind-blown sand hazards in northern China is about 320000 km2 in size and includes sandlands to the east of the Helan Mountain and sandy deserts and desert-steppe transitional regions to the west of the Helan Mountain.Vegetation recovery and restoration is an important and effective approach for constraining wind-blown sand hazards in these areas.After more than 50 years of long-term ecological studies in the Shapotou region of the Tengger Desert,we found that revegetation changed the hydrological processes of the original sand dune system through the utilization and space-time redistribution of soil water.The spatiotemporal dynamics of soil water was significantly related to the dynamics of the replanted vegetation for a given regional precipitation condition.The long-term changes in hydrological processes in desert areas also drive replanted vegetation succession.The soil water carrying capacity of vegetation and the model for sand fixation by revegetation in aeolian desert areas where precipitation levels are less than 200 mm are also discussed.     

Exclusion effects on vegetation characteristics and their correlation to soil factors in the semi-arid rangeland of Mu Us Sandland,China

Exclusion has been applied as a main measure for re-vegetation all over the world.This paper,by comparing the results of year-round exclusion,seasonal exclusion,and non-exclusion,quantified the vegetation variations under three different exclusion measures and their correlation to soil factors.The analysis results for community species component and plant diversity using multi-response permutation procedures (MRPPs)showed that exclusion did change the species component and increase plant diversity remarkably,while the period of exclusion had no significant influence on these two community features.The indicator species analysis and calculation of similarity indices indicated that community for year-round exclusion were becoming xerophytization and unpalatability,and showed highly spatial heterogeneity of plant species distribution,whereas community for seasonal exclusion was under stable non-equilibrium condition.Detrended correspondence analysis (DCA)and detrend canonical correspondence analysis (DCCA)results of relationship between plant species and soil variables demonstrated that soil moisture was a controlling factor for plant species component,microbiotic soil crust cover,soil organic matter,and soil bulk density had significant effects on soil moisture,among which microbiotic soil crust was a leading factor owing to its limitation to rainfall infiltration on the one hand,and its constraints to entrance of herbaceous seeds into soil or to germination of soil seeds on the other hand.As a result of long-term removal of animal grazing,crust kept intact in year-round exclusion community,which was a main reason of community xerophytization.It was also obvious from ordination results that some important environmental factors,such as tempo-spatial change of rainfall and corresponding tempo-spatial change of soil moisture,were neglected during direct gradient analysis.In addition,biodiversity was close related to soil nutrients as well as to soil moisture condition (soil water content and crust cover),and it had positive relation to available N,and negative relation to available P.Higher soil N had advantage to non-leguminous plants growth on nutrition-poor sand land definitely.The impact of P to community component was unclear and should be studied from plant physiology.Further researches on nonequilibrium theory in semi-arid rangeland will provide a scientific and flexible animal development paradigm for being implementing livestock fen-raising and grazing-forbidden policies in China.     

Vegetation dynamics under variable conditions in the famous sandy steppe of southern Tunisia

During last decades, the natural vegetation cover in southern Tunisia, mainly dominated by dwarf and sparse shrub, was continuously disturbed under various human activities especially on sandy soil (easily eroded). The ecological characteristics (soil structure and texture, vegetation, topography…) of sandy steppes, with Rhanterium suaveolens Desf., enhanced their sharp decline. This study aims to investigate the vegetation status of two R. suaveolens steppes (R: protected; r: degraded) under different conditions in five sites belonging to southern Tunisia using the quadrat point method and some ecological indicators. Main results show that vegetation cover is related to climatic conditions. Plant density is mainly affected by rainfall and human activities. The annual and perennial density and cover are high during the rainy season (spring) compared with the dry one (fall). The degraded steppes (r) are mainly dominated by annual plants but the protected steppes (R) contain more perennials. This work can be very useful for the sustainable sandy steppes management under different stress and human disturbances in dry area. It presents a great national and international importance (economic, social, nature conservation…) such as job creation and limiting rural exodus.     

科尔沁沙地人工植被建立模式的探讨

通过对科尔沁沙地的降水特性、沙地的水分状况、人工乔木、灌木、半灌木植被在沙地上的兴衰变化以及各人工植被类型的功能等进行综合分析,提出该地区人工植被建立的模式．该模式包括人工植被的组成成分、结构、不同立地条件下的配置形式及不同类型人工植被的建立顺序．     

2002-2016年华北平原植被生长状况及水文要素时空特征分析

基于MODIS增强型植被指数（EVI）资料,结合降水、GRACE重力卫星水储量（TWS）、地下水、土壤水等资料,分析华北平原植被2002-2016年间的生长状况及各水文要素时空分布特征。研究结果表明：（1）2002-2016年间华北平原植被呈好转趋势,降水、水储量、土壤水、地下水等水文要素值呈减少趋势。（2）黄淮平原区植被以农作物为主,植被覆盖度呈增加趋势,而降水、水储量、地下水、土壤水均呈减少趋势,超采地下水灌溉农作物是短期内保障粮食安全的重要措施。（3）燕山-太行山山麓平原区、冀鲁豫低洼平原区的城乡居民用地区域植被覆盖显著减少,而降水增多,水储量、土壤水、地下水减少,人类活动对植被和水文要素贡献量大。（4）山东丘陵农林区分布着林地和草地,这些区域生长季的植被指数呈减少趋势,与降水量减少呈正相关关系。在气候变化和人类活动影响的大背景下,探讨不同生态环境的植被生长特征,清楚植被对水文变化的响应机理,可以消除影响植被生长的不利因素,为制定合理用水制度提供理论依据。     

风沙移动与植物生物量的关系以及植物固沙能力研究

荒漠化是植被覆盖退化、风蚀水蚀加剧的过程。适应流沙条件的植物能够逆转荒漠化（沙化）过程,能够固沙。可用于研究植物固沙能力的数据不多。为了研究与植物生物量相关的植株周围的“风成沙移置(wind-induced sand diplacement)”,在研究中,将植株周围的风沙移动与3种植物的生物量配置格局联系起来,并发展了一种新方法,以对植物固沙能力进行实验研究,风沙移动与生物量的关系不是线性的。除了植物生物量大小外,种类特异的植物特征,如生物量配置格局和植物枝叶的结构特征,在确定植物固沙能力方面也很重要。     

干旱荒漠区斑块状植被空间格局及其防沙效应研究进展

斑块状植被相对稳定的空间格局是其适应环境的结果,也是干旱区植被存在的主要形式.干旱荒漠区植被对土壤风蚀的防护功能不仅与盖度、高度有关,而且与植被空间格局有关.以往的研究多侧重于植被盖度和高度对防护功能的影响,而对植被格局影响防沙效应的研究相对薄弱.干旱区斑块状格局的植被能否防沙、防沙效应如何一直是防沙治沙工程研究中的焦点问题.综述了干旱区斑块状植被空间格局特征、形成演化及防风固沙效应等方面的研究进展,提出未来应借助3S技术手段和模型模拟方法,加强对斑块状植被空间格局与风蚀风积过程的互馈关系、斑块动态的驱动因素和斑块状植被格局防沙功能的尺度效应研究.     

科尔沁沙地封育恢复过程中植物群落特征变化及影响因素

封育是退化沙地植被恢复与生态重建的重要措施, 理解长期处于封育状态下不同类型沙地植物群落特征变化及其影响因素有利于沙地植被恢复和生态重建。该文基于对科尔沁沙地长期封育的流动沙丘(2005年封育)、固定沙丘(1985年封育)和沙质草地(1997年封育)连续多年(2005-2017年)的植物群落调查, 结合土壤种子库、土壤养分以及气象数据, 分析了植物群落特征变化及其对环境变化的响应。研究结果表明流动沙丘植被盖度显著增加, 群落生物量和物种多样性年际间波动变化, 但无明显趋势; 固定沙丘植物群落存在逆行演替趋势, 具体表现为群落生物量、灌木和半灌木以及豆科优势度显著下降, 而一年生和多年生杂类草优势度显著增加; 沙质草地群落物种丰富度和多年生禾草优势度存在降低趋势, 并且一年生杂类草优势度明显高于其他功能群, 群落存在退化现象。3类沙地土壤种子密度变化不显著, 而种子丰富度在流动沙丘显著增加, 在固定沙丘和沙质草地有下降趋势, 土壤养分仅有有效氮和有效磷含量增加。回归分析结果表明气温和降水是影响年内生物量积累的主要因素, 但对年际间群落生物量和物种丰富度变化影响不大。除趋势对应分析结果显示土壤种子库与植物群落之间存在很高的相似性, 典型相关分析结果表明沙质草地植物群落与土壤养分紧密相关, 而固定沙丘群落主要与土壤水分紧密相关。综合以上结果可知, 封育33年的固定沙丘群落和封育21年的沙质草地群落都存在退化现象, 而封育11年的流动沙丘群落正在缓慢恢复, 因此封育年限的设定对退化沙地植被恢复至关重要, 封育时间过长不仅不利于植物群落恢复, 反而会使群落发生逆行演替, 建议封育年限的设定应综合考虑植被退化程度、土壤养分状况、土壤种子库基础以及气候条件等因素的影响。     

Influence of anthropic and eco-hydrological factors on the floristic diversity of the herbaceous vegetation around the temporary ponds in Ferlo,northern Senegal

人类活动与生态水文因素对塞内加尔北部费罗临时池塘周边的草本植物区系物种多样性的影响 在萨赫勒,临时池塘在保护物种多样性方面起着重要作用。本研究考察了塞内加尔北部费罗地区的两个放牧池塘以及一个未放牧池塘,探讨了人类活动与生态水文因素对池塘周边植物多样性的影响。每个池塘建立两条植物生态样带,确定并记录每条样带上平均植被单元情况(包括植被覆盖度、土壤暴露度、土壤质地、土壤湿度和酸碱度、平均高度以及坡度等)。研究结果表明,3个池塘周边共有 草本植物22科41属55种。放牧池塘周边多为禾本科植物,尤其是画眉草属(Eragrostis tremula)与肠须草属 (Enteropogon prieurii)植物,未放牧池塘周边则主要为其他科类植物,如牛膝属(Achyranthes sp.)、鸭跖草属(Commelina forsskaolii)、黄麻属(Corchorus sp.)植物等。Wendu Marodi池塘(未放牧池塘)的香农物种多样性指数(H′)为4.9,略高于Belel Lougal池塘和Belel Sow池塘(放牧池塘),这两个池塘的香农物种多样性指数分别为4.8和4.5。3个池塘的种类平均性指数相对都较高,分别为0.85、0.83和0.78。根据生态因子可分出4个物种群：蒺藜(Tribulus terrestris)种群,集中在限牧区与过度放牧区;平枝马唐(Digitaria horizontalis)种群与孟仁草(Chloris barbata)种群,见于过度带;以及土牛膝(Achyranthes aspera)种群,生长在人类活动较少且草本植物丰富的湿地。本研究强调了维持未放牧池塘或半保护池塘与放牧池塘景观镶嵌结构的重要性,以保护塞内加尔中心与萨赫勒地区草本植物的多样性。     

Exclusion effects on vegetation characteristics and their correlation to soil factors in the semi-arid rangeland of Mu Us Sandland, China

Exclusion has been applied as a main measure for re-vegetation all over the world. This paper, by comparing the results of year-round exclusion, seasonal exclusion, and non-exclusion, quantified the vegetation variations under three different exclusion measures and their correlation to soil factors. The analysis results for community species component and plant diversity using multi-response permutation procedures (MRPPs) showed that exclusion did change the species component and increase plant diversity remarkably, while the period of exclusion had no significant influence on these two community features. The indicator species analysis and calculation of similarity indices indicated that community for year-round exclusion were becoming xerophytization and unpalatability, and showed highly spatial heterogeneity of plant species distribution, whereas community for seasonal exclusion was under stable non-equilibrium condition. Detrended correspondence analysis (DCA) and detrend canonical correspondence analysis (DCCA) results of relationship between plant species and soil variables demonstrated that soil moisture was a controlling factor for plant species component, microbiotic soil crust cover, soil organic matter, and soil bulk density had significant effects on soil moisture, among which microbiotic soil crust was a leading factor owing to its limitation to rainfall infiltration on the one hand, and its constraints to entrance of herbaceous seeds into soil or to germination of soil seeds on the other hand. As a result of long-term removal of animal grazing, crust kept intact in year-round exclusion community, which was a main reason of community xerophytization. It was also obvious from ordination results that some important environmental factors, such as tempo-spatial change of rainfall and corresponding tempo-spatial change of soil moisture, were neglected during direct gradient analysis. In addition, biodiversity was close related to soil nutrients as well as to soil moisture condition (soil water content and crust cover), and it had positive relation to available N, and negative relation to available P. Higher soil N had advantage to non-leguminous plants growth on nutrition-poor sand land definitely. The impact of P to community component was unclear and should be studied from plant physiology. Further researches on non-equilibrium theory in semi-arid rangeland will provide a scientific and flexible animal development paradigm for being implementing livestock fen-raising and grazing-forbidden policies in China. __________ Translated from Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2005, 25(12): 3212–3219 [译自: 生态学报]     

水蚀风蚀交错区退耕坡面植被利用对产流产沙的影响

为有效利用水蚀风蚀交错区退耕封育坡面植被,确定合理的植被利用强度非常必要.本试验选取黄土高原水蚀风蚀交错区典型小流域——六道沟小流域为试验区,在多年退耕封育坡面布设径流小区,通过人工模拟降雨试验,研究植被地上部分在不同利用强度下各坡度(10°、20°和30°)坡面产流、产沙变化特征,以确定合理的利用强度. 结果表明: 次降雨过程中径流速率大体可分为两个阶段:初期迅速增长阶段和中后期增长变缓或趋于准稳定阶段.侵蚀速率的变化趋势因坡度的不同而略有差异.利用强度对产流量有显著影响,产流量随利用强度的加强而增加.坡度对侵蚀量影响显著,侵蚀量表现为20°坡面＞30°坡面＞10°坡面.以植被地上部分未利用小区为对照,相对增水量和相对增沙量均随利用强度加强而增加.结合降雨资料推测,退耕15年左右坡面植被地上部分盖度达到25%时,坡面年土壤侵蚀量基本低于容许土壤流失量.应重视该区20°坡面植被的恢复治理工作.