饲料中添加雨生红球藻粉对中华绒螯蟹成体雄蟹生化组成的影响

为研究饲料中添加雨生红球藻(Haematococcus pluvialis)粉对中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheir sinensis)成体雄蟹成活、增重和生化组成的影响,分别在饲料中添加0、0.2%、0.4%和0.6%的雨生红球藻粉,配制4种等氮等脂的育肥饲料,投喂生殖蜕壳后雄蟹60 d,计算各组成活率、增重率、特定生长率和肥满度,同时测定了组织中的常规营养成分、脂肪酸组成和类胡萝卜素含量,并对实验数据进行方差分析。结果显示:(1)饲料中添加雨生红球藻粉对成体雄蟹的成活率、增重率、特定生长率和肥满度均无显著影响。(2)雄蟹性腺中的粗蛋白及肝胰腺总脂含量均以雨生红球藻粉0.4%组最高,而肌肉水分含量随饲料中雨生红球藻粉含量的升高整体呈上升趋势(P0.05)。(3)性腺中的脂肪酸C20:0含量随饲料雨生红球藻粉添加水平的升高而显著上升,而C16:1n7、C18:2n6和C18:3n3含量分别在雨生红球藻粉0.6%组、0.4%组和0组最高(P0.05)。(4)肝胰腺中的脂肪酸C14:0、C18:0和C18:1n7含量均以雨生红球藻粉0.2%组最高,而C18:1n9和总单不饱和脂肪酸(∑MUFA)含量均以雨生红球藻粉0.6%组最高(P0.05)。(5)肌肉中的脂肪酸C14:1n5和C20:2n6含量在雨生红球藻粉0.2%组最高(P0.05),C16:0含量及二十二碳六烯酸/二十碳五烯酸(DHA/EPA)比例以雨生红球藻粉0.4%组最高,而C22:6n3、总多不饱和脂肪酸(∑PUFA)、∑n-3 PUFA和总高度不饱和脂肪酸(∑HUFA)含量均以雨生红球藻粉0.6%组最高(P0.05)。(6)肝胰腺中的虾青素、β-胡萝卜素和头胸甲中的虾青素、叶黄素、玉米黄素含量随饲料中雨生红球藻粉含量的升高而显著上升(P0.05)。综上,饲料中添加雨生红球藻粉对成体雄蟹成活率、增重率和肥满度无显著影响,但可提高性腺粗蛋白、肌肉总多不饱和脂肪酸、肝胰腺和头胸甲中的类胡萝卜素含量,雄蟹育肥饲料中适宜的雨生红球藻粉添加量建议为0.4%左右。     

育肥饲料中植物油混合替代鱼油对中华绒螯蟹雄体脂肪酸代谢相关基因表达的影响

为研究植物油替代鱼油对中华绒螯蟹(以下简称河蟹)脂肪酸代谢产生的影响, 通过荧光定量PCR (qRTPCR)技术研究了河蟹脂肪酸碳链延长酶(Es-FAE)、9脂肪酸去饱和酶(Es-FAD9)、6脂肪酸去饱和酶b (Es-FAD6b)、脂肪酸结合蛋白3 (Es-FABP3)、脂肪酸结合蛋白9 (Es-FABP9)和脂肪酸结合蛋白10 (Es-FABP10)基因在不同组织中的表达情况, 以及育肥饲料中不同鱼油替代水平(鱼油替代水平分别为0、25%、50%、75%和100%, 记为饲料1#5#组)对河蟹雄体肝胰腺中这些基因mRNA表达水平的影响, 以探讨育肥中鱼油替代对河蟹雄体成蟹脂肪酸代谢的影响。结果表明: (1) Es-FAE、Es-FAD6b和Es-FAD9均在肝胰腺中表达水平最高, 在心脏和血淋巴中表达水平较低, 不同基因在其他组织中的表达规律有所不同; Es-FABP3、Es-FABP9和Es-FABP10主要在肝胰腺、肌肉、输精管和副性腺中表达水平较高, 在胃、肠和心脏中表达水平较低。(2) 随着饲料中鱼油替代水平的提高, 肝胰腺中Es-FAE-mRNA有显著增加趋势; 就Es-FAD6b而言, 饲料3#组显著高于饲料2#组, 其余各组间差异不显著; 随着饲料中鱼油水平的降低, 饲料1#3#组肝胰腺中Es-FAD9-mRNA也有显著增加趋势, 但差异不显著。(3) 就Es-FABP3而言, 饲料2#和3#组肝胰腺中表达水平最高,且显著高于饲料1#组(P0.05), 其余各组间差异不显著; 随着鱼油替代水平的升高, 肝胰腺中Es-FABP9和Es-FABP10-mRNA水平均有先上升后下降趋势, 但各组间差异不显著。综上, 河蟹脂肪酸代谢和转运相关基因在肝胰腺中表达水平最高, 饲料中不同鱼油替代水平对肝胰腺中上述基因mRNA表达水平具有较大影响。     

饲料中DHA含量对中华绒螯蟹幼蟹生长、脂类组成和低氧胁迫的影响

二十二碳六烯酸（C22:6n-3,DHA）对甲壳动物生长、蜕壳、性腺发育、免疫保护和抗环境胁迫具有重要的调节作用,探讨饲料中脂肪酸营养与中华绒螯蟹幼蟹生长和耐低氧胁迫的调控关系具有重要的理论意义和现实意义。通过单个体养殖试验、生化分析、低氧胁迫及生理指标测定等方法,研究了饲料中DHA含量对中华绒螯蟹幼蟹（初始均重为0.6g左右）成活、生长、脂类组成和低氧胁迫下生理指标的影响,探讨幼蟹饲料中适宜的DHA含量。结果表明:（1）饲料中DHA含量对中华绒螯蟹幼蟹的成活、生长、蜕壳和肝胰腺指数无显著影响;（2）饲料中DHA含量对幼蟹肝胰腺水分、肌肉水分及总脂含量均无显著影响,但饲料中过量DHA（0.81%）导致幼蟹肝胰腺总脂含量显著升高;（3）幼蟹肝胰腺和肌肉中的DHA均随着饲料中DHA含量升高而显著上升,但DHA相对保留率（组织中DHA与饲料中DHA的比值）随着饲料中DHA含量上升而显著下降,整体上肌肉中各PUFA的相对保留率远高于肝胰腺。无论饲料中DHA/EPA比值如何变化,肌肉中DHA/EPA均小于1,这说明幼蟹肌肉需要更多的EPA;（4）饲料中添加适量的DHA（0.18%0.28%）可以提高低氧胁迫下幼蟹血淋巴中超氧化物歧化酶的活性,降低其乳酸和丙二醛含量,从而提高幼蟹的抗低氧胁迫能力。综上,中华绒螯蟹幼蟹饲料中适宜DHA含量为0.2%左右。       

n-3PUFA对高脂SHR 大鼠血压及血浆游离脂肪酸谱的影响

目的:观察高饱和脂肪酸及n-3多不饱和脂肪酸饮食后对自发性高血压大鼠血压、静息心率、体重、血脂、血糖及游离脂肪酸谱的影响。方法:选择8周龄雄性自发性高血压大鼠(SHR)30只和同龄对照大鼠(WKY)30只,随机分为6组:SHR、WKY普通饲料组各10只,SHR、WKY高脂组各10只,SHR、WKY高脂加鱼油饮食组各10只,持续喂养至16周龄。干预期间每两周测定血压和体重,干预前后测定静息心率、血脂、血糖及血浆游离脂肪酸谱。结果:(1)血压和静息心率的变化:SHR大鼠高脂饮食组较普食组血压水平显著性增高,而高脂加鱼油饮食组较高脂饮食组血压水平显著性减低;WKY大鼠高脂饮食组较普食组血压水平显著性增高,而高脂加鱼油饮食组较高脂饮食组血压水平显著性减低;SHR大鼠高脂饮食组较普食组静息心率显著性增高(P=0.007),而高脂加鱼油饮食组较高脂饮食组静息心率有下降趋势,但差异无显著性(P=0.125),WKY大鼠静息心率各组间无明显差异。(2)血浆游离脂肪酸谱:与WKY大鼠比较,SHR大鼠中亚麻酸(Linolenic acid,ALA)、花生四烯酸(Linoleic Acid,AA)与n-6多不饱和脂肪酸(n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids,n-6PUFA含量增高,高脂饮食增加了饱和脂肪酸(Saturated fatty acid,SFA),有显著差异(P0.05),高脂鱼油组二十二碳六烯酸(Docosahexaenoic acid,DHA)及二十碳五烯酸(Docosapentaenoic acid,EPA)增加导致n-3多不饱和脂肪酸(n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids,n-3PUFA)含量增加(P0.05),SHR大鼠高脂鱼油组亚油酸(Linoleic Acid,LA)、AA含量减低(P0.05)。结论:膳食补充n-3PUFA可能通过影响交感神经活性和血浆脂肪酸谱的组成而改善高饱和脂肪酸所致SHR大鼠的血压升高。     

中华绒螯蟹一龄幼蟹(Eriocheir sinensis)越冬前后脂肪酸和4种类胡萝卜素含量的变化

实验以越冬前后的中华绒螯蟹一龄幼蟹作为研究对象,利用高效气相色谱法分别检测一龄幼蟹越冬前后肝胰腺及头胸甲中脂肪酸含量变化、利用液相二级质谱法分别测定一龄幼蟹越冬前后肝胰腺、头胸甲和血淋巴中4种类胡萝卜素含量变化。结果表明:肝胰腺中的饱和脂肪酸(SFA) C20:0、单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA) C18:1n9作为主要能量脂肪酸被动用,其含量越冬后显著下降(p0.05),多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)中的C18:3n3、C22:6n3越冬后含量显著升高(p0.05)。头胸甲的饱和脂肪酸(SFA) C16:0、C18:0,单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)中的C18:1n7作为主要能量脂肪酸被动用,越冬后含量下降显著(p0.05)。多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA) C18:2n6、C20:3n6越冬后含量显著升高(p0.05)。越冬后头胸甲中4种类胡萝卜素含量均极显著下降(p0.01)。其中,血淋巴中虾青素、叶黄素含量极显著升高(p0.05),β-胡萝卜素含量极显著下降(p0.05)。肝胰腺中虾青素与叶黄素、β-胡萝卜素变化趋势与血淋巴的一致,角黄素含量显著下降(p0.05)。越冬期间气温、水温的短暂升高可能使一龄幼蟹短暂摄食。越冬前经育肥的扣蟹越冬后能量物质无显著变化,越冬后根据肝胰腺颜色来判断一龄幼蟹质量的方法不科学。     

中华绒螯蟹白化症、正常肝胰腺组织结构及脂肪酸组成的比较研究

采用气相色谱、组织学及电镜技术分别对中华绒螯蟹雄蟹白化症肝胰腺与正常肝胰腺脂类和脂肪酸组成、显微及超微结构进行了比较研究,结果表明：正常肝胰腺的总脂含量（31.54%肝胰腺湿重）显著高于白化症肝胰腺（19.07%肝胰腺湿重）,两种蟹肝胰腺的脂类组成没有显著差异,但脂肪酸组成存在一定的差异,白化症肝胰腺中C18∶1的含量显著高于正常肝胰腺,中性脂和极性脂HUFA正常蟹肝胰腺含量都高于白化症蟹,但没有显著差异。组织学结果和超微结构观察表明：白化症肝胰腺肝小管的上皮细胞壁结构紊乱,微绒毛及微绒毛黏膜大部分脱落,细胞内仅见有零星的线粒体、脂肪滴分布,R细胞呈现空泡化。     

三疣梭子蟹软壳硬化阶段肝胰腺的营养成分及脂肪酸组成分析

采用常规营养物质测定方法和气质联用(GC-MS)技术,研究了三疣梭子蟹软壳硬化阶段肝胰腺的基本营养成分和脂肪酸组成。结果发现在其软壳硬化的过程中肝胰腺指数、粗脂肪和灰分含量逐渐降低,而粗蛋白含量趋势相反;表明脂类是主要的能源物质。共检测出42种脂肪酸,其中C16:0(棕榈酸)、C18:1(n-9)(油酸)和C22:6(n-3)(DHA)是主要脂肪酸;蜕壳后0～6 h,单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)在肝胰腺中的含量显著降低(P<0.05),而饱和脂肪酸(SFA)和多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)的含量则均有不同程度的上升;6～48 h,MUFA在肝胰腺中的含量逐渐上升,PUFA的含量则与其相反;SFA在6～24 h时降低,随后升高;∑EPA+DHA在肝胰腺中的含量与∑PUFA的含量变化趋势一致。     

蚕蛹基础日粮中添加不同脂肪源对框鳞镜鲤生长、体成分及健康状况的影响

将324尾健康框鳞镜鲤Cyprinus carpio var. specularis (10.700.70) g随机平均分配在室内循环水养殖系统的12个养殖缸里。在蚕蛹基础饲料中分别添加2%的大豆油(SO)、菜籽油(RO)、鱼油(FO)及混合油(MIX, 大豆油:菜籽油:鱼油=1:1:1), 配制4组等氮(36.5%)等脂(7.0%)饲料, 饲养58d后, 探讨框鳞镜鲤对不同脂肪源的利用效果。结果表明:(1)大豆油组终末体重显著大于混和油组, 肠长比显著大于其他各组, 肥满度和肠指数显著大于鱼油组(P0.05); 肝胰脏指数混合油组显著低于鱼油组和大豆油组, 菜籽油组显著低于大豆油组(P0.05); (2)全鱼水分大豆油组显著高于菜籽油组和混合油组, 粗脂肪含量显著低于其他各组(P0.05); 肌肉水分大豆油组显著大于鱼油组和混合油组(P0.05); 不同脂肪源对框鲤全鱼和肌肉的粗蛋白和灰分、肌肉粗脂肪、肝胰脏的一般体成分无显著影响(P0.05); (3)肝胰脏和肌肉脂肪酸组成基本反映了饲料的脂肪酸组成; 肝胰脏PUFA水平大豆油和菜籽油组相近, 均显著高于鱼油组(P0.05); 肌肉PUFA水平大豆油组显著高于鱼油组(P0.05), 肌肉HUFA水平菜籽油组显著高于鱼油组和混合油组(P0.05); (4)除菜籽油组血清GLU水平显著高于大豆油组外(P0.05), 4种脂肪源对框鲤其他血清生化指标水平没有显著影响(P0.05); (5)组间血清T-SOD活性没有显著差异(P0.05), 大豆油组GSH-XP活性显著大于其他各组(P0.05), MDA水平显著低于鱼油组及混合油组(P0.05), 鱼油组血清AKP活性显著低于其他各组(P0.05); 鱼油组肝胰脏T-SOD活性显著高于其他各组(P0.05), AKP活性显著高于菜籽油组和混合油(P0.05), GSH-XP活性显著高于混合油组(P0.05), MDA水平各组无显著差异(P0.05)。综上所述, 框鳞镜鲤对大豆油的利用效果最好, 其次是菜籽油、鱼油和混合油利用效果较差。       

饲料中不同脂肪源对黄鳝生长和组织中脂肪酸含量的影响

用6种不同脂肪源:鱼油(FO)、亚麻油(LO)、大豆油(SO)、二十碳四稀酸(ARA)+花生油(APO)、花生油(PO)和猪油(PL),配制了6组含脂量为8%的等氮(44%粗蛋白)、等能(19.4 MJ/kg)饲料,喂养黄鳝10周后,其结果显示:饲料中不同脂肪源对黄鳝的生长有影响。PO组的特定生长率(SGR)最低,显著低于SO、FO组(P<0.05);SO组的SGR显著高于除FO组之外的其他各组(P<0.05)。黄鳝组织中的18:3n-3和18:2n-6含量与饲料中的对应脂肪酸含量呈线性相关,缺乏ARA的试验组黄鳝各组织中ARA的含量与饲料中的18:2n-6含量存在弱的线性相关;但在各组织中ARA的含量均显著低于APO组(P<0.05)。缺乏二十碳五烯酸(EPA)、二十二碳六烯酸(DHA)的LO、SO、PL、PO各组,卵巢中的EPA和DHA含量与饲料中的18:3n-3含量呈对数函数相关;但在各组织中EPA、DHA的含量均显著低于FO组(P<0.05)。结果表明n-3多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)是黄鳝生长重要的脂肪酸,黄鳝生长需要一个适宜的n-6/n-3比值;大豆油、亚麻油、猪油替代鱼油可基本满足黄鳝生长对脂肪酸的需要,其中以大豆油最佳。黄鳝可合成长链多不饱和脂肪酸(LC-PUFA),但合成LC-PUFA的量有限。     

亚麻籽油和豆油替代鱼油对大黄鱼肝脏和肌肉脂肪酸组成及Δ6Fad基因表达的影响

为了研究亚麻籽油(LO)和豆油(SO)完全替代鱼油(FO)对大黄鱼(Larimichthys crocea)肝脏和肌肉脂肪酸组成及Δ6Fad (Δ6 Fatty acid desaturase)基因表达的影响。实验用豆油和亚麻籽油替代鱼油制备了3种等氮等脂的精制饲料, 在海水浮动网箱中进行了为期10周的养殖实验。实验结果表明: (1)鱼油组的增重率、饲料效率和特定生长率均显著高于亚麻籽油组和豆油组(P<0.05), 但对成活率, 肝体指数和脏体指数没有显著影响(P>0.05); (2)亚麻籽油和豆油完全替代鱼油显著改变了鱼体肝脏和肌肉的脂肪酸组成, 降低了肝脏和肌肉LC-PUFA (Long chain-polyunsaturated fatty acid)的相对含量(P<0.05), 在亚麻籽油组(LO)和豆油组(SO)中没有显著差异(P>0.05), 在各处理组中, 肌肉的n-3LC-PUFA的相对含量显著高于肝脏(P<0.05); (3)亚麻籽油和豆油显著上调了肌肉和肝脏中Δ6Fad基因的表达量(P<0.05), 其表达量在肝脏中分别升高了7.6和6.5倍, 在肌肉中分别上升了2.2和2.8倍。结果表明, 在实验条件下亚麻籽油和豆油完全替代鱼油对大黄鱼生长具有不利影响, 亚麻籽油和豆油替代鱼油降低了肝脏和肌肉中LC-PUFA的含量, 提高了Δ6Fad基因的表达量。     

裂叶荆芥不同部位香精油组成研究

采用水蒸气蒸馏法,分别从裂叶荆芥的叶、茎和花三个不同部位提取香精油并进行气相色谱/质谱分析.结果发现,叶、茎、花的香精油分别含有23、29、26种组分.叶和花香精油的组成和含量基本相似,主要成分是含量分别为15.09%、14.51%的薄荷酮和29.26%、31.36%的(+)-胡薄荷酮等单萜化合物以及含量分别为17.09%、5.00%的α-律草烯等倍半萜.而茎香精油的萜类化合物含量较低,含薄荷酮为4.15%,(+)-胡薄荷酮为7.68%,但其乙酯含量相对较高,如(E)-9-十六碳烯酸乙酯含量为11.92%,异戊酸乙酯为9.38%.     

石榴籽油的提取及成分分析

采用正交试验方法研究了超临界CO_2萃取石榴(Punica granatum L)籽油的技术体系,并用气相色谱-质谱联用仪对石榴籽油的化学成分进行了分析。结果表明,超临界CO_2萃取石榴籽油的最佳工艺条件为:萃取压力25 MPa,萃取温度30℃,分离温度55℃,萃取时间70min,在此条件下油脂产率为20.4%。GC-MS分析的结果显示,石榴籽油的主要成分是脂肪酸。饱和脂肪酸以棕榈酸为主,不饱和脂肪酸主要是亚麻酸和亚油酸,占脂肪酸总量的86.86%。     

Study on Essential Oil Composition in Leaves of Pseudotaxus chienii (Cheng) Cheng and Its Chemotaxonomy

The chemical components of different genera and species of Taxaceae have been analyzed in order to provide data for discussion of the systematic position of this family. A characteristic component tsugalacton (or tsugaresinol) from trunk of Pseudotaxus chienii (Cheng) Cheng has been reported in our previous paper. The present paper deals with our preliminary study on essential oil composition of leaves in the same species. Thirt-eight components have been isolated and 33 of them have been identified. Three of them, limonene, α-pinene, and δ-3-carene, are the main ones, with their contents being more than 1/3 in the total essential oil. This characteristic of the essential oil composition from leaves of Pseu- dotaxus chienii resembles to that of Torreya grandis cv. ‘Merrillii’.     

Chemical Composition of Ambrosia trifida Essential Oil and Phytotoxic Effect on Other Plants

This study aimed to identify the main components of an essential oil produced from leaves of Ambrosia trifida and to evaluate its potential allelopathic effect on seed germination and seedling growth of lettuce, watermelon, cucumber and tomato. The essential oil was obtained by hydrodistillation and characterized chemically by gas chromatography (GC) coupled with both mass spectrometry (MS) and flame ionization detector (FID). Total 69 compounds were identified, with limonene (20.7 %), bornyl acetate (15.0 %), borneol (14.7 %) and germacrene D (11.6 %) as the major components. The working solutions of the essential oil emulsified with Tween 20 and dissolved in distilled water were prepared at four concentration levels (0.01, 0.1, 0.5 % and 1 %, v/v). The results obtained showed that increase in essential oil concentration leads to decrease in seed germination, as well as shoot and radical length of lettuce, watermelon, cucumber and tomato. The obtained data revealed a highly significant effect (p<0.05) between control and 1 % and 0.5 % oil concentrations in all treatments. The essential oil of A. trifida exhibited more powerful phytotoxic effects on lettuce, watermelon and tomato than on cucumber regarding germination and early seedling growth.     

水酶法提取石榴籽油脂肪酸组成与氧化稳定性分析

通过气相色谱-质谱法分析了水酶法提取的石榴籽油的脂肪酸组成。结果表明:石榴籽油含有丰富的不饱和脂肪酸,总不饱和脂肪酸含量达94%以上。采用Schall烘箱法,以过氧化值(POV)为参考指标,研究了光线、温度及抗氧化剂对石榴籽油氧化稳定性能的影响。结果表明,温度、光线对石榴籽油的氧化过程都有影响,温度的影响更为显著;叔丁基对苯二酚(TBHQ)对石榴籽油具有良好的抗氧化效果,并与抗坏血酸(VC)具有较好的协同增效作用;生育酚(VE)和没食子酸丙酯(PG)对石榴籽油无显著抗氧化作用。     

下田菊挥发油化学成分的研究

利用水蒸汽蒸馏法、两相溶剂萃取法提取下田菊(Adenostemma lavenia(L.)O.Ktze.)地上部分的挥发油,提取10h的挥发油得率为0.990%。采用毛细管气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)技术结合计算机检索对该挥发油的化学成分进行了分析和鉴定,采用色谱峰面积归一化法计算了各成分的相对含量。从挥发油中共分离出36个峰,鉴定了其中的35种成分,占总量的99.56%,其中α-荜澄茄油烯(32.62%)、石竹烯(24.97%)和γ-榄香烯(5.53%)为主要成分,此外α-石竹烯(3.97%)、α-恰米烯(3.57%)、双环[4,3,0]-7-亚甲基-2,4,4-三甲基-2-乙烯基-壬烷(3.41%)、γ-萜品烯(3.07%)、d-柠檬烯(2.57%)、α-蒎烯(2.49%)及2-蒈烯(2.28%)的含量也较高。     

湘西南龙底自然保护区油料植物组成与资源价值分析

分析了龙底自然保护区油料植物组成与资源特点。结果表明：（1）油料植物107科281属477种,其中精油植物131种,樟科（7属27种）、芸香科（6属21种）、唇形科（11属17种）等11个科为优势科,以木本植物为主,占73.38%。（2）以种子种皮为主要含油部位的植物占71.47%,植物含油量＞20.0%的有211种,＞50.0%的43种;油脂脂肪酸含量＞70.0%的有7科11种,亚油酸含量＞70.0%的有12科20种。（3）在精油植物中,57种植物含精油量＞1.0%,13种＞4.0%。龙底自然保护区内油料植物资源丰富,特别是富油植物资源种类较多,是油料植物富集之地,具开发利用潜力。     

Effect of γ Irradiation on the Fatty Acid Composition of Soybean and Soybean Oil

Food irradiation is a form of food processing to extend the shelf life and reduce spoilage of food. We examined the effects of γ radiation on the fatty acid composition, lipid peroxidation level, and antioxidative activity of soybean and soybean oil which both contain a large amount of unsaturated fatty acids. Irradiation at 10 to 80 kGy under aerobic conditions did not markedly change the fatty acid composition of soybean. While 10-kGy irradiation did not markedly affect the fatty acid composition of soybean oil under either aerobic or anaerobic conditions, 40-kGy irradiation considerably altered the fatty acid composition of soybean oil under aerobic conditions, but not under anaerobic conditions. Moreover, 40-kGy irradiation produced a significant amount of trans fatty acids under aerobic conditions, but not under anaerobic conditions. Irradiating soybean oil induced lipid peroxidation and reduced the radical scavenging activity under aerobic conditions, but had no effect under anaerobic conditions. These results indicate that the fatty acid composition of soybean was not markedly affected by radiation at 10 kGy, and that anaerobic conditions reduced the degradation of soybean oil that occurred with high doses of γ radiation.     

Effects of Two Highly Monounsaturated Oils on Lipid Composition and Enzyme Activities in Rat Jejunum

The effects of two monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) oils, olive oil (OO)and high-oleic sunflower oil (HOSO), with high content in oleic acid butdiffering in their non-fatty acid fraction, on brush-border membrane(BBM) lipid composition and fluidity and on mucosal enzyme activitiesof rat jejunum were studied. Animals were given semipurified diet withlinoleic acid to prevent essential fatty acid deficiency (control group)or semipurified diet containing 10% of either OO or HOSO for 12weeks. There was a significant decrease in the content of jejunalBBM phospholipids together with an increase in the level of freecholesterol in both oil-fed rats, when compared to controlgroup. Although the increase in the BBM free cholesterol levelwas not statistically significant in HOSO-fed rats, a significantdecrease in the phospholipid/free cholesterol ratio was found inboth OO and HOSO-fed animals compared to control group. Rat jejunalBBM had a high level of free fatty acids which was increased in BBMisolated from OO and HOSO-fed animals. There was no statisticalsignificant difference in the phospholipid distribution between thecontrol and the OO group. However, HOSO-fed animals showed the lowestlevel of phosphatidylethanolamine together with the highestphosphatidylcholine content and the phosphatidylcholine/sphingomyelinratio. The fatty acid pattern of jejunal BBM lipids was modifiedaccording to the major fatty acids in the oils. There was a decreasein both stearic acid (18:0) and linoleic acid (18:2 n-6), togetherwith an increase in oleic acid (18:1 n-9) in jenunal BBM isolatedfrom both oil experimental groups. All these results were accompaniedby a significant increase in the BBM fluidity (as assessed bysteady-state fluorescence polarization of diphenylhexatriene) isolatedfrom oil-fed rat, when compared to control group. OO and HOSO-fedanimals had the lowest activities of sucrase and maltase, whilealkaline phosphatase activity only was decreased in HOSO-fedanimals. The specific activity of maltase was not modified in anyexperimental rats. In summary, both MUFA oils induced similar effectson jejunal BBM lipid composition, fluidity, sucrase, maltase andlactase activities. Furthermore, HOSO intake resulted in a lowestalkaline phosphatase activity which was accompanied by changes inindividual phospholipid composition. All these results suggest thateffects of MUFA oils on jejunal BBM lipid composition and hydrolaseactivities are most likely due to the presence of high content ofoleic acid rather than other components contained in the non-fattyacid of olive oil.