丛枝菌根真菌对玉米和棉花内源激素的影响

在温室盆栽条件下研究了丛枝菌根（Ａｒｂｕｓｃｕｌａｒ ｍｙｃｏｒｒｈｉｚａｓ,ＡＭ）真菌：Ｇｉｇａｓｐｏｒａ ｒｏｓｅａ Ｎｉｃｏｌ．＆ Ｓｃｈｅｎｃｋ、Ｇｌｏｍｕｓ ｍｏｓｓｅａｅ（Ｎｉｃｏｌ．＆ Ｇｅｒｄ．）Ｇｅｒｄｅｍａｎｎ ＆ Ｔｒａｐｐｅ和Ｇｌｏｍｕｓ ｖｅｒｓｉｆｏｒｍｅ （Ｋａｒｓｔｅｎ）Ｂｅｒｃｈ对玉米和棉花植株内源激素的影响。结果表明,ＡＭ真菌在正常供水和干旱条件下均能显著提高     

野生植物根围的丛枝菌根真菌I

１９９５－１９９７年作者比较系统地调查研究了山东省、北京和沈阳３个区域内野生植物根围丛枝菌根（Ａｒｂｕｓｃｕｌａｒｍｙｃｏｒｒｈｉｚａｅ,ＡＭ）菌的资源状况,对采自５０种野生植物根围的１８２个土样中ＡＭ菌进行了分离、培养和鉴定,共分离出Ａｃａｕｌｏｓｐｏｒａ属６种,分别为附柄无柄囊霉Ａｃａｕｌｏｓｐｏｒａａｐｐｅｎｄｉｃｕｌａ　Ｓｐａｉｎ,Ｓｉｅｖｅｒｄｉｎｇ　＆Ｓｃｈｅｎｃｋ、膨胀无柄囊霉ＡｃａｕｌｏｏｐｏｒａｄｉｌａｔａｔａＭｏｒｔｏｎ、浅窝无柄囊霉Ａ．ｌａｃｕｎｏｓａＭｏｒｔｏｎ、蜜色无柄囊霉Ａ．ｍｅｌｌｅａＳｐａｉｎ　＆Ｓｃｈｅｎｃｋ、细凹无柄囊霉Ａ．ｓｃｒｏｂｉｃｕｌａｔａＴｒａｐｐｅ、刺无柄囊霉Ａ．ｓｐｉｎｏｓａＷａｌｋｅｒ　＆Ｔｍｐｐｅ;Ｇｉｇａｓｐｏｒａ属的一个种,珍珠巨抱囊霉ＧｉｇａｓｐｏｒａｍａｔｙａｒｉｔａＢｅｃｋｅｒ＆Ｈａｌｌ;Ｓｃｕｔｅｌｌｏｓｐｏｒａ属的１个种,美丽盾巨孢囊霉Ｓｃｕｔｅｌｌｏｓｐｏｒａ　ｃａｌｏｓｐｏｒａ（Ｎｉｃｏｌ,＆Ｄｅｒｄ．）Ｇｅｕｌｅｍａｎｎ　＆Ｔｒａｐｐｅ,其中浅窝无柄囊霉为我国的一个新记录种。     

野生植物根围的丛枝菌根真菌I*

１９９５－１９９７年作者比较系统地调查研究了山东省、北京和沈阳３个区域内野生植物根围丛枝菌根（Ａｒｂｕｓｃｕｌａｒｍｙｃｏｒｒｈｉｚａｅ,ＡＭ）菌的资源状况,对采自５０种野生植物根围的１８２个土样中ＡＭ菌进行了分离、培养和鉴定,共分离出Ａｃａｕｌｏｓｐｏｒａ属６种,分别为附柄无柄囊霉Ａｃａｕｌｏｓｐｏｒａａｐｐｅｎｄｉｃｕｌａ　Ｓｐａｉｎ,Ｓｉｅｖｅｒｄｉｎｇ　＆Ｓｃｈｅｎｃｋ、膨胀无柄囊霉ＡｃａｕｌｏｏｐｏｒａｄｉｌａｔａｔａＭｏｒｔｏｎ、浅窝无柄囊霉Ａ．ｌａｃｕｎｏｓａＭｏｒｔｏｎ、蜜色无柄囊霉Ａ．ｍｅｌｌｅａＳｐａｉｎ　＆Ｓｃｈｅｎｃｋ、细凹无柄囊霉Ａ．ｓｃｒｏｂｉｃｕｌａｔａＴｒａｐｐｅ、刺无柄囊霉Ａ．ｓｐｉｎｏｓａＷａｌｋｅｒ　＆Ｔｍｐｐｅ;Ｇｉｇａｓｐｏｒａ属的一个种,珍珠巨抱囊霉ＧｉｇａｓｐｏｒａｍａｔｙａｒｉｔａＢｅｃｋｅｒ＆Ｈａｌｌ;Ｓｃｕｔｅｌｌｏｓｐｏｒａ属的１个种,美丽盾巨孢囊霉Ｓｃｕｔｅｌｌｏｓｐｏｒａ　ｃａｌｏｓｐｏｒａ（Ｎｉｃｏｌ,＆Ｄｅｒｄ．）Ｇｅｕｌｅｍａｎｎ　＆Ｔｒａｐｐｅ,其中浅窝无柄囊霉为我国的一个新记录种。     

红壤中VA菌根真菌（球囊霉目）的种类和生态分布

本文报道了发育于第四纪红色粘土母质上的红壤中的４属１３种ＶＡ菌根真菌：１．细齿无梗囊霉Ａｃａｕｌｏｓｐｏｒａ ｄｅｎｔｉｃｕｌａｔａ Ｓｉｅｖｅｒｄｉｎｇ＆Ｔｏｒｏ;２．丽孢无梗囊霉Ａｃａｕｌｏｓｐｏｒａ ｅｌｅｇａｎｓ Ｔｒａｐｐｅ＆Ｇｅｒｄｅｍａｎｎ：３?光壁无梗囊霉Ａｃａｕｌｏｓｐｏｒａ ｌａｅｖｉｓ Ｇｅｒｄｅｍａｎｎ＆Ｔｒａｐｐｅ：４．巨大巨孢囊霉Ｇｉａｓｐｏｒａ ｇｉａｎｔｅａ （Ｎｉ     

我国东南沿海地区的AM真菌Ⅳ.四个我国新记录种

本文报道了采自我国山东、福建、广西和海南四省土壤中的四种ＡＭ真菌新记录种：１．两型球囊霉ＧｌｏｍｕｓｄｉｍｏｒｐｈｉｃｕｍＢｏｙｅｔｃｈｋｏ＆Ｔｅｗａｒｉ;２．多产球囊霉ＧｌｏｍｕｓｆｅｃｕｎｄｉｓｐｏｒｕｍＳｃｈｅｎｃｋ＆Ｓｍｉｔｈ;３．亮色盾巨孢囊霉ＳｃｕｔｅｌｏｓｐｏｒａｆｕｌｇｉｄａＫｏｓｋｅ＆Ｗａｌｋｅｒ;４．网纹盾巨孢囊霉Ｓｃｕｔｅｌｏｓｐｏｒａｒｅｔｉｃｕｌａｔａ（Ｋｏｓｋｅ,Ｍｉｌｅｒ＆Ｗａｌｋｅｒ）Ｗａｌｋｅｒ＆Ｓａｎｄｅｒｓ。文中详细描述了其形态特征和生境状况。     

丛枝菌根真菌对玉米和棉花内源激素的影响*

在温室盆栽条件下研究了丛枝菌根（Ａｒｂｕｓｃｕｌａｒ　ｍｙｃｏｒｒｈｉｚａｓ,ＡＭ）真菌：ＧｉｇａｓｐｏｒａｒｏｓｅａＮｉｃｏｌ．＆Ｓｃｈｅｎｃｋ、Ｇｌｏｍｕｓ　ｍｏｓｓｅａｅ（Ｎｉｃｏｌ．＆　Ｇｅｒｄ．）Ｇｅｒｄｅｍａｎｎ　＆Ｔｒａｐｐｅ和Ｇｌｏｍｕｓ　ｖｅｒｓｉｆｏｒｍｅ　（Ｋａｒｓｔｅｎ）Ｂｅｒｅｈ对玉米和棉花植株内源激素的影响。结果表明,ＡＭ真菌在正常供水和干旱条件下均能显著提高玉米和棉花植株叶片和根内玉米素、生长素和赤霉素的含量,并降低脱落酸的含量。在植物体内含磷量、生长量及其生长发育阶段等一致、仅存在接种与不接种唯一差异条件下,供试ＡＭ真菌同样能改变玉米和棉花植株内源激素的平衡状况。接种处理植株的脱落酸含量与气孔阻力呈正相关关系。表明玉米和棉花植株抗旱性和生长状况的改善与ＡＭ真菌改变内源激素的平衡状况有关。接种ＡＭ真菌的植株表现较强的抗旱性;其生长量也显著大于不接种的对照。ＧＩ．ｖｅｒｓｉｆｏｒｍｅ的效应最大。     

罢生植物根转的丛枝菌根真菌Ⅱ.

本文主要报道了野生植物根围Ｇｌｏｍｕｓ属的１７个种,聚球囊霉Ｇ．ａｇｇｒｅｇａｔｕｍ Ｓｃｈｅｎｃｈ＆Ｓｍｉｔｈ。苏格兰球囊霉Ｇ．ｃａｌｅｄｏｎｉｕｍ（Ｎｉｃｏｌ．＆Ｇｅｒｄ．）Ｔｒａｐｐｅ＆Ｇｅｒｄ,近明球囊霉Ｇ．ｃｌａｒｏｉｄｕｅｕｍＳｃｈｅｎｃｋ＆Ｓｍｉｔｈ,明球囊霉Ｇ．ＣＬＡＲＵＭ ｎＩＣＯＬＳＯＮ＆Ｓｃｈｅｎｃｋ,缩球囊霉Ｇ．ｃｏｎｓｔｒｉｃｔｕｍ Ｔｒａｐｐｅ,透光球囊霉Ｇ．ｆａｓｃ     

我国东南沿海VA菌根真菌II,球囊霉属四个种

从我国东南沿海广东,广西福建,浙江,山东等省的栽培及野生植物根际分离出ＶＡ真菌球囊霉属的四个种：聚丛球囊霉ＧｌｏｍｕｓａｇｇｒｅｇａｔｕｍＳｃｈｅｎｃｋ＆Ｓｍｉｔｈｅｍｅｎｄ．Ｋｏｓｋｅ,微丝球囊霉Ｇ．ｍｉｃｒｏａｇｇｒｅｇａｔｕｍＫｏｓｋｅ,Ｇｅｍｍａ＆Ｏｌｅｘｉａ,小果球囊霉Ｇ．ｍｉｃｒｃａｒｐｕｍＴｕｌ＆Ｔｕｌ,台湾球囊霉Ｇ．ｆｏｒｍｏｓａｎｕｍＷｕ＆Ｃｈｅｎ。其中微丛球囊霉为我国新记录种。     

云南热带蕨类植物根际土壤中的六种VA菌根真菌

从热带地区野生或从野外移栽于温室中的蕨类植物根际土壤中分离得到六种ＶＡ菌根真菌：双网无梗囊霉Ａｃａｕｌｏｓｐｏｒａ ｂｉｒｅｔｉｃｕｌａｔａ Ｒｏｔｈｗｅｌｌ ｅｔ Ｔｒａｐｐｅ,细凹无梗囊霉Ａｃａｕｌｏｓｐｏｒａ ｓｃｒｏｂｉｃｕｌａｔａ Ｔｒａｐｐｅ,瘤状无梗囊霉Ａｃａｕｌｏｓｐｏｒａ ｔｕｂｅｒｃｕｌａｔａ Ｊａｎｏｓ ＆ Ｔｒａｐｐｅ,多梗球囊霉Ｇｌｏｍｕｓ ｍｕｌｔｉｃａｕｌｅ Ｇｅｒｄ     

中国尾孢菌属及其近似属的研究VI.(英文)

本文报道９种尾孢菌,其中有２个新种：蟹甲草尾孢 Ｃｅｒｃｏｓｐｏｒａ ｃａｃａｌｉａｅ Ｙ． Ｌ． Ｇｕｏ　＆ Ｙ．Ｊｉａｎｇ和菜蓟尾孢Ｃｅｒｃｏｓｐｏｒａ 　ｃｙｎａｒａｅ Ｙ． Ｌ． Ｇｕｏ　＆ Ｙ． Ｊｉａｎｇ,中国新记录种有迪氏尾孢Ｃｅｒｃｏｓｐｏｒａｄｅｍｅｔｒｉｏｎｉａｎａ　 Ｇ． Ｗｉｎｔｅｒ,田菁生尾孢 Ｃｅｒｃｏｓｐｏｒａ　 ｇｌｏｔｈｉｄｉｉｃｏｌａ 　Ｔｒａｃｙ　＆ 　Ｅａｒｌｅ,甘草尾孢 Ｃｅｒｃｏｓｐｏｒａｇｌｙｃｙｒｒｈｉｚａｅ 　（Ｓａｖｕｌｅｓｃｕ　＆　Ｓａｎｄｕ）Ｃｈｕｐｐ,野桐尾孢Ｃｅｒｃｏｓｐｏｒａ　ｍａｌｌｏｔｉ　Ｅｌｌｉｓ　＆ 　Ｅｖｓｒｈ,木薯尾孢Ｃｅｒｃｏｓｐｏｒａ ｍａｎｉｈｏｂａｅ Ｖｉｅｇａｓ,补骨脂尾孢 Ｃｅｒｃｏｓｐｏｒａ ｐｓｏｒａｌｅａｅ－ｂｉｔｕｍｉｎｏｓａｅ Ｓａｖｕｌ．＆ Ｓａｎｄｕ和香豆尾孢Ｃｅｒｃｏｓｐｏｒａ ｔｒａｖｅｒｓｉａｎａ Ｓａｃｃ。文中为新种提供了拉丁文描述并附图,研究的标本保存在中国科学院微生物研究所菌物标本馆（ＨＭＡＳ）。     

Regulation of arbuscular mycorrhizal development by plant host and fungus species in alfalfa

Two cvs of alfalfa ( Medicago sativa L.), Gilboa and Moapa 69, were inoculated in glasshouse pots with three arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi to investigate the efficacy of mycorrhizas with respect to the extent of colonization and sporulation. Paspalum notatum Flugge also was inoculated to describe fungal parameters on a routine pot culture host. Percentage root length of P. notatum colonized by Glomus mosseae (Nicol. & Gerd.) Gerdemann & Trappe, Glomus intraradices Schenck & Smith, and Gigaspora margarita Becker & Hall increased from 10 to 21 wk, and all fungi sporulated during that period. In alfalfa, only colonization by G. intraradices increased over that time period, and it was the only fungus to sporulate in association with alfalfa at 10 wk. Glomus mosseae did not sporulate after 16–21 wk despite having colonized 30–35% of the root length of both alfalfa cvs. In vitro experiments in which Ri T-DNA-transformed roots of alfalfa were inoculated with AM fungi showed normal mycorrhizal formation by G. intraradices and a hypersensitivity-like response to Gi. margarita . Colonized cells became necrotic, and HPLC analysis indicated increased concentrations of phenolics and isoflavonoids in these root segments. These data strongly support the existence of a degree of specificity between AM fungi and host that might rely on specific biochemical regulatory processes initiated in the host as a result of the attempts at colonization by the fungus.     

红壤中VA菌根真菌(球囊霉目)的种类和生态分布

本文报道了发育于第四纪红色粘土母质上的红壤中的4属13种VA菌根真菌(球囊霉目):1.细齿无梗囊霉 Acaulospora denticulata Sieverding & Toro;2.丽孢无梗囊霉Acaulospora elegans Trappe & Gerdemann:3.光壁无梗囊霉Acaulospora laevis Gerdeman D & Trappe:4.巨大巨孢囊霉Gigaspora gigantea(Nicol.& Gerd.)Gerdemann & Trappe;5.珍珠巨孢囊霉Gigaspora margarita Becket & Hall;6.聚球囊霉Glomus aggregatum Schenck & Smith;7.明球囊霉Glomus clarum Nicolson & Schenck;8.集球囊霉Glomus fasiculatum(Thaxter)Gerdemann & Trappe;9.地球囊霉Glomus geosporum(Nicol.& Gerd.)Walker;10.木薯球囊霉Glomus manihot Howeler,Sieverding & Schenck;11.变形球囊霉Glomus versiforme(Karsten)Berch;12.美丽盾孢囊霉Scutellospora calospora(Nicol.& Gerd.)Walker & Sanders;13.异配盾孢囊霉Scutellospora heterogama(Nicol.& Gerd.)Walker & Sanders。其中细齿无梗囊霉(Acaulospora denticulata)、巨大巨孢囊霉(Gigaspora gigantea)、木薯球囊霉(Glomus manihot)和异配盾孢囊霉(Scutellospora heterogama)4种为国内新记录种。对这13种VA菌根真菌的形态进行了描述讨论,并对这些种群的出现频度、不同利用方式     

Arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization of tomato by Gigaspora and Glomus species in the presence of root flavonoids

The effect of flavonoids isolated from arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) colonized and noncolonized clover roots on the number of entry points and percentage of root colonization of tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum L.) by Gigaspora rosea, Gi margarita, Glomus mosseae and G. intrarradices symbionts was determined. With fungi of both genera, a correlation between the number of entry points and the percentage of root colonization was found in the presence of some of the tested flavonoids. The flavonoids acacetin and rhamnetin, present in AM clover roots, inhibited the formation of AM penetration structures and the AM colonization of tomato roots, whereas the flavonoid 5,6,7,8,9-hydroxy chalcone, which could not be detected in AM clover root, inhibited both parameters. The flavonoid quercetin, which was present in AM clover roots, stimulated the penetration and root colonization of tomato by Gigaspora. However, the flavonoids 5,6,7,8-hydroxy-4'-methoxy flavone and 3,5,6,7,4'-hydroxy flavone, which was not found in AM clover root, increased the number of entry points and the AM colonization of tomato roots by Gigaspora. These results indicated that flavonoids could be imnplicated in the process of regulation of AM colonization in plant root, but its role is highly complex and depend not only on flavonoids, but also on AM fungal genus or even species.     

AM真菌种间差异对枳壳生长及耐热性效应的研究※

用地表球囊霉、莫西球囊霉、珠状巨孢球囊霉及其混合菌剂接种无菌根枳壳幼苗进行盆栽试验,25℃培养4个月,观察对枳壳菌根形成和营养生长的影响,在40℃高温胁迫30d,调查分析菌根枳壳的耐热性。试验结果表明:接种AM真菌的根系形成了20%～80%的菌根侵染率;菌根枳壳的苗高、苗质量、节间长、茎基粗、须根数量和须根长度等营养生长显著增加;叶片中的SOD,POD活性和根系活力显著增强,可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖含量显著升高,叶片中的MDA含量降低,膜透性显著变小,枳壳苗的耐热性显著提高;但是,AM真菌在促进枳壳苗菌根化、营养生长和提高耐热性方面存在着种间差异,地表球囊霉、莫西球囊霉、珠状巨孢球囊霉、混合菌剂与枳壳根系形成丛枝菌根的侵染率依次为20.4%±1.2%、61.8%±3.4%、85.7%±2.7%、83.3%±2.2%,促进枳壳苗营养生长提高枳壳苗耐热能力的AM真菌依次为:地表球囊霉<莫西球囊霉<珠状巨孢球囊霉<混合菌剂,认为珠状巨孢球囊霉和莫西球囊霉是枳壳耐高温胁迫菌根化育苗的重要优良菌种。     

不同pH水平下两种菌根真菌对紫云英生长的影响及其相互作用

设计在不同pH水平（4.3、5.1、5.8、6.8）下两种VA菌根真菌Glomus mosseae和Gigaspora margarita对紫云英Astragalus sinicus进行单接种、混合接种及无接种对照的盆栽实验。对紫云英地上和地下部分生物量、根部侵染率、SDH和ALP酶活进行了检测。实验结果表明：紫云英的生长效应与VA菌根真菌的侵染率及两种酶活成明显相关性。土壤pH升高,单接种Glomus mosseae和混合接种的侵染率也随之升高,而单接种Gigaspora margarita的侵染率呈现     

不同pH水平下两种菌根真菌对紫云英生长的影响及其相互作用

设计在不同pH水平(4.3、5.1、5.8、6.8)下两种VA菌根真菌Glomus mosseae和Gigaspora margarita对紫云英Astragalus sinicus进行单接种、混合接种及无接种对照的盆栽实验.对紫云英地上和地下部分生物量、根部侵染率、SDH和ALP酶活进行了检测.实验结果表明:紫云英的生长效应与VA菌根真菌的侵染率及两种酶活成明显相关性.土壤pH升高,单接种Glomus mosseae和混合接种的侵染率也随之升高,而单接种Gigaspora margarita的侵染率呈现出先上升后下降的趋势.本实验设计了特异性扩增Glomus mosseae和Gigaspora margarita的引物gml和gigl,在混合接种实验中,nested PCR扩增结果显示:在低pH水平下(4.3-5.1)大多数根段为Gigaspora margarita所侵染,在高pH水平下(5.8-6.8)Glomusmosseae表现出较强的竞争力,但并没有检测到两种VA真菌存在于同一条侵染根段;对比单接种实验,在低pH水平下,Glomus mosseae显著抑制了Gigaspora margarita的侵染,而在高pH水平下Gigasporamargarita明显促进Glomus mosseae的侵染.     

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi induce differential activation of the plasma membrane and vacuolar H+ pumps in maize roots

Roots undergo multiple changes as a consequence of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) interactions. One of the major alterations expected is the induction of membrane transport systems, including proton pumps. In this work, we investigated the changes in the activities of vacuolar and plasma membrane (PM) H(+) pumps from maize roots (Zea mays L.) in response to colonization by two species of AM fungi, Gigaspora margarita and Glomus clarum. Both the vacuolar and PM H(+)-ATPase activities were inhibited, while a concomitant strong stimulation of the vacuolar H(+)-PPase was found in the early stages of root colonization by G. clarum (30 days after inoculation), localized in the younger root regions. In contrast, roots colonized by G. margarita exhibited only stimulation of these enzymatic activities, suggesting a species-specific phenomenon. However, when the root surface H(+) effluxes were recorded using a noninvasive vibrating probe technique, a striking activation of the PM H(+)-ATPases was revealed specifically in the elongation zone of roots colonized with G. clarum. The data provide evidences for a coordinated regulation of the H(+) pumps, which depicts a mechanism underlying an activation of the root H(+)-PPase activity as an adaptative response to the energetic changes faced by the host root during the early stages of the AM interaction.     

丛枝菌根真菌种间差异对柚苗营养生长及矿质含量的影响

在温室盆栽条件下研究了3种AM真菌Gigaspora margarita、Glomus mosseae和Glomus versiforme对长寿沙田柚(Citrus grandis cv. Changshou Shatian You)无菌苗营养生长及矿质含量的影响.结果表明,接种AM真菌的植株均有效地被感染;与对照相比,接种AM真菌能显著促进植株地上和地下部分生长,尤其促进了须根的生长,接种Glomus mosseae处理的主根长度比对照增加了22.7％,侧根数量增加了35.7％,须根数量和总长分别增加了160.8％和103.2％;接种AM真菌显著地提高了叶片的N、P、K、Ca、Mg、Zn、Cu和Mn含量,与对照相比,3种真菌处理的P含量分别增加了46.8％、88.7％和32.3％.3种AM真菌处理中,以接种Glomus mosseae处理营养生长最好,菌根依赖性最大,矿质元素N、P、K、Ca、Zn和Cu的含量最高,其效应顺序为Glomus mosseae＞Gigaspora margarita＞Glomus versiforme,可见,3种AM真菌对长寿沙田柚生长均有正效应,以Glomus mosseae最为显著,为长寿沙田柚适宜的优良菌种（株）.